A FIELD STUDY OF RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA IN MARYLAND

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
HILDEGARD I. M. ROTHMUND ◽  
ROWLAND V. RIDER ◽  
PAUL HARPER
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Retrolental Fibroplasia ◽  
Similar Report ◽  
Residual Lesions ◽  
Incubator Care

A field study of prematures born in Maryland in 1952 showed that 5.5% of infants with a birth weight under 2000 grams had residual lesions of retrolental fibroplasia. This was almost four times the incidence in the only other similar report in the literature. Approximately half of the cases identified possessed some useful vision in the better eye. The incidence of residual lesions within each weight group was highest in those infants with the shortest periods of gestation. The disease was two to three times more frequent in babies cared for in the five top ranking hospitals than in the other 41 hospitals, and there was a direct relationship between the proportion of infants with residual lesions and the length of incubator care.

INCIDENCE OF GROSS VISUAL DEFECTS DUE TO RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-245
Author(s):  
EDWARD R. SCHLESINGER ◽  
ISABEL MCCAFFREY
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
New York State ◽  
Birth Certificates ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Retrolental Fibroplasia ◽  
Birth Weight Group ◽  
Visual Defects ◽  
Period Of Gestation

A study was made of the incidence of gross visual impairment due to retrolental fibroplasia among infants born to residents of New York State, exclusive of New York City, in 1948 and 1949, whose birth certificates indicated birth weights of less than 2000 gm. and who survived to the age of 4 months. Information was obtained regarding 3377 infants or 92.1% of the 3667 in the group described. A total of 50 cases with gross visual defects due to retrolental fibroplasia, or an over-all incidence rate of 1.5%, was found. The incidence rates decreased from 15.9% in the birth weight group under 1000 gm. to 4.3% in 1000-1499 gm. group, and 0.7% in the 1500 to 1999 gm. group. The infants reported to have the shortest period of gestation were found to have the highest incidence, the rate in the group with a period of gestation under seven months being 7.6% as compared with a rate of 0.3% in the group whose gestation period was reported as eight months or more. Although the numbers are small and the measure of gestation as reported on the birth certificate is open to question, the incidence of the condition within each birth weight group was found to be inversely related to the length of gestation. In the 1000-1499 gm. birth weight group, for example, an incidence rate of 7.0% was found among the infants with recorded periods of gestation of less than seven months, as contrasted with a rate of 1.9% among those eight months or more. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of the condition in the group of infants for whom one or more major complications of the mother's pregnancy was reported when compared with the group of infants on whose birth certificates the statement appeared that no such complication occurred. Among infants weighing less than 1500 gm. at birth, a statistically significant variation in the incidence of the condition was found in different regions of the State. The incidence rate, adjusted for differences in weight distribution was found to be 1.7% in males and 1.2% in females. The incidence rate among infants born to mothers under 30 years of age was 1.3%, which is not significantly different from the rate of 1.9% among the infants born to mothers 30 years of age or more.

Efficacy of Phototherapy in Prevention and Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-441
Author(s):  
Audrey K. Brown ◽  
Mae Hee Kim ◽  
Paul Y. K. Wu ◽  
Dolores A. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Control ◽  
Weight Groups

This report concerns the efficacy of phototherapy in preventing hyperbilirubinemia in infants with birth weight less than 2,000 g and in controlling already established hyperbilirubinemia in infants weighing more than 2,000 g in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD, also called NICHD) phototherapy study initiated in 1974. The details of the protocol have been reported by Bryla.18 STUDY POPULATION The study included 1,339 infants from the six participating institutions: 672 were randomly assigned to the phototherapy group and 667 to the control group. As described previously, these infants were studied according to specific protocols in three birth weight groups.18 In infants weighing less than 2,000 g at birth (group A), the efficacy of phototherapy begun at 24 ± 12 hours of age in preventing hyperbilirubinemia was examined. In the other two birth weight groups infants with birth weight 2,000 to 2,499 g [group B] and infants with birth weight 2,500 g or more [group C], the effect of phototherapy on already-established hyperbilirubinemia was examined. MODE OF USE OF PHOTOTHERAPY Phototherapy using Westinghouse daylight fluorescent bulbs in an Air Shields unit was administered continuously. Duration of phototherapy was 96 hours for all treated infants. In each study group, an attempt was made to apply phototherapy in a manner that mimicked common usage, except that control subjects were used. Further, because no infant was to be exposed to bilirubin levels considered "unsafe," maximum bilirubin levels were established for each weight group and exchange transfusions were performed in both phototherapy-treated and control infants when these levels were reached.

PaO2 Levels and Retrolental Fibroplasia: A Report of the Cooperative Study

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Everett Kinsey ◽  
Harvey J. Arnold ◽  
Robert E. Kalina ◽  
Leo Stern ◽  
Mildred Stahlman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Retrolental Fibroplasia ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Multivariate Technique ◽  
Birth Weight Group ◽  
Intermittent Sampling

The relation between PaO2 and retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) was studied prospectively in 719 premature infants born in or treated in the intensive care units of a group of university hospitals. Blood gas studies were performed on 589 of these infants, 66 of whom had a diagnosis of RLF; in 27 of these 66, some grade of mostly nonblinding cicatricial disease developed. The frequency of RLF was highest among infants of lowest birth weight. A multivariate statistical method was used to analyze simultaneously the effect of possible etiologic factors associated with RLF. The occurrence of RLF was found to be unrelated to PaO2, as determined by the limited information available from intermittent sampling. RLF is associated with concentration of oxygen administered in the lightest birth weight group, but the strongest association, aside from birth weight, was with time in oxygen. None of the other variables involving blood chemical values appeared to be associated with RLF. The severity of cicatricial RLF is clearly greater in infants weighing less than 1,200 g at birth. Conservative administration of oxygen may have been responsible for failure to demonstrate quantitative association between Pao2 levels and disease. Agreement between the observed and predicted numbers of infants with RLF demonstrates the strength of the multivariate technique employed in making the statistical analyses.

scholarly journals Nucleotide Variation at theCHALCONE ISOMERASELocus inArabidopsis thaliana

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 863-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmi Kuittinen ◽  
Montserrat Aguadé
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Neutral Theory ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nucleotide Variation ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
History Of

AbstractAn ~1.9-kb region encompassing the CHI gene, which encodes chalcone isomerase, was sequenced in 24 worldwide ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and in 1 ecotype of A. lyrata ssp. petraea. There was no evidence for dimorphism at the CHI region. A minimum of three recombination events was inferred in the history of the sampled ecotypes of the highly selfing A. thaliana. The estimated nucleotide diversity (θTOTAL = 0.004, θSIL = 0.005) was on the lower part of the range of the corresponding estimates for other gene regions. The skewness of the frequency spectrum toward an excess of low-frequency polymorphisms, together with the bell-shaped distribution of pairwise nucleotide differences at CHI, suggests that A. thaliana has recently experienced a rapid population growth. Although this pattern could also be explained by a recent selective sweep at the studied region, results from the other studied loci and from an AFLP survey seem to support the expansion hypothesis. Comparison of silent polymorphism and divergence at the CHI region and at the Adh1 and ChiA revealed in some cases a significant deviation of the direct relationship predicted by the neutral theory, which would be compatible with balancing selection acting at the latter regions.

scholarly journals The effects of intrauterine undernutrition on pancreas ghrelin and insulin expression in neonate rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiumin Wang ◽  
Li Liang ◽  
Lizhong Du
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Cell Distribution ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
Birth Weight Group ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
Intrauterine Malnutrition

Ghrelin has a correlation with insulin secretion, β-cell development, and diabetes in crucial development period. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in plasma ghrelin, insulin, and glucose concentrations, and variation of ghrelin expression in the pancreas in response to intrauterine malnutrition in newborn rats. Pregnant rats at day 2 were randomly divided into two groups: nourished (fed ad libitum; NR) and undernourished rats (UR). The offspring of NR were defined as normal-birth-weight group (NBW, n = 79) and those of UR were defined as low-birth-weight group (LBW, n = 74). Plasma glucose, ghrelin, and serum insulin of both dams and their pups were analyzed at the first day after birth. The entire pancreas was collected for determination of ghrelin and insulin mRNAs, and quantification of pancreas ghrelin and insulin. Immunohistochemical double staining and confocal microscopy were performed on rat pancreas. Birth weight was 5.81 ± 0.64 and 4.76 ± 0.23 g in NBW group and LBW group respectively. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations in UR group (1382 (1287–1513) pg/ml) were higher than that of NR group (1072 (974–1205) pg/ml). Plasma ghrelin concentrations in the LBW group (2176 (2031–2384) pg/ml) were significantly lower than that of the NBW group (2493 (2311–2675) pg/ml). Undernutrition caused a decrease in plasma insulin concentrations in both UR dams and LBW pups (P < 0.001). Ghrelin mRNA and total ghrelin of pancreas were significantly affected by intrauterine nutrition state. Pancreas insulin concentrations were significantly affected by intrauterine nutrition (P = 0.007). The majority of ghrelin-producing cells were present at the periphery of islets in the NBW group. Ghrelin was colocalized with insulin in ß-cells in LBW group. The percentage of ghrelin-positive cells in the islets of LBW group was significantly higher than that of the NBW group (P < 0.01). Intrauterine undernutrition may affect the birth weight, plasma insulin and ghrelin levels, islet ghrelin expression, and ghrelin cell distribution. It will be interesting to investigate intrauterine nutrition which is involved in islet ghrelin expression and ghrelin cell distribution.

A comparison of the Charolais, British Friesian and Hereford breeds as sires of crossbred singlesuckled calves for beef production

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Haycock ◽  
D. A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Beef Cattle Production ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYIn three successive years cows from an Aberdeen Angus cross Shorthorn herd were mated to pedigree Charolais, British Friesian and Hereford bulls. A comparison of the progeny of the three breeds of sire under controlled conditions was therefore possible using a random selection of dams for mating, and identical rearing of the calves. Results for live-weight gain of the suckled progeny were analysed and showed superiority of the Charolais breed over the other two when used in this form of beef cattle production.For birth weights and daily live-weight gains, particularly during the grazing period, the Charolais cross progeny showed superiority over the other two. There was a consistent although not always statistically significant tendency for these differences between the breed crosses to occur in the male calves only, the females showing little difference between breeds. The data also showed highly significant relationships between gestation period and birth weight, both within and between breed crosses.

A field study of reproductive interactions in Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Mouta Faria
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Courtship Behaviour ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Spermatophore Transfer ◽  
Sexual Interference

AbstractObservations of a free-living population of Bosca's newt, Triturus boscai, show that courtship behaviour in nature is similar to the behaviour observed in earlier laboratory studies. Complementary evidence was obtained on the behaviour called flick, which is sometimes inserted at the end of the static display phase, and may be viewed as an equivalent behaviour to the retreat display of the other small-bodied newt species. Sexual interference in the natural population was mainly caused by males. Two characteristic male behaviour patterns were recognised, the waiting position and the push-tail. Females tend to withdraw from situations of interference. Courtship sequences solely consisting of orientation and spermatophore transfer phases, so-called short-circuit sequences, may be interpreted as a male strategy to avoid the very severe male-to-male interference that exists in a wild population.

THE SOCIAL COSTS OF OBESITY: A NON-REACTIVE FIELD STUDY

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. Benson ◽  
Drew Severs ◽  
John Tatgenhorst ◽  
Nancy Loddengaard
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cover Letter ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reactive Field ◽  
Health Administrators ◽  
Field Setting

The major purposes of this study were to investigate whether devaluation of obese persons, a phenomenon demonstrated exclusively in laboratory settings using reactive measures, generalizes to a nonreactive field setting. Seventy public health administrators were asked, via the mail, to help a college junior assess her chances of getting into graduate school and finding employment in this field. Subjects received a cover letter, a standard résumé∼, and a questionnaire. A picture of the student was affixed to some of the résumés. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three picture conditions: obese, normal, or no picture. Forty-six percent of the questionnaires were returned. Significantly fewer forms were returned in the obese condition than in the normal and no picture conditions. On both the graduate school and employment questionnaire items, forecasts were considerably more pessimistic than in the other two picture conditions. Implications of these findings are discussed.

A field study of competition and interaction between Lemna minor and Lemna trisulca

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2904-2911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. McIlraith ◽  
Gordon G. C. Robinson ◽  
Jennifer M. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Vegetative Biomass

Field experiments and survey methods were used to assess competition and interaction between Lemna minor L. and Lemna trisulca L. at Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Sites were dominated by one or the other species or codominated by both. Replacement series experiments predicted codominance of L. minor and L. trisulca in an unshaded eutrophic site but predicted L. minor dominance when run for a longer time. Similar experiments conducted in a shaded eutrophic site predicted L. minor dominance. Addition series experiments showed that intraspecific and interspecific competition occurred in the unshaded site. In a eutrophic unshaded ditch, high densities of L. minor suppressed L. trisulca. In a eutrophic shaded site, high densities of L. minor and green algae inhibited L. trisulca, and in a sunny, less eutrophic site high density of each species inhibited the other. In a transplant experiment, L. minor biomass in shaded enclosures approached that found naturally in two shaded sites. Lemna trisulca persisted when shaded. Vegetative biomass trends in an unshaded eutrophic marsh ditch indicated spring and fall L. trisulca dominance and summer L. minor dominance. Shaded eutrophic sites were dominated by L. minor, whereas a less eutrophic site was dominated by L. trisulca. A model is developed to explain dominance patterns, and seasonal life-history responses are considered. Key words: Lemna, duckweed, competition, interaction, resources, light, nutrients.

scholarly journals Love founded in God: The fruits of love in Kierkegaard’s ‘Works of love’

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos Huls
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Works Of Love ◽  
Divine Origin ◽  
Loving Relationship

This article discussed the use of the Bible in ‘Love’s hidden life and its recognizability by its fruits’, which is the first reflection of Søren Kierkegaard’s book, Works of love. Firstly, this article discussed Kierkegaard’s lack of clarity about the fruits of love, even though he stresses their divine origin. Secondly, it reflected on his argument that, even though deeds are more important than words, words remain necessary because of the need to express love to others. In a following section he points out that neither specific words nor particular works of love can demonstrate that love exists. One needs to distinguish between works of love and the attitude with which works are done. Thirdly, it pointed out how Kierkegaard argues that the inability to demonstrate love unconditionally does not negate that love is to be known by its fruits. It is rather a personal incitement to love for the sake of love itself. Noting that there is no direct relationship between the fruits of love and the actual effects our love has on others, he points to the fact that the result of love is in the hands of God. He then argues that though fruits of love may be invisible, they become apparent in the strength of our love. The only responsibility we have is to follow love as the divine movement of our heart. In the final part of his reflection, Kierkegaard notes that there is no other way to enter into the reality of love than to believe in it. This implies that one should be careful of making demands on someone in a loving relationship. What is needed is to become rooted in love as the divine source of the heart so that one will understand that this unseen reality is the foundation of existence in which one is known by the Other, whose essence is love.

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