scholarly journals Pendahuluan Menggagas Prototipe Mushaf Al-qur’an Standar Indonesia Riwayat Qalun Menurut Tharîq al-syâthibiyyah

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-106
Author(s):  
Sofyan Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Punctuation Mark ◽  
World Today ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

This research was written with the aim of presenting a manuscript of the Al-Qur'an which is easily accessible to the Muslim community in Indonesia in studying and practicing reading the Qur'an from the history of Qalun through the initial step in the form of "Prototype of Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Manuscripts. The History of Qalun according to Tharîq al. -Syâtibiyyah ”.In this study, the findings of differences in the reading of the history of Hafsh and the history of Qalun according to tharîq al-Syâthibiyyah are presented, both in terms of general principles (ushyliyyah) and certain readings in certain verses and letters (farsy al-hurûf). In the ushûliyyah rule, the difference is in the mim jama 'rule, ha` kinâyah, idghâm saghîr, mad munfashil, two hamzah in one word, two hamzah in two words, ya` idhâfah, ya` zâidah, and the word التَّوْرٰىةَ. As for the difference in farsy al-hurûf there are certain words in certain verses, such as the word; ملك, يخدعون, يكذبون.Furthermore, the findings related to the punctuation marks (dhabth) applied to the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur`an Manuscripts of the history of Hafsh and several Al-Quran manuscripts of the history of Qalun circulating in the Islamic world today, including the Mushaf al-Jamâhîriyyah History of Qalun from Libya. Madinah al-Munawwarah, Jordan, Tunisia and Egypt. In general, the use of punctuation marks (dhabth) in these manuscripts follows the dhabth ulama of the masyâriqah or maghâribah school with reference books including: al-Thirâz 'alâ Dhabth al-Kharrâz by al-Tanasi, Dalîl al-Hairân' ala al-Kharraz by al-Maraghini, Al-Muhkam by al-Dani.The most interesting thing in this dissertation is the finding that the punctuation marks (dhabth) in the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Manuscripts which are adapted to the qiraat narrations of Hafsh can be applied to qiraat narrations of Qalun by means of; (1) Keep using the punctuation mark (dhabth) which has been standardized in the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Mushaf which is still relevant to be applied to qiraat narrations of Qalun; (2) Modifying its use in qiraat narrations of Qalun; (3) Creating a new punctuation mark (dhabth) that does not exist in the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Mushaf.This research is in line with the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Mushaf in several ways, namely related to rasm, count of verses and punctuation marks (dhabth) and in line with the Mushaf Application of al-Taysîr bi al-Qirâ`at al-'Asyr from Hazim's Qalun history. al-Barduni in terms of the face of the recitation of Qalun shillah mim jama 'ma'a al-qashr on the other hand, the findings of this study are different from the existing Indonesian Standard Mushaf (MSI) because MSI is in accordance with Hafsh's history reading, whereas in this dissertation it produces MSI according to the reading of Qalun's history. The difference with the Manuscripts of the application of al-Taysîr bi al-Qirâ`at al-'Asyr by Hazim al-Barduni and several manuscripts of Qalun history from abroad that exist in the world today is that the use of rhymes, verse counts, and punctuation in findings This dissertation is adapted to what MSI already exists.This research is a qualitative research through library research with a comparative study approach. The primary source of this research is the Standard Indonesian Al-Qur'an Manuscripts and several Al-Qur'an Manuscripts from Qalun from several countries, Hirz al-Amâniy Wa Wajh al-Tahâniy fî al-Qirâ`ât al-Sab 'by al-Qasim. bin Fiyrruh Bin Khalaf Bin Ahmad al-Syathibiy al-Ra'ainiy al-Andalusiy (d. 590 H), and Al-Mukhtashar al-Jâmi 'li Ushûl Riwâyât Qâlûn' an Nâfi 'by Abd al-Halim Muhammad Al-Hadi Qabah.

Morality, Nature, and Esotericism in Leo Strauss's Persecution and the Art of Writing

2002 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Kochin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Law ◽  
Historical Scholarship ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Moral Teaching ◽  
The Face ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many

Strauss's historical investigation of the use of exoteric writing in Farabi, Maimonides, Halevi, and Spinoza, is in fact his history of the philosophers' exoteric accommodations to the permanent difference in human natures, the difference between the many who require a categorical moral teaching and the few who are capable of ordering their own lives in the face of the hypothetical status of all moral commands. The men of the Enlightenment aspired to render the moral law superfluous for all by constructing a machinery of government powerful enough to compel all to live justly. Strauss critiques this aspiration by leading his reader to face the permanency of the difference between the few and the many. Strauss uses historical scholarship to force the reader to rethink the possibility of contemplation of the eternal or permanent, the possibility that the Enlightenment's historicist epigones have sought to foreclose.

scholarly journals Dwie monastyczne koncepcje – o tym co łączy a zarazem dzieli Jana Kasjana i św. Augustyna

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 527-545
Author(s):  
Przemysław Nehring
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Pelagian Controversy ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Institutional Church ◽  
John Cassian ◽  
The Church

Author of this paper juxtaposes several issues which are fundamental for mo­nastic concepts of St. Augustine and John Cassian, two figures that had the great­est impact on the development of the western pre-Benedictine monasticism. The difference in intellectual inspirations, personal monastic experiences, addressees of their monastic works and positions held by them in the institutional Church in­fluenced very deeply their teaching. Thus they interpret in a different manner an ac­count on the Jerusalem community (Acts 4:31-35) that – in their common opinion – began the history of monasticism. Cassian sees in it just the historical outset for this phenomenon while Augustine perceives it as a still valid model of behavior for his monks. They look differently at the relation of monastic communities towards the community of the Church but also at inner rules governing the life of monks in monasteries. Unlike Augustine, Cassian sees possibility of spiritual growth gained by monks through ascetical practices and decisions made on their free will. This anthropological optimism had played the key-role for the statement that Cassian made in the face of radical views of Augustine on the Grace and free will, formu­lated by him during the Pelagian controversy but also in other controversial issue, namely of possible legitimacy of lying under particular circumstances.

Automating Patients Admission

2011 ◽  
pp. 69-91
Author(s):  
Hans Lehmann ◽  
Terence Wee
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Patient Privacy ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Service Project ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of

The rationale for using a single case study approach is set out and put into context of current case research literature and thinking. The validity of the approach and its implications for being able to generalise from its findings are discussed. The key point in the case is the determination of a private hospital in Auckland, New Zealand, to re-engineer its processes with information technology. Persisting in the face of apathy and even resistance by its main business partners, they achieved a viable pilot system on a minimum budget, using common, off-the-shelf software and technologies. Starting from a modest electronic presence, the hospital’s aim is to become the centrepiece of an electronic community, offering a rich set of communications and other media for the medical practitioners who use the hospital facilities. The case in this chapter is the history of the first service project, an electronic interface for surgeons to book operating facilities and to automate admission procedures. The process changes and improvements are described, as are the resolution of environmental issues such as security and patient privacy. The architecture of the system, which centres on the basic structure of an intranet, is outlined. A number of points of general import for interactive surgeon-hospital systems are developed from the case in conclusion. Pointers for further and/or follow-up research are given.

scholarly journals Cadar and Women’s Awrat In Indonesian Qur'an Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Indal Abror ◽  
Nurdin Zuhdi ◽  
Iwan Setiawan ◽  
Ahmad Suhendra
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Interpretation Of Literature

The use of cadar becomes a controversial discussion in Indonesia. However, the majority of scholars consider the cadar is not an obligation in religion. Bearing in mind, there are differences in the limits of women's genitalia or awrat. It shows in the Quranic interpretation of literature in Indonesia that cadar's views lie in the different scholars in interpreting and determining the limits of women's genitalia. This paper uses a comparative method to compare the interpretations of Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy and Quraish Shihab in understanding verses about the cadar and the limits of women's Awrat (genitalia) in both interpretations. This research method is qualitative and library research. Hasbi Asy-Syiddieqy, in his interpretation of An-Nur, explains that women are obliged to cover their jewelry, while Quraish Shihab considers the cadar is not an obligation in religion because, for him, the face is not part of the awrat (genitalia) that must be covered. The difference can be seen from their educational and scientific backgrounds. Hasbi Asy-Syiddieqy has a background in Islamic law (Fiqh), so the style of interpretation in the book of An-Nur is more nuanced in fiqh. However, Quraish Shihab highlights the nuances of interpretation in the book of Al-Misbah, which tends to imitate the model or style of interpretation of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida. This cadar is part of the need for tahsiniyat (Luxuries). The need for tahsiniyat is a need which if not fulfilled, does not threaten the existence of one of the maqashid ash-shariah (objectives of sharia) and does not cause difficulties.

scholarly journals STRATEGI DAKWAH MOHAMMAD NATSIR: RESPON TERHADAP KRISTENISASI DAN NATIVISASI DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-64
Author(s):  
Nova Nur Rahmah
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Library Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Faith

The evangelism and nativisation which is one of lack of aqidah which until today remains a da’wah challenge. Muhammad Natsir as one of the leading national and international has da’wah strategy to oversee the Muslim faith. This research focuses on the study of how the Mohammad Natsir’s da’wah strategy in response evangelism and nativisation.  This is a qualitative research with a historical approach analysis, and using techniques of data collection is the library research and interviews with DDII competent administrators as a primary source. As for other sources used are books, journals that discussed the history of evangelism and nativisation in Indonesia. The analysis method used in this study is an inductive. The type of this research is explanatory. The results of this study, concluded that M. Natsir’s da’wah strategy in response to evangelism and nativisation is to strengthen the Islamic faith in a way to make people aware their existence as a Muslim and aware their missionary challenge through education, da’wah fardhiyah, structural da’wah,and cultural da’wah. The steps are chosen is to educate every Muslim and to unite ummah in the middle of Indonesian diversity. Keywords: Da’wah, Strategy, Evangelism, Nativisation.

scholarly journals The Identity of Language and the Language of Erasure

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-199
Author(s):  
Sanober Umar
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Institutional History ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Materials ◽  
The City

Perhaps it is best to summarize what this article is not about, and then highlight what it seeks to do instead, finally surmising those strands together cohesively. This article is not on Urdu as a medium for self-fashioning elite Ashrafi Muslims in Lucknow who lamented the “death of the city” in shahr-i-adab (the city of high culture and noble manners) kind of literatures, instead it is about how Ashrafis came to be normatively portrayed by prominent leaders of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh as “foreigners.” This article is not exclusively about caste politics,  but rather how the trope of the foreigner was used as a way to otherize and prevent some of the most downtrodden Muslims from availing affirmative action policies and how lower caste and Dalit Muslims themselves tried to find liberation away from their stigmatized caste histories, unfortunately without success as conversion did not eclipse casteist tropes against them. This article is not just about the institutional history of the fall of Urdu in Uttar Pradesh, but it focusses on how Urdu was used to shape the minority citizen status of Muslims, and how it impacted their political economy and caste histoies in Lucknow by using both written materials documenting these issues and oral testimonies of Ashrafi and Pasmanda Muslims in Lucknow. In the process, this article is about the contours that defined the production of Muslim minoritysm in India, externally by Post Colonial governmentality of the 1950s and internally by Muslims themselves who were compelled to “self homogenize” despite political and social fractures within the community in the face of demonizing and ahistoric stereotypes of the Muslim community as “backward Musalmaans” that ignored their multiple layers of institutionally created marginalization.

scholarly journals How to Domesticate Otherness: Three Metaphors of Otherness in the European Cultural Tradition

Paideusis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Robi Kroflic
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Individual and collective identities always develop in relation to the other as different, and in this process, the otherness is always subjected to the attempts of cultivation/domestication. In the history of European thought, we can recognize three metaphors which express the impossibility of seeing the other as different: the metaphors of The Leper, The Court Fool and The Noble Savage. They developed on the basis of the relationship between the difference and common rationality, which means that a more inclusive relationship to otherness as a conversational ideal could be formed if we were able shift the emphasis of ethical discourse from the universal concept of autonomy to respect for authenticity and to Levinas’s ethics of “the face of the other”. Such a step requires a radical change of discursive practices of all involved in the educational processes. That is why I propose the principle of observing the face of the other as different in both real-life experience and in expressive images of art, as well as the recognition and acceptance of otherness at the very core of our own identity.

Teachings of Violence in Education: Review of War Material on Islamic Cultural History Subjects at the Elementary Level

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Muhamad Tisna Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Elementary Level ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Religious Intolerance ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Curriculum Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Violence In Education

Education is one of the instruments considered the most effective in preparing students before entering real life. Education is also considered as a vehicle that can solve social problems, instilling religious and humanitarian values. For this reason, in school, there is no place for material that presents violent content and or material that contains radical notions. However, the existence of several articles about warfare in the subjects of the History of Islamic Culture (SKI), causing anxiety that gave birth to the idea to replace the material content, because it was feared could foster fanaticism and religious intolerance. This paper departs from library research (library research) using a qualitative approach. Library research referred to in this paper is a study that makes library materials as the primary source of research. Also, in this paper observation and documentation techniques are also used which are processed using qualitative analysis to find out the teachings of violence in education on war material in the subjects of the history of Islamic culture at the elementary level. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that no teachings or content contain violence, radicalism, fanaticism and religious intolerance in the material of warfare in the subject of Islamic Cultural History at the primary level. The proportion of SKI subjects turned out to only have 2 hours (JP) in 1 week or equal to 4.65% of the total 43 JP learning loads in the curriculum structure of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) in grades 4, 5 and 6. Whereas in grade 3, the proportion of SKI subjects is slightly higher by 0.35% or reaches 5% of the total 40 JP study load in one week in the MI curriculum structure. Pendidikan merupakan salah satu instrumen yang dianggap paling ampuh dalam mempersiapkan peserta didik sebelum memasuki kehidupan nyata. Pendidikan juga dianggap sebagai wahana yang dapat memecahkan masalah-masalah sosial, menanamkan nilai-nilai keberagamaan dan kemanusiaan. Untuk itu, dalam pendidikan tidak ada tempat bagi materi-materi yang menyajikan konten-konten kekerasan dan atau materi yang berisi paham-paham radikalisme. Namun adanya sejumlah materi tentang peperangan di mata pelajaran Sejarah kebudayaan Islam (SKI), menimbulkan kegelisahan yang melahirkan gagasan untuk mengganti muatan materi tersebut, karena dikhawatirkan dapat menumbuhkan sikap fanatisme dan intoleransi beragama. Tulisan ini berangkat dari studi kepustakaan (library research) dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif. Penelitian pustaka yang dimaksud dalam tulisan ini adalah suatu penelitian yang menjadikan bahan pustaka sebagai sumber utama penelitianya. Selain itu, dalam tulisan ini juga digunakan teknik observasi dan dokumentasi yang diolah dengan menggunakan analisa kualitatif dengan tujuan untuk mengetahuai ajaran kekerasan dalam pendidikan pada materi peperangan di mata pelajaran sejarah kebudayaan Islam tingkat dasar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa tidak ada ajaran atau muatan yang berisi kekerasan, radikalisme, fanatisme dan intoleransi beragama pada materi peperangan di mata pelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam tingkat dasar. Bahkan, proporsi mata pelajaran SKI ternyata hanya memilki bobot 2 jam pelajaran (JP) dalam 1 minggu atau setara dengan 4,65% dari total 43 JP beban belajar dalam struktur kurikulum Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) di kelas 4, 5 dan 6. Sedangkan di kelas 3, proporsi mata pelajaran SKI sedikit lebih tinggi 0,35% atau mencapai angka 5% dari total 40 JP beban belajar dalam satu minggu di struktur kurikulum MI.

scholarly journals The Sunni-Shia Conflict in the History of Islam: An Analytical Descriptive Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
Abdul Manan ◽  
Jovial Tally Paran
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Library Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Do So

AbstractThis study was aimed at discussing the background of Sunni-Shia conflict in the epoch of Ottoman and Safavid Empires critically, elucidating the role of Sunni to Ottoman and depicting the role of Shia to Safavid. In this sense, this study employed a library research method through the stages of heuristics, criticism or verification, interpretation, and historiography. This research method collects historical sources in accordance with the title of the study, which is then carried out the stages of criticism of verification of the sources, and developed through the stages of interpretation or analysis, and concluded through writing history. The findings revealed that the conflict between Sunni and Shia, indeed, had ensued over a long enough period, therefore, since the era of the Rashidun Caliphate. Besides, the conflict occurring in the era of Ottoman and Safavid denoted the follow-up action of the previous ones, mainly caused by the diverse attitudes in selecting leaders, followed by the various understandings on dalil (proofs) derived from Quran and Sunnah. The difference in attitude in choosing leaders is quite big, based on tribal conflicts that have lasted quite long in the Arabian Peninsula. The conflict between Ottoman and Safavid was exacerbated by the coercion of a particular madhhab (school of thought) and the act of power seizing among them. Generally, Ottoman determined the madhhab of Hanafi as its official one. Yet, when dispute and injustice occurred, Ottoman did not halt its adherents from asking for fatwa (edict) from their own as long as they were still in the scope of Sunni madhhabs. Safavid Empire had gradually thrived applying Shia as its madhhab. The intention of Shia to seize power sparked off attempts for combat and intimidation on the ulama (Islamic scholars) and the Sunni inhabitants for them to convert their creed into Shia. To do so, there were educational institutions founded that worked to make the Shia thought spread systematically and effectively in the Safavid Empire.AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas secara kritis latar belakang konflik Sunni dan Syiah pada zaman Kerajaan Usmaniyah dan Safawiyah. Studi ini juga, menjelaskan peran Sunni terhadap Kerajaan Usmaniyah dan peran Syiah terhadap Kerajaan Safawiyah. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan melalui tahapan heuristik, kritik atau verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi, penelitian ini mengumpulkan sumber-sumber historis sesuai dengan judul penelitian, yang kemudian dilakukan tahapan kritik verifikasi sumber, dan dikembangkan melalui tahapan interpretasi atau analisis, dan disimpulkan melalui penulisan sejarah. Temuan mengungkapkan bahwa konflik antara Sunni dan Syiah memang telah terjadi selama periode yang cukup lama, yakni sejak era Kekhalifahan Rasyidin. Selain itu, konflik yang terjadi di era Kerajaan Usmaniyah dan Safawiyah merupakan aksi lanjutan dari sikap memilih pemimpin yang berdasarkan dari berbagai pemahaman tentang dalil Al-qur’an dan Sunnah Rasulullah. Perbedaan sikap dalam memilih pemimpin telah berlangsung cukup lama di Semenanjung Arab dan berdasarkan kesukuan. Konflik antara kedua kerajaan tersebut diperparah dengan paksaan mazhab tertentu dan tindakan kekerasan antar kerajaan. Secara umum, Kerajaan Usmaniyah menetapkan mazhab Hanafi sebagai yang mazhab resmi. Namun, ketika perselisihan dan ketidakadilan terjadi, Kerajaan Usmaniyah tidak menghentikan pengikutnya untuk meminta fatwa dari kerajaannya selama masih dalam lingkup mazhab Sunni. Kerjaan Safawiyah secara bertahap berkembang menerapkan Syiah sebagai mazhabnya. Niat Syiah untuk merebut kekuasaan memicu peperangan dan pengintimidasian ulama agar pengikut Sunni mengubah keyakinannya. Sebuah lembaga pendidikan didirikan utnuk membuat pemikiran Syiah menyebar secara sistematis dan efektif pada Kerajaan Safawiyah.

Queering Musical Biography in the Writings of Edward Prime-Stevenson and Rosa Newmarch

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-118
Author(s):  
Kristin M. Franseen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Benjamin Britten ◽  
Twentieth Century Music ◽  
History Of ◽  
Music Research ◽  
Symphonic Music ◽  
Biographical Knowledge

Beginning with the “open secret” of Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears's relationship and continuing through debates over Handel's and Schubert's sexuality and analyses of Ethel Smyth's memoirs, biography has played a central role in the development of queer musicology. At the same time, life-writing's focus on extramusical details and engagement with difficult-to-substantiate anecdotes and rumors often seem suspect to scholars. In the case of early-twentieth-century music research, however, these very gaps and ambiguities paradoxically offered some authors and readers at the time rare spaces for approaching questions of sexuality in music. Issues of subjectivity in instrumental music aligned well with rumors about autobiographical confession within Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique) for those who knew how to listen and read between the lines. This article considers the different ways in which the framing of biographical anecdotes and gossip in scholarship by music critic-turned-amateur sexologist Edward Prime-Stevenson and Tchaikovsky scholar Rosa Newmarch allowed for queer readings of symphonic music. It evaluates Prime-Stevenson's discussions of musical biography and interpretation in The Intersexes (1908/9) and Newmarch's Tchaikovsky: His Life and Works (1900), translation of Modest Tchaikovsky's biography, and article on the composer in Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians to explore how they addressed potentially taboo topics, engaged with formal and informal sources of biographical knowledge (including one another's work), and found their scholarly voices in the absence of academic frameworks for addressing gender and sexuality. While their overt goals were quite different—Newmarch sought to dismiss “sensationalist” rumors about Tchaikovsky's death for a broad readership, while Prime-Stevenson used queer musical gossip as a primary source in his self-published history of homosexuality—both grappled with questions of what can and cannot be read into a composer's life and works and how to relate to possible queer meanings in symphonic music. The very aspects of biography that place it in a precarious position as scholarship ultimately reveal a great deal about the history of musicology and those who write it.

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