Round Table Discussion

Chairman Kanner: Every day of man's life constitutes a transition between yesterday and tomorrow, converging in the intrinsic values of the moment. The past and present continue to shape and modify directions and goals, mostly through quiet evolution, sometimes in lively spurts. One of the liveliest spurts occurs during adolescence, at a time when a person is no longer a child and not yet an adult. Many incisive changes take place in that period. Body growth, in a remarkable upward surge, attains its maximum for the individual. The physique assumes its characteristic configuration. Sexual development reaches procreative capacity. There is striving after emancipation from sheltered existence, a trend toward increasing self-dependence in thought and action. The sphere of interest and participation expands from the confines of home, neighborhood and school to the community at large. The choice of vocation, until then a playfully considered matter, becomes a real issue. Current standards and precepts are submitted to criticism not as yet leavened by the tests of experience. The established order is challenged boldly and then, after some struggle, appropriated gradually with more or less reservation. Adolescence, in our culture, is a great translator. It translates the language of parental direction, attitudes and behavior into an individualized idiom. This is much less evident in primitive cultures. One might go so far as to say that in primitive societies there is no conceptual equivalent for that which we call adolescence. Childhood ceases abruptly when, through a set of elaborate rites, it is transported into full-fledged adulthood. Tribal ritualism, rather than personal spontaneity determines status and function. In our social structure, a child is given several years in which he is to find his way from a more or less manipulated and regimented existence to the acquisition of initiative in a loosely competitive environment in which the taboos are blurred, the semantics are equivocal, and the variety of occupational, political and theologic choices offers opportunities for perplexities. The adolescent translator's dictionary is full of confusing synonyms and antonyms. A combination of inner soundness, wholesome parent-child relationship, and guidance from understanding adults, helps most adolescents to emerge safely from the groping and floundering which precede maturing stabilization.

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ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.1.4.549 ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 549-559

Author(s):

ARNOLD GESELL ◽

CATHERINE S. AMATRUDA

Keyword(s):

Behavior Problems ◽

Round Table ◽

Actual State ◽

Round Table Discussion ◽

Base Line ◽

Growing Up ◽

Parent Child Relationship ◽

Developmental Defects ◽

Introductory Statement ◽

Child Relationship

Chairman Gesell: Custom has it that the Chairman should launch the discussion with an introductory statement. I shall be brief because behavior problems are numerous enough. Besides we propose to divide this session into two parts. At the end of the first half, Dr. Amatruda, who has had an incomparably rich experience with all sorts of infants and children, will make a statement introducing the subject of developmental defects and deviations, Although we shall touch upon a wide variety of problems during the morning, we shall probably not wander very far from the central theme of growth and development. All children, whether normal, subnormal, atypical, or superior are confronted with the universal problem of development—of growing up. The most serious behavior problems are those which interfere with optimal development, taking as a base line the natural growth potentials of the child. Many problems may seem serious and may be very troublesome, without greatly harming the child's fundamental welfare. The degree of troublesomeness often depends upon the attitude of the parents. This business of growing up applies to the parent as well as the child. She (or he!) may not take a mature grown-up attitude toward the child's conduct. The problem is thereby aggravated or even created. Change the attitude and the problem evaporates—disappears in thin air. In our discussion we shall have to reckon with the parent-child relationship as a clinical reality, as a bundle of symptoms which register the actual state of affairs. Problems cannot always be solved by direct frontal attack. They must be approached peripherally via the parents' psychology. The most magic cures which the pediatrician can effect in the field of behavior disorders may be achieved by altering the parents' philosophy. Every parent has a philosophy of child care. It may not be formulated in words, but it expresses itself in actions, attitudes, in alibis, in questions, in misgivings, in protests. Even before the child is born the expectant mother may reveal her general outlook, and may profit from a hint or two by way of psychologic orientation to the tasks of parenthood which lie ahead. In fact, this Round Table might give brief consideration to the possibility of prenatal guidance in the primipara, assuming the aid and acquiescence of the obstetrician.

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SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN ANALISIS KEPUASAN MAHASISWA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN SARANA LABORATORIUM SISTEM INFORMASI

Jurnal Sains dan Informatika ◽

10.22216/jsi.v4i2.3735 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 150

Author(s):

Rahmadini Darwas

Keyword(s):

Service Quality ◽

Learning Process ◽

Quality Of Services ◽

Laboratory Facilities ◽

Cold Room ◽

And Function ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior ◽

Role And Function

Abstract Laboratory is one of the supporting facilities in im[roving the learning process. Problems found by students regarding the information system laboratory facilities at STMIK Indonesia Padang are the computers that suddenly die when operated, the less cold room, display data is blurred, making the inconvenience in the learning process that causes the students less satisfied with the services provided. Students will feel satisfied if the service is expected to match the received. Therefore, a decision support system is needed to analyze the quality of services provided to the students so that it can support the role and function of the laboratory optimally and what attributes need to be improved the quality of service. The method used is Fuzzy Service Quality (Servqual) method. The results showed that the service quality received was not in accordance with the expected because there is a gap of -1.55 for tangibles dimension. Attributes that need to be improved the quality of services are laboratory space is cool and comfortable, the use of laboratories relevant to the field of science, the responsibility of laboratory assistant, the availability of professional teachers and attitudes and behavior of labor officers. Abstrak Laboratorium merupakan salah satu fasilitas pendukung dalam meningkatkan proses pembelajaran. Permasalahan yang ditemukan mahasiswa mengenai fasilitas laboratorium sistem informasi pada STMIK Indonesia Padang adalah komputer yang tiba-tiba mati saat dioperasikan, ruangan yang kurang dingin, data display yang buram sehingga membuat ketidaknyamanan dalam proses pembelajaran yang menyebabkan mahasiswa kurang puas terhadap layanan yang diberikan. Mahasiswa akan merasa puas apabila layanan yang diharapkan sesuai dengan yang diterima. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan suatu sistem pendukung keputusan untuk menganalisis kualitas layanan yang diberikan kepada mahasiswa sehingga dapat mendukung peran dan fungsi laboratorium secara optimal serta atribut apa saja yang perlu ditingkatkan kualitas layanannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Fuzzy Service Quality (Servqual). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas layanan yang diterima belum sesuai dengan yang diharapkan karena terdapat gap sebesar -1.55 untuk dimensi tangibles. Atribut yang perlu ditingkatkan kualitas layanannya yaitu ruangan laboratorium yang sejuk dan nyaman, penggunaan laboratorium yang relevan dengan bidang ilmu, tanggungjawab asisten labor, tersedianya tenaga pengajar yang professional dan sikap serta perilaku petugas laborKata kunci : sistem pendukung keputusan, laboratorium, fuzzy, servqual

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Round Table Discussion

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.9.3.343 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 343-355

Author(s):

HARLAN BLOOMER ◽

CHARLES STROTHER ◽

BURTIS B. BREESE ◽

A. L. GLEASON

Keyword(s):

Round Table ◽

Speech Disorders ◽

Child Growth ◽

Speech Pathology ◽

Round Table Discussion ◽

General Plan ◽

Close Relationship ◽

The Individual ◽

General Aspects ◽

The University

Chairman Bloomer: In leading this round table I have with me Dr. Charles Strother, Professor of Clinical Psychology in the College of Medicine of the University of Washington at Seattle. I am from the University of Michigan Speech Clinic in Ann Arbor. We are very glad to be with you at this round table because it suggests the close relationship between the fields of speech pathology and pediatrics. We come to the American Academy of Pediatrics as representatives of the American Speech and Hearing Association which is the national organization for professional people interested in the study of speech disorders, their causes and their methods of treatment. Perhaps you are familiar with the official publication of the Association, the Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. We bring you greetings from the Association. I think you may be interested in a brief outline of our general plan of discussion for the afternoon. The first part of our discussion will review the importance of a knowledge of speech disorders to specialists in pediatrics. Next we shall discuss in some detail the nature of these disorders and the etiologic factors which are frequently encountered, and then we shall suggest methods for handling the speech problems which the individual child may present. We shall be glad to have your participation, your questions, and your comments at any time during our discussion. We feel that this subject is particularly timely because of the steadily increasing interest of pediatricians in the general aspects of child growth and development rather than in only the medical care of children.

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Attitudes and Behavior

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.449 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Geoffrey Haddock ◽

Sapphira Thorne ◽

Lukas Wolf

Keyword(s):

Primary Reason ◽

Controlled Processes ◽

Social Lives ◽

History Of Research ◽

History Of ◽

Attitude Behavior ◽

The Individual ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior

Attitudes refer to overall evaluations of people, groups, ideas, and other objects, reflecting whether individuals like or dislike them. Attitudes have been found to be good predictors of behavior, with generally medium-sized effects. The role of attitudes in guiding behavior may be the primary reason why people’s social lives often revolve around expressing and discussing their attitudes, and why social psychology researchers have spent decades examining attitudes. Two central questions in the study of attitudes concern when and how attitudes predict behavior. The “when” question has been addressed over decades of research that has identified circumstances under which attitudes are more or less likely to predict behavior. That is, attitudes are stronger predictors of behaviors when both constructs are assessed in a corresponding or matching way, when attitudes are stronger, and among certain individuals and in certain situations and domains. The “how” question concerns influential models in the attitudes literature that provide a better understanding of the processes through which attitudes are linked with behaviors. For instance, these models indicate that other constructs need to be taken into account in understanding the attitude-behavior link, including intentions to perform a behavior, whether individuals perceive themselves to be in control of their behavior, and what they believe others around them think the individual should do (i.e., norms). The models also describe whether attitudes relate to behavior through relatively deliberative and controlled processes or relatively automatic and spontaneous processes. Overall, the long history of research on attitude-behavior links has provided a clearer prediction of when attitudes are linked with behaviors and a better understanding of the processes underlying this link.

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Disregarding the Value of Nonhumans: A Study of Anthropocentrism in Nepali Proverbs

Prithvi Academic Journal ◽

10.3126/paj.v2i0.31513 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 117-126

Author(s):

Yog Raj Lamichhane

Keyword(s):

Oral Literature ◽

Intrinsic Values ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior ◽

Theoretical Insight

This paper examines how humans' chauvinistic attitudes and behavior toward nonhumans exist in humans’ orality in the course of analyzing some selected Nepali proverbs. The proverb as a powerful form of the oral literature can transmit the message and meaning to both literate and illiterate people virtually. Anthropocentrism, one of the approaches of ecocriticism that largely discusses human-nonhuman relationships skewing to humans, has been applied as theoretical insight to expose how humans have overlooked the intrinsic values of nonhumans. While analyzing, humans appear to behave as the sole proprietors of the whole nature by exploiting nonhumans as resources and seem to reject those nonhumans, which they fail to capitalize on. Finally, it could be inferred through this scrutiny that humans look sharply experienced to calculate profit, mostly untrained to comprehend the role of nonhumans in this ecosystem, and muscularly versed to dishonor nonhumans’ loyalty to humans as their weakness.

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SYMPOSIUM ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.17.6.930 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 930-933

Author(s):

Sherman Little ◽

Bertram M. Beck

Keyword(s):

Economic Status ◽

Minority Group ◽

Research Literature ◽

Family Influence ◽

Parent Child Relationship ◽

Child Relationship ◽

The Family ◽

Group Members ◽

The Individual ◽

Welfare Agencies

A CAREFUL review of the research literature bearing on delinquency makes it evident that delinquency is a pathology transmitted from the community to the family and thence to the individual youngster. The relative importance of family and community and individual factors vary, however, with a particular child. In some instances the delinquent act is almost a direct outgrowth of community conditions; in such cases family influence is of importance only insofar as it has failed to prepare a youngster to deal with the environmental situation confronting him. In other instances the delinquent act is directly related to the nature of the parent-child relationship; in these cases community conditions are of importance only insofar as they have been stimulating or precipitating factors or have influenced the parental capacity. Observations of communities with low delinquency rates, combined with refined statistical analyses of the correlation between delinquent behavior and factors usually thought to be productive of delinquency, reveal that in communities that have social stability, little population movement, homogeneity of population, and the kind of interaction between people that represents a sense of belonging to the community, there is very little crime and delinquency. This is true even when such communities are marked by a great concentration of poverty, bad housing, a population of minority group members, and the absence of health and welfare agencies. On the other hand, a socially disorganized neighborhood, peopled by residents who do not possess a sense of community comradeship and participation, will be productive of delinquency even though it may have good housing and superior economic status.

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P-CRS: A Clinical Scale to Assess the Parent-Child Relationship in Infancy and Early Childhood

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17103458 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 3458

Author(s):

Anna Maria Speranza ◽

Maria Quintigliano ◽

Marco Lauriola ◽

Alexandro Fortunato

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Developmental Psychopathology ◽

Diagnostic Process ◽

Parent Child Relationship ◽

Public And Private ◽

Child Relationship ◽

Parents And Children ◽

The Individual ◽

Infancy And Early Childhood ◽

Parent Child

This study aimed to examine the ability of a new clinician-report tool, the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (P-CRS), to assess the individual contributions that parents and their children make within the parent-child relationship, as well as interactions between parents and children in terms of developmental psychopathology. As clinical diagnoses in early childhood is both important and difficult, it is necessary to identify tools that can effectively contribute to evaluating parent-child relationships during the diagnostic process. A sample of 268 mother-child dyads, taken from both public and private clinical settings, was assessed. Clinicians were asked to assess these dyads using the P-CRS after four to five sessions of clinical evaluation. The results indicated that the three areas assessed by the P-CRS—“Interaction”, “Child” and “Parent”—could have different impacts on the various aspects of the parent-child relationship within distinct diagnostic groups. Thus, our findings support the use of the P-CRS to assist with clinical diagnosis during early childhood.

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Prenatal Origins of Neurological Development

Current Directions in Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0963721411422056 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 384-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Laura M. Glynn ◽

Curt A. Sandman

Keyword(s):

Brain Structure ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Postnatal Period ◽

Parent Child Relationship ◽

Child Relationship ◽

Maternal Brain ◽

Brain Structure And Function ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

And Function ◽

Reciprocal Influences

A rapidly accumulating literature indicates that the prenatal period must be taken into account if we are to understand development of the central nervous system (CNS) across the life span. Evidence now suggests that intrauterine signals influence brain structure and affect cognitive function and emotional and physiological stress regulation in the offspring. Furthermore, prenatal hormone exposures are critical for priming the maternal brain for the challenges of motherhood and have implications for the mother’s brain structure and function that may last the rest of her lifetime. Just as the reciprocal nature of the parent–child relationship must be understood during the postnatal period, in order to understand the persisting influences of the intrauterine environment on neurodevelopment, the effects of the prenatal environment on both fetus and mother, as well as their reciprocal influences, must be appreciated. This is critical because the same hormones that program fetal development are those that shape the maternal brain and because prenatal bidirectional signaling may provide an adaptive function for both mother and fetus.

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Perspectives for the Future of the Disabled in Sport

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly ◽

10.1123/apaq.3.2.152 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 152-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kenneth S. Clarke

Keyword(s):

Sport Participation ◽

The Future ◽

The Disabled ◽

Sport Programs ◽

The Individual ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior

Sports have value to the individual, and the atypical individual with a disability merits the same opportunity to pursue these values as the so-called able-bodied. Sports therefore are justified on the assumption that they serve as a medium for developing desirable attitudes and behavior that contribute to the fullest utilization of one’s own health. Today’s sport leaders see a two-prong approach to the organization of these opportunities: (a) down with the barriers that keep the atypical athlete from participating and competing with the able-bodied athletes when talent and commitment are equal to the challenge, and (b) up with the sport programs from which, were it not for these adaptations, those with disabilities could not benefit from the values of sport participation.

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Attitudinal Ambivalence

Psychology ◽

10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0254 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nicoletta Cavazza ◽

Vincent Pillaud ◽

Fabrizio Butera

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Individual Level ◽

Attitudinal Ambivalence ◽

The Individual ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Moderating Role

Research on attitudinal ambivalence started in the early 1970s, forty years after the first wave of research on attitudes. Ambivalent attitudes consist of both positive and negative evaluations of the same object. Early approaches proposed different measurement methods, and ambivalence can now be measured either directly (referred to as “felt ambivalence”) or indirectly (referred to as “potential ambivalence”). Because of its duality, ambivalence has been studied in comparison with univalent attitudes—which consist of either positive or negative evaluations of an object—to uncover their specific features, antecedents, and consequences. Relevant research has focused on identifying the prevalence of ambivalent attitudes, and on whether they could stem from particular personality traits or situations. Researchers have found that ambivalent attitudes seem to be widespread and can be held for a long period of time. Their relationship with behaviors has also been widely studied. At the individual level, ambivalence increases response latency when a choice has to be made, extends information processing, can affect attitude stability, and can even lead to discomfort. At the behavioral level, studies have highlighted the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence on the relationship between attitudes and behavior. A different field of research focuses on its strength to question whether ambivalence leads to more resistance or susceptibility to persuasion and influence. It appears that ambivalent attitudes are pliable and, depending on the context, can either help individuals to be more adaptive or prevent them from arriving at a satisfying conclusion. The role of ambivalent attitudes in interpersonal relationships and self-presentation also highlight some benefits in holding an ambivalent attitude. This article opens by reviewing general overviews to provide a detailed picture of the current state of research. It then presents early approaches to attitudinal ambivalence, and reviews studies that highlight the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence on the relationship between attitudes and behavior, as well as studies that question whether ambivalence might lead to more resistance or susceptibility to persuasion and influence. The article then focuses on the impact of ambivalence at the individual level. Antecedents of attitudinal ambivalence will be reviewed, as well as its consequences on the individual. The article concludes by presenting research questioning its functions as well as some applied work.

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