Lost in Translation – Typographic variation in loanword surrounded punctuation positions

In German printings of the early 18th century, the shift from the hitherto dominant sentence-dividing punctuation mark, the virgule, to the comma, takes place astonishingly rapidly. It is also astonishing that until recently, research has barely devoted itself to this phenomenon, even though it is at least a turning point in the history of the highest-frequency punctuation mark in German writing. The paper examines to what extent the transition from the use of the virgule to the comma is carried out in a phase-specific manner. Previous samples have indicated the influence of the font choice on the choice of punctuation: Printers or typesetters in the early 18th century set the comma especially in the environment of the Antiqua script, which is used to graphically label non-native words or syntagms. Is this a kind of “gateway” to the comma? By means of a corpus analysis in micro-diachronic sections, the status of the virgule/comma variation will be associated with the typographic variation in terms of the use of Latin Antiqua type and the German type.

AUTHOR’S INDIVIDUAL PUNCTUATION AS AN ELEMENT OF TEXT GRAPHICS

The article sheds light on the concept of text graphics and the importance of punctuation in the graphic system of the text, in particular, poetic text. The author elucidates various scholars’ approaches to the definition of the term author’s individual punctuation, with a focus on the system-structural features of some punctuation marks and the most important functions of punctuation as a stylistic device. The article analyzes the expressive and stylistic means used to produce the greatest emotional influence on the listener or reader and classifies them into constructive, emotive, combined, and contaminated groups. The multi-functionality of the author’s punctuation embraces strengthening the aesthetic loading of punctuation marks and expanding the boundaries of their use. The unregulated use of punctuation mark is determined by historical changes and the semantic principles concerning the location of punctuation marks. Author’s punctuation can be interpreted as a substitution of some normatively motivated signs/marks with the unregulated ones; as a text devoid of any marks; as an excessive use of either some particular punctuation marks or only one of them and, on the contrary, their complete absence in the text. The article outlines the main functions of the author’s punctuation: emotional, emphatic, logical, evaluative, semantic, dividing. The individual style, dependence on the functional style, genre, traditions, and norms of a definite historical epoch are the factors that influence the author’s individual punctuation system formation. The author’s punctuation is an interstyle phenomenon because it is inherent in texts of different functional styles. The research findings argue that the author’s individual punctuation system should be interpreted in a broad sense as any conscious, deliberate choice of the unregulated punctuation mark, not fixed in the spelling rules, and in a narrow understanding — all the punctuation marks in the author’s manuscript, which are different from the normative use.

Penggunaan Tanda Baca Koma (,) dalam Tajuk Rencana Pada Siswa di Sekolah Menengah Atas

The objectives of this study were: (1) Obtaining data regarding the ability of Class XI students of SMAN 1 Cikijing in using punctuation marks (,) in the editorial. (2) Obtain data regarding errors using a comma (,) in the header. The hypothesis proposed in this study is the Analysis of Misuse of Comma (,) Punctuation in the Editorial for Class XI Students of SMA Negeri 1 Cikijing for the 2014/2015 academic year. So in this study, the authors formulated a hypothesis, namely: "There is still an error using a comma (,) punctuation mark in the editorial in class XI SMA Negeri 1 Cikijing". This research uses a descriptive quantitative method. The researcher carried out three preparatory steps, namely collecting student questionnaires, analyzing the use of punctuation marks (,) for each editorial text, and making notes on errors in using punctuation marks (,). Class XI IPS 2 students of SMAN 1 Cikijing academic year general has the ability to use a comma (,) punctuation mark in the editorial. However, there are still some people who are not able to fully use the comma (,) punctuation according to the rules. The ability of students to understand the use of comma (,) punctuation is high, it can be ascertained that students have understood the rules of using comma (,) punctuation according to the enhanced spelling. While the students' low abilities, it can be ascertained that students do not understand the use of commas (,) punctuation according to the enhanced spelling. There are still errors in the use of punctuation marks (,) in the editorial done by students of Class XI IPS 2 SMAN 1 Cikijing of 22%, thus the research hypothesis can be accepted.Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Mendapatkan data mengenai kemampuan siswa Kelas XI SMAN 1 Cikijing dalam menggunakan tanda baca koma (,) pada tajuk rencana. (2) Mendapatkan data mengenai kesalahan menggunakan tanda baca koma (,) dalam tajuk. Hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis Kesalahan Penggunaan Tanda Baca Koma (,) dalam Tajuk Rencana pada Siswa Kelas XI SMA Negeri 1 Cikijing. Maka dalam penelitian ini penulis merumuskan hipotesis yaitu: “Masih terdapat kesalahan menggunakan tanda baca koma (,) dalam tajuk rencana pada siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 1 Cikijing”. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Peneliti melakukan tiga langkah persiapan, yaitu mengumpulkan angket siswa, melakukan analisis penggunaan tanda baca koma (,) tiap teks tajuk rencana dan membuat catatan kesalahan penggunaan tanda baca koma (,) .Siswa kelas XI IPS 2 SMAN 1 Cikijing tahun ajar 2014/2015 secara umum telah memiliki kemampuan menggunakan tanda baca koma (,) dalam tajuk rencana. Namun, masih ada beberapa orang yang belum mampu sepenuhnya menggunakan tanda baca koma (,) sesuai dengan kaidah. Kemampuan siswa memahami penggunaan tanda baca koma (,) yang tinggi, dapat dipastikan siswa telah memahami aturan penggunaan tanda baca koma (,) sesuai dengan ejaan yang disempurnakan. Sedangkan kemampuan siswa yang rendah, dapat dipastikan siswa belum memahami penggunaan tanda baca koma (,) sesuai dengan ejaan yang disempurnakan. Masih terdapat kesalahan-kesalahan penggunaan tanda baca koma (,) dalam tajuk rencana yang dilakukan oleh siswa Kelas XI IPS 2 SMAN 1 Cikijing sebesar 22%, dengan demikian hipotesis penelitian dapat diterima.

Pendahuluan Menggagas Prototipe Mushaf Al-qur’an Standar Indonesia Riwayat Qalun Menurut Tharîq al-syâthibiyyah

This research was written with the aim of presenting a manuscript of the Al-Qur'an which is easily accessible to the Muslim community in Indonesia in studying and practicing reading the Qur'an from the history of Qalun through the initial step in the form of "Prototype of Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Manuscripts. The History of Qalun according to Tharîq al. -Syâtibiyyah ”.In this study, the findings of differences in the reading of the history of Hafsh and the history of Qalun according to tharîq al-Syâthibiyyah are presented, both in terms of general principles (ushyliyyah) and certain readings in certain verses and letters (farsy al-hurûf). In the ushûliyyah rule, the difference is in the mim jama 'rule, ha` kinâyah, idghâm saghîr, mad munfashil, two hamzah in one word, two hamzah in two words, ya` idhâfah, ya` zâidah, and the word التَّوْرٰىةَ. As for the difference in farsy al-hurûf there are certain words in certain verses, such as the word; ملك, يخدعون, يكذبون.Furthermore, the findings related to the punctuation marks (dhabth) applied to the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur`an Manuscripts of the history of Hafsh and several Al-Quran manuscripts of the history of Qalun circulating in the Islamic world today, including the Mushaf al-Jamâhîriyyah History of Qalun from Libya. Madinah al-Munawwarah, Jordan, Tunisia and Egypt. In general, the use of punctuation marks (dhabth) in these manuscripts follows the dhabth ulama of the masyâriqah or maghâribah school with reference books including: al-Thirâz 'alâ Dhabth al-Kharrâz by al-Tanasi, Dalîl al-Hairân' ala al-Kharraz by al-Maraghini, Al-Muhkam by al-Dani.The most interesting thing in this dissertation is the finding that the punctuation marks (dhabth) in the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Manuscripts which are adapted to the qiraat narrations of Hafsh can be applied to qiraat narrations of Qalun by means of; (1) Keep using the punctuation mark (dhabth) which has been standardized in the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Mushaf which is still relevant to be applied to qiraat narrations of Qalun; (2) Modifying its use in qiraat narrations of Qalun; (3) Creating a new punctuation mark (dhabth) that does not exist in the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Mushaf.This research is in line with the Indonesian Standard Al-Qur'an Mushaf in several ways, namely related to rasm, count of verses and punctuation marks (dhabth) and in line with the Mushaf Application of al-Taysîr bi al-Qirâ`at al-'Asyr from Hazim's Qalun history. al-Barduni in terms of the face of the recitation of Qalun shillah mim jama 'ma'a al-qashr on the other hand, the findings of this study are different from the existing Indonesian Standard Mushaf (MSI) because MSI is in accordance with Hafsh's history reading, whereas in this dissertation it produces MSI according to the reading of Qalun's history. The difference with the Manuscripts of the application of al-Taysîr bi al-Qirâ`at al-'Asyr by Hazim al-Barduni and several manuscripts of Qalun history from abroad that exist in the world today is that the use of rhymes, verse counts, and punctuation in findings This dissertation is adapted to what MSI already exists.This research is a qualitative research through library research with a comparative study approach. The primary source of this research is the Standard Indonesian Al-Qur'an Manuscripts and several Al-Qur'an Manuscripts from Qalun from several countries, Hirz al-Amâniy Wa Wajh al-Tahâniy fî al-Qirâ`ât al-Sab 'by al-Qasim. bin Fiyrruh Bin Khalaf Bin Ahmad al-Syathibiy al-Ra'ainiy al-Andalusiy (d. 590 H), and Al-Mukhtashar al-Jâmi 'li Ushûl Riwâyât Qâlûn' an Nâfi 'by Abd al-Halim Muhammad Al-Hadi Qabah.

Punctuation Relevance in Subtitle: The Foreign Audience Example

This study looked at punctuation mark and their relevance in written information although; the objective of the study is to discover the relevance of punctuation mark in subtitle: The Foreign audience example and to re-echo the need to have a well punctuated write-up in literary genres. The study sees language as a system of human communication. The problem of the study sets in from lots of poor and wrongly applied punctuations, as various forms of signs are seen to be used in some of the movies of the entertainment industry – Nollywood, which in turn, gives rise to wrong interpretation to the foreign audience of that language, and as such, the foreign learner of a particular language, the Igbo example will not enjoy the supposed information. The study adopted the framework of Vinay and Darbelnet principles and strategies as a guide to solving the problem as one of its principles – equivalence was used to relate the movie wrong punctuated subtitles to their supposed target language. The methodology of explication is equally adopted while the study concludes that punctuation errors are involved with wrong application of punctuation mark to written discourses on where it is not supposed to be since punctuation occurs only in written discourses and not spoken.

Punctuation mark: area of use, scope of action and hierarchy of contexts

The paper deals with the theoretical problems of the interaction of punctuation marks and the contexts in which they are used. With regard to punctuation, the text has a potentially complex multi-stage hierarchical structure. It is important to distinguish between three areas of use (macrocontexts): 1) text; 2) phrase; 3) word. At the text level, there are paragraphemic means with high expressiveness - spatial, color, font - in combination with punctuation means. Punctuation marks are the main means of division at the phrasal level. A hyphen, an apostrophe, a slash are the means of division at the word level. They are graphic signs similar to punctuation marks. The usage of punctuation marks depends on their microcontexts (the scopes of action). It proves difficult to use and interpret the behavior of punctuation marks in case when the principles of the hierarchy of the contexts they serve are violated.

«THE NEW SYSTEM» OF PUNCTUATION MARKS IN TEXTING / MESSAGING: THE FINAL PUNCTUATION MARK OF AN UTTERANCE AS AN AMOTION GENERATING FACTOR

The paper considers communicative situations of texting / messaging in the aspect of contemporary punctuation form of the utterance. Final punctuation marks in the utterance which differ from the standard punctuation version are analyzed in the paper as a factor generating emotion. It influences the «positive communication» effects in messengers. The traditional functioning of the interrogative mark and changes in the full-stop and the exclamation mark functioning as the final punctuation marks in messengers are considered to be the strategies of creating the shared emotional field in the online communication.

«THE NEW SYSTEM» OF PUNCTUATION MARKS IN TEXTING / MESSAGING: THE FINAL PUNCTUATION MARK OF AN UTTERANCE AS AN AMOTION GENERATING FACTOR

The paper considers communicative situations of texting / messaging in the aspect of contemporary punctuation form of the utterance. Final punctuation marks in the utterance which differ from the standard punctuation version are analyzed in the paper as a factor generating emotion. It influences the «positive communication» effects in messengers. The traditional functioning of the interrogative mark and changes in the full-stop and the exclamation mark functioning as the final punctuation marks in messengers are considered to be the strategies of creating the shared emotional field in the online communication.

FEATURES OF THE TRANSMISSION OF PUNCTUATION MARKS IN THE TRANSLATION OF POETIC TEXTS FROM RUSSIAN INTO FRENCH

The article is devoted to the problem of punctuation transmission in poetic translation. Punctuation helps to understand the written form of the text. The structure, meaning, and intonation of the utterance dictate the setting of the necessary punctuation mark. In poetic works, punctuation also serves the purpose of highlighting or emphasizing the most significant elements. The search for adequate means of conveying intonation and highlighting semantic segments leads to a combination of various additional ways of formatting the text. The individual style of a writer or poet in a literary text is conveyed through stylistically significant marks of the author's punctuation. The translator must decide whether to keep the author's punctuation, omit it, or include the punctuation marks of the receiving language in the translation. Poetic translation often leads to a significant rearrangement of the text, in which the punctuation component refers to other speech segments than in the original text, what was shown by the example of translations of I. Bunin's poetic works.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE EUPHONOMY RULES IN MODERN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE OF THE HUMANITARIAN PROFILE

The article emphasizes the problem of observance of the current orthographic norms concerning the positional alternation of vowels and consonants �� and �� in order to achieve euphony in Ukrainian language. The purpose of the article is to analyze the implementation of the norms of the current Ukrainian orthography regarding to the positional alternation of �� and �� in the modern scientific literature of the humanitarian profile. The method of continuous selection is used in the work, as well as comparative, structural (descriptive) methods and prescriptive-descriptive analysis. The material for the study are scientific articles published in the �Humanities bulletin of Zaporizhzhe state engineering academy. 2019. � 77�. By the method of continuous selection from this edition, 509 examples of the use of the prepositionprefix �� and ��(euphonem) have been isolated. Only 328 examples turned out to correspond to the current norms and 181, which are 35.6%, turned out to be erroneous. The presence of such a significant number of errors in the application confirms the need to thoroughly analyze the conditions of noncompliance with the current norms and the grounds that could have contributed to this situation. Based on chosen material it is stated that consistent observance of norm of use �� in a position between two vowels. At the same time, the highest percentage of violations of normativeness was recorded �in the position after the vowel before the consonant� � 109 examples, which is more than 60% of all erroneous examples, and in the models �at the beginning of the phrase (after the punctuation mark) before the consonant� � 47 examples (25.9%) and �in between two consonants� � 20 examples (11%). A detailed analysis of erroneous euphonems in comparison with normative ones has revealed that most cases of noncompliance with the current norm should not be interpreted as gross violations, but can be justified by certain objective circumstances. The main reasons for non-compliance with the formal rules of positional alternation �� and �� are revealed. They are pronunciation in certain positions of the y-infinitive, the presence of intonation pauses, use in uncomplicated combinations with sonorous sound, in particular with middle-language etc. There is a much higher frequency of errors in prepositional constructions compared to prefixal ones, which may be evidence of a certain trend. The predominance of phonetic preconditions for non-compliance with the norms against the background of a large percentage of erroneous models give the reason to doubt the sufficient balance and thoughtfulness of the current spelling regarding the norms of positional alternations of vowels and consonants. Some recommendations are proposed to improve the current spelling in order to further correct this situation. In particular, the peculiarities of articulation �� and �� (positional pronunciation of the y-infinitive), the peculiarities of intonation in specific segments of speech give grounds not to require speakers to use a vowel or consonant: the choice should be influenced not only by formal sound environment but also by melody phrases, intonation, preferences and language habits of the author, etc.