scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL THEORY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-50
Author(s):  
Yurii RADIONOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Trend ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Further Development

Theoretical bases of establishment and development of institutional theory as a new direction of economic science are analyzed. The preconditions for the emergence of institutionalism are studied, the fundamental differences between the new economic trend and classical economic theory are considered. The weakness of economic theories on the role and importance of the state in economic development is noted, the need to synthesize the strengths of institutionalism with neoclassicism to link the social attitudes and interests of individuals is emphasized. The stages of development of institutional theory, different approaches of institutional scientists, the emergence of a new, modern direction – neo-institutionalism – are studied. Differences in the interpretation of the term “institution” between traditional institutionalists and neo-institutionalists are outlined, which indicates a different methodology of its perception. It is emphasized that the doctrine of the depth of nature of institutions and its interpretation divided institutionalism into old and new. If the old questioned the individualistic worldview inherent in the neoclassical paradigm, then the new institutionalists do not deny the individualistic approach. Economic institutions that operate within the social environment are the frameworks or constraints that govern the behavior of society in economic conditions. Emphasis is placed on the prospects for further development of institutional theory, which allows the emergence and development of other theories, social sciences, reveals hitherto unexplored or little-studied phenomena and processes. In modern conditions, the economic difficulties faced by the world economy convincingly confirm the relevance of institutional theory, and the construction of an efficient economy is not limited to an approach based solely on the methodology of the classical school of economic theory. The contradictions posed by modern globalization are becoming a large-scale source of social, political, economic and even military challenges for less developed countries in relation to the more prosperous ones, and international institutionalization is the mechanism designed to alleviate instability.

The Idea of a Meaningful Synthesis of Marxist and Non-Marxist Systems of Political Economy as a Mirror of Intellectual Turmoil (About V.T. Ryazanov’s Book «Modern Political Economy: Prospects of Neo-Marxist Synthesis»)

2019 ◽  
pp. 74-98
Author(s):  
A.B. Lyubinin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Subjective Assessments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Political Economic

Review of the monograph indicated in the subtitle V.T. Ryazanov. The reviewer is critical of the position of the author of the book, believing that it is possible and even necessary (to increase the effectiveness of General economic theory and bring it closer to practice) substantial (and not just formal-conventional) synthesis of the Marxist system of political economy with its non-Marxist systems. The article emphasizes the difference between the subject and the method of the classical, including Marxist, school of political economy with its characteristic objective perception of the subject from the neoclassical school with its reduction of objective reality to subjective assessments; this excludes their meaningful synthesis as part of a single «modern political economy». V.T. Ryazanov’s interpretation of commodity production in the economic system of «Capital» of K. Marx as a purely mental abstraction, in fact — a fiction, myth is also counter-argued. On the issue of identification of the discipline «national economy», the reviewer, unlike the author of the book, takes the position that it is a concrete economic science that does not have a political economic status.

Code, culture and cash: The fading altruism of open source development (originally published in Volume 6, Number 12, December 2001)

First Monday ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lancashire
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Distribution ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Open Source Development

The nexus of open source development appears to have shifted to Europe over the last ten years. This paper explains why this trend undermines cultural arguments about "hacker ethics" and "post-scarcity" gift economies. It suggests that classical economic theory offers a more succinct explanation for the peculiar international distribution of open source development: hacking rises and falls inversely to its opportunity cost. This finding throws doubt on the Schumpeterian assumption that the efficiency of industrial systems can be measured without reference to the social institutions that bind them.

scholarly journals The application of the theory of Visitor Attractions and its impact on the competitive advantage of the Tourism Sector in Durban, South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 546-552
Author(s):  
R Balkaran S.
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gaming Culture ◽  
Competitive Model ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Visitor Attractions

Visitor attractions become the nexus in the relationship between the Tourism sector and the city of Durban as a competitive destination and are arguably the most significant component within the tourism system. To become competitive within the attraction sector there is a need to have a combination of attractions, like sightseeing, shopping, entertainment, gaming, culture and recreation and these plays an important role in determining the competitiveness of a destination. The increase in tourist activity creates an environment where all stakeholders within the tourism system have an opportunity to exercise their function in the most appropriate way. This however does not occur without challenges and clearly, from general observations, the Tourism sector is faced with several challenges in Durban such as the lack of synergy between the stakeholders within the tourism system; standards and quality between various groups differ which impact on service delivery, price structure and foreign expectations; sustaining a high cost capital and labour intensive industry throughout the year; domestic tourists having to compete with currency fluctuations; and the social, political, economic and technological challenges. The development of a competitive model would contribute to tourism sustainability, which is vital for the economy, growth and further development of the Tourism sector in Durban, South Africa.

scholarly journals The relationship between mothers’ and their daughters’ family size emerged in the United States during the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pink ◽  
Tobias Ebert ◽  
Jana Berkessel ◽  
Thorsteinn Jónsson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intergenerational Continuity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Considerable Doubt

For more than a century, a key question of the social sciences has been whether daughters’ family sizes relate to their mothers’ family sizes. Contemporary evidence confirms that, in developed countries, women from larger families indeed tend to have more children themselves. There is considerable doubt, however, whether intergenerational continuity in childbearing constitutes a universal feature of human societies. Based on a large-scale web-harvested collection of online memorials, we show that intergenerational continuity in childbearing in the U.S. emerged only in the first half of the 19th century, paralleling the country’s marked fertility decline. Furthermore, we show that statewide differences in intergenerational continuity in childbearing coincide with statewide differences in abortion laws. This suggests that control over individual fertility was a major driver of the emergence of intergenerational continuity in childbearing. This finding suggests that, although intergenerational continuity in childbearing has appeared only relatively recently in the history of humankind, it will eventually become relevant worldwide.

scholarly journals Keynesianism vs. Classical Economic Theory: European Refugee Crisis and the Fall of Multiculturalism

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Aliaksei Igor Patonia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
World Economy ◽  
World Order ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Liberal Economy ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

Posing arguments against statistical evidence picturing the European Union as the key world economy, the research views the economic model of the EU through the prism of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, explaining its lower resistance towards the global economic crisis and comparing it to China – a country with authoritarian governmental methods – that suffered to a significantly lesser extent. Based on the example of these two entities, the paper views the topic of the current refugee crisis in Europe representing it as a new crucial trial for the EU that potentially checks classical economic theory for consistency. According to the author, if found effective, in the foreseeable future it will form a sound basis for further development, if not – it will likely be replaced by the Keynesian paradigm. Thus, with the current refugee crisis in Europe, the author juxtaposes liberal economy with the state-regulated one. This is done to give hints at the importance of the crisis per se, as it is believed to be capable of shattering some of the fundamental principles of the current world order.

Directing the Development of Constraint Languages by Checking Constraints on RDF Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 193-217
Author(s):  
Thomas Hartmann ◽  
Benjamin Zapilko ◽  
Joachim Wackerow ◽  
Kai Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Data Archives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Rdf Data ◽  
Data Libraries ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Constraint Languages

For research institutes, data libraries, and data archives, validating RDF data according to predefined constraints is a much sought-after feature, particularly as this is taken for granted in the XML world. Based on our work in two international working groups on RDF validation and jointly identified requirements to formulate constraints and validate RDF data, we have published 81 types of constraints that are required by various stakeholders for data applications. In this paper, we evaluate the usability of identified constraint types for assessing RDF data quality by (1) collecting and classifying 115 constraints on vocabularies commonly used in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences, either from the vocabularies themselves or from domain experts, and (2) validating 15,694 data sets (4.26 billion triples) of research data against these constraints. We classify each constraint according to (1) the severity of occurring violations and (2) based on which types of constraint languages are able to express its constraint type. Based on the large-scale evaluation, we formulate several findings to direct the further development of constraint languages.

Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1883–1950)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Swedberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Conventional Theory ◽  
Realistic Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
Economics And Politics ◽  
Theory Of Democracy

Schumpeter is best known for his seminal work in economics, but he also made important contributions to the fields of political science and sociology. He aimed to create a broad economic science that he called ‘social economics’ (Sozialökonomik), which was to include not only economic theory but also economic history, statistics and economic sociology. Inspiration for this project came in particular from his colleague Max Weber. As an economist Schumpeter is primarily remembered for his theory of the entrepreneur and for his emphasis on the dynamic aspects of economic reality: capitalism, as he saw it, meant first and foremost change. But Schumpeter also made a number of interesting observations about theorizing in economics and the role that vision plays in the work of the economist. His trenchant critique of the conventional theory of democracy and advocacy of a more realistic theory is generally recognized as a major contribution to political theory. Many of Schumpeter’s most important ideas on economics and politics can be found in his bookCapitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942), which has become something of a classic in the social sciences.

Society in the realities of the pandemic: challenges and scenarios for further development of countries in the post-quarantine period

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
L. Moisіeіenko
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Care Economics ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Further Development

The article presents an analysis of the unprecedented humanitarian crisis that arose as a result of COVID-19, and affected such important areas for society as health care, economics and labor relations. The purpose of the article was to analyze the challenges facing the world community through COVID-19, to describe the scenarios for further development of society in the post-quarantine period and to identify ways to solve the problems caused by the pandemic. The author did not set the task to outline a real program of action and change. These key issues are the subject of constant discussion. States still have the opportunity to rethink the social contract, placing environmental sustainability, justice and humanitarian solidarity at the heart of the post-quarantine reconstruction and renewal program. It is shown that the humanitarian crisis has been complicated by the instability of the economic situation, growing inequality and instability, both domestically and internationally, which threatens to increase social protests and dismantle the usual ways. It has been shown that policies aimed at denationalizing the economy, supporting large capital, reducing budget spending on social programs, and establishing the dominance of transnational corporations have failed to respond adequately to the challenges of the pandemic, and have exposed large-scale problems a single person. The problems that arose as a result of COVID-19 and affected international institutions were analyzed; were caused by vulnerability and unpreparedness for a health pandemic; have led to growing socio-economic inequality both within countries and internationally; exacerbated food security issues for developing countries; gender issues, labor relations issues, etc. It is shown that the principles of neoliberalism, on which the developed countries of Europe and America have been based for the last 70 years, were questioned, which actualized the search for models, scenarios and ways of further development of individual states and the world community as a whole. The article presents scenarios for further development of states in the post-quarantine period. These scenarios range from the preservation of the principles of neo-liberalism to the spread of left-wing models of social development. In addition, the article identifies conditions that can help countries embark on the trajectory of an optimistic scenario.

scholarly journals Digital Culture: Control and Domination of Technical Images in the Era of Psychocapitalism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Augusto Melo Ward de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Economic

This Chapter aims to conduct a theoretical study in order to understand the transmutation of modern culture into digital culture, which is intrinsically linked to technological, political, economic, artistic and cultural advances. Our goal is to unite components of the visual culture and the culture of convergence to explain how new realities and new forms of control and domination are created through images and used on a large scale by the neoliberalist system in the network society, inaugurating the new phase of capitalism, i.e., psychocapitalism. Until recently, mobile phone devices were used solely for calls (oral language), being then followed by the era of text messaging (written language). Today, everyone has cameras (image language) and Internet connectivity. The Internet is part of people’s daily lives, and the trend is for us to increasingly connect to devices connected thereto and to connect electronic devices of daily use to the Internet. This ensures connectivity as a common space in the social construction and identity of the social being in such a way that there is no longer a distinction between “online,” “offline,” “real,” and “virtual.” The disciplines of arts, sociology, philosophy, anthropology and social communication are used as a basis.

Why the Poor Remain Poor: The Experience of Bogotá Market Traders in the 1970s

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline O.N. Moser
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Developed World

The persistence of long-term poverty among sectors of the urban and rural population in less-developed countries (LDCs), as well as in the so-called developed world, has resulted in the formulation of a diversity of interpretations by theoreticians and policy-makers seeking to comprehend the life of the poor, and for political, economic, and moral reasons to develop solutions to alleviate poverty. Recognition of the failure of the Accelerated Growth Model to produce adequate redistribution of resources and income throughout society through the “filter down” effect has led to changes in emphasis in poverty-related research during the past two decades. There has been a shift in focus away from measurements of absolute poverty, the insufficiency of basic needs to ensure survival, toward the clarification of the determinants of relative poverty, the social inequality experienced by those in the bottom segment of the income distribution within a given society.

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