CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONDITION OF THE FORMATION OF UKRAINIAN SICH RIFLEMEN AS A MILITARY GENERATION

Abstract What is the classic in history? What is a classic in historical writing? Very few historians and critics have addressed these questions, and when they have done so, it has been only in a cursory manner. These are queries that require some explanation regarding historical texts because of their peculiar ambivalence between science and art, content and form, sources and imagination, scientific and narrative language. Based on some examples of the Western historiographical tradition, I discuss in this article to what extent historians should engage the concept of the classic – as has been done for literary texts. If one assumes that the historical text is not only a referential account but also a narrative analogous to literary texts, then the concept of the classic becomes one of the keys for understanding the historical text – and may improve our understanding not only of historiography, but of history itself. I will argue in this article that it is possible to identify a category of the classic text in some historical writings, precisely because of the literarity they possess without losing their specific historical condition. Because of their narrative condition, historical texts share some of the features assigned to literary texts – that is, endurance, timelessness, universal meaningfulness, resistance to historical criticism, susceptibility to multiple interpretations, and ability to function as models. Yet, since historical texts do not construct imaginary worlds but reflect external realities, they also have to achieve some specific features according to this referential content – that is, surplus of meaning, historical use of metaphors, effect of contemporaneity without damaging the pastness of the past, and a certain appropriation of literariness. Without seeking to be normative or systematic, this article focuses on some specific features of the historical classic, offering a series of reflections to open rather than try to close a debate on this complex topic.

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Responsibility

The Oxford Handbook of Reinhold Niebuhr ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198813569.013.24 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 378-396

Author(s):

William Schweiker

Keyword(s):

Moral Responsibility ◽

Human Dignity ◽

Final Section ◽

Max Weber ◽

Modern Life ◽

Christian Humanism ◽

The Reformation ◽

Historical Condition ◽

Ethical Vision ◽

The Way

This chapter explores the importance of moral responsibility in Reinhold Niebuhr’s thought, which in turn allows the reader to interpret his work within the wider compass of Christian humanism. While Niebuhr’s ethics never showcased the concept of responsibility in the way other thinkers did during his time, he nevertheless insisted that the moral capability of responsibility is basic to human dignity. Utilizing the distinction Max Weber made between two forms of ethics, the chapter suggests that moral responsibility constitutes the ‘form’, rather than the ‘norm’, of Niebuhr’s anthropological project. Niebuhr’s project can be seen as an attempt to retrieve the lost insights of the Reformation regarding sin and grace within the historical condition of modern life initiated by the Renaissance. This orientation in Niebuhr’s work bears some of the features of Christian humanism. The final section discusses how Niebuhr’s theological and ethical vision can contribute to Christian thinking in our time.

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Rethinking the Formation of Public Distribution System: A Class-Focused Approach

Review of Radical Political Economics ◽

10.1177/04866134211034947 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 048661342110349

Author(s):

Soumik Sarkar ◽

Anjan Chakrabarti

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Distribution System ◽

Social Needs ◽

Surplus Labor ◽

The Public ◽

Public Distribution System ◽

System A ◽

Historical Condition ◽

Indian State ◽

The 1960S

Using the methodology of overdetermination, class process of surplus labor as the entry point and socially determined need of food security, we deliver an alternative class-focused rendition of the public distribution system (PDS) in India. We first surmise our theoretical framework to infer that the overdetermined and contradictory relation of class and social needs matter for PDS. Beyond the reasoning of being pro-poor, fair, or wasteful, we deploy this framework to reinterpret the formation of Indian PDS in the 1960s. Its demonstration requires revisiting the historical condition that shaped capital’s passive revolution through the post-independence Indian state and its subsequent crisis arising out of the contradictions and conflicts in the class-need space. We argue that PDS signals a case of success and not failure of capitalism.

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Generating Historical Condition Ratings for the Reliable Prediction of Bridge Deteriorations

IABSE Symposium Report ◽

10.2749/222137809796078586 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 96 (7) ◽

pp. 44-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jung Baeg Son ◽

Jaeho Lee ◽

Michael Blumenstein ◽

Yew-Chaye Loo ◽

Hong Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reliable Prediction ◽

Historical Condition

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Philosophy, Science, and the Human Situation

The Review of Politics ◽

10.1017/s0034670500012407 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 509-524

Author(s):

John J. Fitzgerald

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

Social Experience ◽

Important Criterion ◽

Language And Culture ◽

Human Survival ◽

The Past ◽

Human Situation ◽

Historical Processes ◽

Historical Condition ◽

The Universe

It is a commonplace of personal and social experience that, having once secured the conditions of human survival and temporal well-being, men have always turned their curiosities to the hows and whys of the universe and themselves in it. Generally, the results of such investigations have found expression in behavioral and systematic patterns formulated in their speculative learnings and assimilated into the language and culture of their times. These learnings and cultures, no less than the universe and societies of which they are the meaningful expressions, are the products of concrete and unique historical processes. To ignore this essentially historical condition of the emergence and development of human learnings and cultures is to risk sacrificing that all-important criterion by which any subsequent age is able to discern and assimilate the definitive achievements of every prior age and thus avoid the extreme alternatives of wholly accepting or wholly rejecting all of the achievements of any given age. To effect this discernment between the tentative and the definitive in the recorded results of our civilized past would seem, therefore, to require some broad yet genuine appreciation of the variables and the constants, the discontinuities and continuities in the past. It is to contribute something to the large task of that discernment that this analysis addresses itself.

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Petitioning and Political Cultures in South Asia: Introduction

Modern Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0026749x18000537 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

ROHIT DE ◽

ROBERT TRAVERS

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

South Asia ◽

General Election ◽

Poor People ◽

Finance Minister ◽

The Poor ◽

Political Cultures ◽

Bharatiya Janata Party ◽

Historical Condition

On 4 May 2014, as a tumultuous general election in India drew to a close, theIndian Expressnewspaper published a column by Tavleen Singh, with the headline ‘No more petitioners: no more petitioners’. The column went on to quote P. Chidambaran, the outgoing finance minister of the defeated Congress government, who diagnosed a historical shift in the mentality of the Indian electorate. ‘India has moved on,’ Chidambaran was reported as saying, ‘from a petitioner society to an aspirational one. Treating people as petitioners is a mistake . . . even the poor demand a better life and are no longer resigned to their fate.’ In India, the column argued, ‘poor people’ now had ‘middle class aspirations’, desiring ‘jobs and development’ rather than ‘charity’ and that this was a major reason for the success of Narendra Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the 2014 elections. To be a ‘petitioner’, in this analysis, was to be ground down by poverty and resignation, and dependent on the ‘charity’ of others. It was a passing historical condition, a sign of underdevelopment that could be sloughed off by the sudden awakening across society of ‘middle class aspirations’.

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النقد الجاهلي وأسئلة الشرط التاريخي: نحو تجديد الوعي بالتراث النقدي (Pre-Islamic Criticism and the Questions of Historical Condition: Toward a Renewed Awareness with the Tradition of Criticism)

مجلة الدراسات اللغوية والأدبية (Journal of Linguistic and Literary Studies) ◽

10.31436/jlls.v5i2.175 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

عبد الجبار ربيعي (Abdel Jabbar Rabie)

Keyword(s):

Literary Criticism ◽

Literary Theory ◽

Subject Matter ◽

True Value ◽

Historical Condition

ملخص البحث: يطمح هذا البحث إلى تغيير نظرة النقد العربي المعاصر للنقد الجاهلي على أنه نقد تجتمع فيه البساطة والسذاجة والجزئية، ولا تحقق فيه الموضوعية والعلمية والمعلولية، وهذا البحث يسعى إلى تبيين أن حقائق هذه الأوصاف التي تختصر باكورة النقد الأدبي، وأساسه في تاريخ الثقافة العربية إنما هي أحكام متسرعة، وبعيدة عن منهجية البحث العلمي وموضوعيته أحياناً، وتدخل تحت حالة الذهول والذوبان في خطاب الآخر أحياناً أخرى، وهذه المحاولة لا تدعي الجدة المطلقة؛ فقد سبقتها مراجعات عدّة، ولكنها سعي للإحاطة بجل القضايا النقدية في العصر الجاهلي وقراءتها قراءة متعالقة ومترابطة. وجد الباحث أن هذه القراءة المختصرة في طبيعة النقد الجاهلي تبين أن الإفادة من التراث النقدي في التأصيل، ومن ثم التأسيس لنظرية نقدية عربية متكاملة إفادة مقيدة بضرورة تجديد الوعي به، وتبين هذه القراءة أن الخطاب النقدي في الثقافة العربية يحتاج إلى إعادة تشكيل، وأن إعادة التشكيل لا تكون إلا بتجديد الوعي.الكلمات المفتاحية: النقد الجاهلي- النقد العلمي- التعليل - النقد الجزئي- الموضوعية. Abstract:This paper attempts to change the perspective of the contemporary Arabic literary criticism on the pre-Islamic literary criticism that it was a basic, partial and trivial criticism. It was far from objectivity, information and knowledge. This paper explains that these definitions were the result of rushing decisions that are far from being objective. This effort is not a novelty since there were number efforts before it dwelling more or less on the same subject matter but it tries to gather the issues of pre-Islamic criticism and attempts to read it in a cohesive manner. It concludes that taking the pre-Islamic literary criticism into the picture in tracing the originality of the Arabic literary criticism in order to propose a comprehensive Arabic literary theory needs a renewed awareness on its true value. The understanding of Arabic literary criticism in this regard needs restructuring which is unachievable unless with this renewed awareness in mind.Keywords: Pre-Islamic Literary Criticism– Criticism with Knowledge– Justification– Partial Criticism– Objectivity. Abstrak: Makalah ini berusaha untuk mengubah sudut pandangan kritikan sastera Arab moden mengenai kritikan sastera jahiliah yang menyatakan bahawa kritikan sastera jahiliah merupakan kritikan yang bersifat mudah, tidak menyeluruh dan remeh, malah ia jauh daripada fakta, keterangan dan ilmu pengetahuan. Makalah ini juga cuba untuk menerangkan bahawa kenyataan sedemikian merupakan natijah daripada keputusan yang dibuat secara terburu-buru dan tergesa-gesa, yang mana pada hakikatnya ia jauh daripada objektiviti. Usaha ini bukan merupakan sesuatu yang baru kerana terdapat beberapa kajian dan penyelidikan yang telah dijalankan sebelum ini. Walau bagaimanapun, makalah ini berusaha untuk mengumpul isu-isu yang berkaitan kritikan sastera jahiliah dan cuba untuk memahaminya secara kohesi dan menyeluruh. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan, fahaman bahawa kritikan sastera jahiliah sebagai asas kepada pembentukan kritikan sastera Arab supaya teorinya dapat dibentuk secara komprehensif, memerlukan kesedaran baru terhadap hakikatnya yang sebenar. Pemahaman tentang kritikan sastera Arab dalam hal ini memerlukan penstrukturan semula yang mana ia tidak akan tercapai melainkan dengan mewujudkan kesedaran baru. Kata kunci: Kritikan Sastera Jahiliah- Kritikan Ilmiah- Justifikasi- Kritikan Tidak Menyeluruh- Objektiviti.

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Precarity, Precariousness, and Vulnerability

Annual Review of Anthropology ◽

10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041644 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 331-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Clara Han

Keyword(s):

Informal Economy ◽

The State ◽

Common Condition ◽

Related Notion ◽

Historical Condition ◽

Forms Of Life ◽

Contract Labor

This review examines precarity through two foci. First, I focus on related terms of the lumpenproletariat and informal economy, each of which have left their mark on the notion of precarity as a bounded historical condition, and its related notion of the precariat, a sociological category of those who find themselves subject to intermittent casual forms of labor. I explore the ways in which these terms offer pictures of politics and the state that are inherited by the term precarity, understood as the predicament of those who live at the juncture of unstable contract labor and a loss of state provisioning. I then turn to the second pole of precarity to chart a tension between asserting a common condition of ontological precarity and the impulse to describe the various ways in which vulnerability appears within forms of life.

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