A BAROMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING VENTILATION IN NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Drorbaug ◽  
Wallace O. Fenn
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Minimum Disturbance

A barometric method for measurement of ventilation of newborn infants is described. Experiments with cats are reported to show the degree of accuracy obtainable at present. The variation from standard methods was found to average±1 per cent. Minute volume, frequency, and tidal volume of premature infants measured by the barometric method are within the range of such measurements made by plethysmographic methods. The barometric principle deserves further study since it offers the possibility of securing ventilation data with a minimum disturbance to the infant.

The Effect of Posture on Ventilation and Lung Mechanics in Preterm and Light-for-Date Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair A. Hutchison ◽  
Keith R. Ross ◽  
George Russell
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Prone Position ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Preterm Group

The effect of right lateral, supine, and prone postures on ventilation and lung mechanics was studied in 23 healthy newborn infants, ten preterm and 13 term, "light-for-date." In the preterm group, tidal volume, minute volume, elastic work, inspiratory viscous work, total viscous work, and the total work of breathing were significantly greater in the prone position than in the supine position. Results obtained in the lateral position did not differ significantly from those in the prone or supine positions. Posture did not significantly affect tidal volume or lung mechanics in the light-for-date infants. The prone position is suggested to be the optimum nursing posture for healthy preterm infants.

Hypercapnia increases expiratory braking in preterm infants

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 2665-2670 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Eichenwald ◽  
R. A. Ungarelli ◽  
A. R. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Activity Peak ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Activity ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Co2

In contrast to adults, newborn infants breathe from an elevated end-expiratory lung volume, determined by the interaction of airflow retardation (braking) by the diaphragm and larynx, and expiratory duration. To determine the effect of hypercapnia on this strategy, we examined changes in respiratory muscle activity and the ventilatory response to CO2 breathing in eight premature infants 33–34 wk gestational age in the first 3 postnatal days. We recorded tidal volume, airflow, and electromyograms (EMG) of the laryngeal abductor [posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)], which abducts the vocal cords, and diaphragm during behaviorally determined quiet sleep in room air and during steady-state inhalation of 2% CO2 in air. As expected, tidal volume increased (P < 0.0005) without a change in inspiratory duration with hypercapnia. Unexpectedly, in all subjects, expiratory duration was longer during CO2 inhalation (P < 0.001), accompanied by marked changes in expiratory flow patterns consistent with increased expiratory braking. Diaphragm post-inspiratory EMG activity increased with hypercapnia (P < 0.005) with no change in baseline diaphragm or PCA EMG activity. Peak inspiratory EMG activity of the diaphragm and PCA increased with CO2 (10 and 37%, respectively; P < 0.05). We conclude that the mechanisms used to elevate end-expiratory lung volume are enhanced during hypercapnia in premature infants. This breathing strategy may be important in maintaining gas exchange in infants with lung disease.

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA ON THE RESPIRATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Herbert C. Miller ◽  
Ned W. Smull
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hypoxic State

The response to breathing 12 per cent oxygen by newborn premature and full-term infants and premature infants several weeks old has been studied. Comparisons show that newborn premature and full-term infants during the first days after birth failed to respond with increases in respiratory rate or tidal volume during the hypoxic state. In fact, there was some decrease in ventilation which was largely related to reductions in tidal volume. Premature infants several weeks old, on the other hand, showed an immediate and significant hyperpnea while breathing 12 per cent oxygen. The younger infants, particularly the premature infants, seemed to be less disturbed by the hypoxia than older infants. These results substantiated previous results obtained on full-term infants. The hypothesis was advanced that the chemoreceptor reflexes were less active immediately following birth than later on in life.

STUDIES OF RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY IN NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
Herbert C. Miller ◽  
Ned W. Smull
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Respiratory Insufficiency ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Serial Measurements

Serial measurements have been made of the resting tidal and minute volumes and respiratory rates on 40 premature infants during the first 2 weeks after birth. The 40 infants were divided into three groups according to the trend of their respiratory rates. Infants whose respiratory rates were normal from birth (Group I) had the highest mean resting tidal volumes during the first 2 weeks. Mean resting tidal volumes were significantly lower throughout the first week among infants whose respiratory rates were initially high during the first hour and subsequently declined to normal (Group II) and among infants whose respiratory rates significantly increased after the first hour (Group III). Infants in Group III had the lowest tidal volumes and the most severe degrees of respiratory insufficiency. The mean resting tidal volume among infants in Group III was less at the end of the first week than that of infants in Group I at the end of the first day. Although tidal volumes in infants in Group II were in general much lower than normal the first few days after birth, exceptions to this rule may occasionally be encountered. Although all three groups showed an increase in mean tidal volumes of about 25% at the end of 24 hours over the volumes obtained during the first 3 hours after birth, the respiratory rates were different. In Group I the increase in tidal volume was accompanied by no significant change in respiratory rate; in Group II, by a significant decrease in respiratory rate; in Group III, by a significant increase in respiratory arte. During the second day Group III showed clinical improvement accompanied by a significant decrease in mean respiratory rate but not by any significant increase in mean tidal volume. Fluctuations in mean minute volumes in Groups II and III on the first 2 days were largely dependent on changes in respiratory rates.

scholarly journals Expired Tidal Volume and Respiratory Rate during Postnatal Stabilization of Term Newborn Infants Born by Cesarean Delivery

2020 ◽  
pp. 100063
Author(s):  
Susana Baixauli-Alacreu ◽  
Celia Padilla-Sánchez ◽  
David Hervás-Marín ◽  
Inmaculada Lara-Cantón ◽  
Alvaro Solaz-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Cesarean Delivery ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Term Newborn

Oral Vitamin E Supplementation for the Prevention of Anemia in Premature Infants: A Controlled Trial

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zipursky ◽  
E. J. Brown ◽  
J. Watts ◽  
R. Milner ◽  
C. Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Erythrocyte Morphology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vehicle Treatment ◽  
Vitamin E Supplementation

Serum vitamin E levels are reduced in newborn infants. It has been reported that this deficiency is responsible, in part, for the development of anemia in premature infants during the first 6 weeks of life. The efficacy of vitamin E supplementation for the prevention of anemia in premature infants has been studied in a randomized, controlled, and blinded trial. Premature infants whose birth weights were less than 1,500 g were given, by gavage, 25 IU of dl-α-tocopherol or a similar volume of the drug vehicle. Treatment was continued for the first 6 weeks of life. A total of 178 infants were studied. Vitamin E levels were significantly higher in a supplemented group by day 3 and for the remainder of the 6-week period. At 6 weeks of age, there was no significant difference between the supplemented and unsupplemented groups in hemoglobin concentration, reticulocyte and platelet counts, or erythrocyte morphology. It is concluded that there is no evidence to support a policy of administering vitamin E to premature infants to prevent the anemia of prematurity.

Growth Hormone Response to Insulin–Induced Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
S. H. Reisner ◽  
M. Cornblath ◽  
Ronald W. Gotlin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Growth Hormone Response ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Hormone Levels

In the article by J. R. Humbert and R. W. Gotlin,1 the authors state that previous reports in which hypoglycemia was induced artificially with insulin demonstrated a variable growth hormone response. They then refer to the paper by Cornblath, et al.2 as reporting a failure to obtain a rise in growth hormone levels. This is incorrect as we found that insulin-induced hypoglycemia actually resulted in a very marked rise in growth hormone levels in both the full-term and premature infants tested.

scholarly journals RESPIRATORY AND SYMPTOMATIC IMPACT OF ASCITES RELIEF BY PARACENTESIS IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Verônica Lourenço WITTMER ◽  
Rozy Tozetti LIMA ◽  
Michele Coutinho MAIA ◽  
Halina DUARTE ◽  
Flávia Marini PARO
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Hepatic Cirrhosis ◽  
Blood Pressure Reduction ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Meld Score ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis is a highly prevalent disease that, at an advanced stage, usually causes ascites and associated respiratory changes. However, there are few studies evaluating and quantifying the impact of ascites and its relief through paracentesis on lung function and symptoms such as fatigue and dyspnea in cirrhotic patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess and quantify the impact of acute reduction of ascitic volume on respiratory parameters, fatigue and dyspnea symptoms in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, as well as to investigate possible correlations between these parameters. METHODS: Thirty patients with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites who underwent the following pre and post paracentesis evaluations: vital signs, respiratory pattern, thoracoabdominal mobility (cirtometry), pulmonary function (ventilometry), degree of dyspnea (numerical scale) and fatigue level (visual analog scale). RESULTS: There was a higher prevalence of patients classified as CHILD B and the mean MELD score was 14.73±5.75. The comparison of pre and post paracentesis parameters evidenced after paracentesis: increase of predominantly abdominal breathing pattern, improvement of ventilatory variables, increase of the differences obtained in axillary and abdominal cirtometry, reduction of dyspnea and fatigue level, blood pressure reduction and increased peripheral oxygen saturation. Positive correlations found: xiphoid with axillary cirtometry, degree of dyspnea with fatigue level, tidal volume with minute volume, Child “C” with higher MELD score, volume drained in paracentesis with higher MELD score and with Child “C”. We also observed a negative correlation between tidal volume and respiratory rate. CONCLUSION: Since ascites drainage in patients with liver cirrhosis improves pulmonary volumes and thoracic expansion as well as reduces symptoms such as fatigue and dyspnea, we can conclude that ascites have a negative respiratory and symptomatological impact in these patients.

SURVIVAL OF A ONE-POUND FEMALE INFANT BORN IN 1847

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-253
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Female Infant ◽  
Second Child ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Child ◽  
Accepted Practice

After a thorough literature search of the survival rates of premature infants, I believe the infant described below was the smallest to survive until this century.1 I am mindful that the reported birth weights in the past may have been inaccurate because the weighing of newborn infants was not an accepted practice prior to this century. 2 Mrs. A. (aged 30) weaned her first child on the 17th of November 1846, a fortnight after which (1st December) she menstruated naturally. Two days after the catamenia disappeared (7th December), she conceived, having the same sensations post coitu which she felt at her previous conception. At four months she quickened. She was delivered (by a midwife) of her second child, a female, on the 14th of May 1847-on the hundred and fifty-eighth day of gestation. The child had only rudimentary nails, and almost no hair, except a little, of slightly reddish colour, at the lower part of the back of the head. It weighed one pound, and measured eleven inches. It was merely wrapped up at first, laid in a box about a foot long, used by the father (who is a slater) for carrying nails, and set on the kitchen fender, before the fire, to keep it warm. It came on very well, and was subsequently treated very much the same as other children, except perhaps, that it was a little more looked after than usual, being considered a curiosity. She is still of small make but is quite healthy, and takes her food well.

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