FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA ON THE RESPIRATION OF NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Herbert C. Miller ◽  
Ned W. Smull
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hypoxic State

The response to breathing 12 per cent oxygen by newborn premature and full-term infants and premature infants several weeks old has been studied. Comparisons show that newborn premature and full-term infants during the first days after birth failed to respond with increases in respiratory rate or tidal volume during the hypoxic state. In fact, there was some decrease in ventilation which was largely related to reductions in tidal volume. Premature infants several weeks old, on the other hand, showed an immediate and significant hyperpnea while breathing 12 per cent oxygen. The younger infants, particularly the premature infants, seemed to be less disturbed by the hypoxia than older infants. These results substantiated previous results obtained on full-term infants. The hypothesis was advanced that the chemoreceptor reflexes were less active immediately following birth than later on in life.

THE EFFECT OF POSITION ON THE RESPIRATORY RATE OF PREMATURE AND MATURE NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-435
Author(s):  
Harvey Kravitz ◽  
Lawrence Elegant ◽  
Bernard Block ◽  
Mary Babakitis ◽  
Evelyn Lundeen
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Premature Infant ◽  
Prone Position ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Definite Effect

Values for respiratory rates in the supine and prone positions in 96 premature and 49 full-term infants have been presented. Premature infants have a significant increase in respiratory rate in the prone position compared to the supine position. This difference decreases with increasing weight and age. Mature infants show a slight increase in respiratory rate in the prone compared to the supine position. The position of the premature infant has a definite effect on the physiology of respiration. Further studies must be done to establish whether the supine or prone position is superior. Irregularity of rate and amplitude of respirations are noted in the supine position, while respirations of regular rate and amplitude are frequently found in the prone position. The amplitude of respiration was greater in the supine position than in the prone position.

SULFONAMIDE ADMINISTRATION IN NEWBORN AND PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Elaine G. Fichter ◽  
John A. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Initial Dose ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Therapeutic Concentration ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Single Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Oral Preparation

All newborn infants, both full-term and premature, who received, on the first day of life, a single subcutaneous injection of sulfadiazine, 100 mg./kg. body weight, maintained a satisfactory concentration of sulfonamide in the blood for 48 hours thereafter. This therapeutic concentration was subsequently maintained by single 24-hour doses of 50 mg./kg. body weight given subcutaneously, or by single 12-hour doses of 50 mg./kg. body weight given orally. A therapeutic concentration in the blood is generally considered to be a minimum of 5 mg./100 ml. Based on these data the authors recommend the following sulfonamide dosage schedules: A. Infants under 24 hours of age, full-term and premature: 1) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./ kg. body weight, followed in 48 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, and repeated each 24-hour period thereafter, or 2) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 48 hours by an oral preparation in the amount of 50 mg./kg. as a single oral dose, each 12-hour period thereafter. (This was evaluated only in full-term infants.) B. Premature infants over 48 hours of age. (This dosage schedule is comparable to that generally accepted for older infants and children): 1) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 12 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, each 12-hour period thereafter, or 2) oral sulfonamide preparation, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 12 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, each 12-hour period thereafter.

Apnea duration is related to ventilatory oscillation characteristics in newborn infants

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Waggener ◽  
A. R. Stark ◽  
B. A. Cohlan ◽  
I. D. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Minimum Phase ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Apnea Duration ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
The Relationship

The occasional short apneas seen in full-term infants within the first postnatal week are related to the minimum phase of oscillatory breathing patterns. To determine the relationship between breathing patterns and the longer and more frequent apneas seen in premature infants, we monitored respiration in 14 premature infants using a face mask and pneumotachograph. Tidal volume, breath duration, and ventilation were calculated on a breath by breath basis, converted to time-axis data strings, and filtered with a comb of zero phase shift digital band pass filters to detect breathing patterns. Compared with full-term infants, premature infants had breathing patterns that occurred more often and had twice the average amplitude. Of 182 apneas greater than or equal to 3 s long, 94% occurred at the minimum phase of oscillatory breathing patterns. All of the 38 apneas greater than or equal to 10 s long occurred at the minimum phase of oscillatory breathing patterns. Duration of apnea was related to breathing pattern characteristics, e.g., longer apneas were related to stronger, longer cycle-time breathing patterns. Apnea in the premature infant is not an isolated event but is one aspect of an underlying pattern.

DEVELOPMENT OF NEONATAL ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
BRUCE D. GRAHAM ◽  
JAMES L. WILSON ◽  
MAKEPEACE U. TSAO ◽  
MARY L. BAUMANN ◽  
SHIRLEY BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis ◽  
Total Base

A study was made of the development of chemical homeostasis in the newborn infant. In a series of 43 essentially healthy, full term, newborn infants, serial determinations during the first day of life of blood pH, plasma CO2, chloride and total base content, and serum protein were made. Comparison with similar data on premature infants and adults is presented. Most full term infants at birth are in a state of metabolic acidosis with a lowered blood pH and plasma CO2 content, but have essentially normal plasma chlorides and total base values. The majority of these infants within a few hours have a blood pH of adult level but maintain for some time a lowered CO2 content.

STUDIES OF RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY IN NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
Herbert C. Miller ◽  
Ned W. Smull
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Respiratory Insufficiency ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Serial Measurements

Serial measurements have been made of the resting tidal and minute volumes and respiratory rates on 40 premature infants during the first 2 weeks after birth. The 40 infants were divided into three groups according to the trend of their respiratory rates. Infants whose respiratory rates were normal from birth (Group I) had the highest mean resting tidal volumes during the first 2 weeks. Mean resting tidal volumes were significantly lower throughout the first week among infants whose respiratory rates were initially high during the first hour and subsequently declined to normal (Group II) and among infants whose respiratory rates significantly increased after the first hour (Group III). Infants in Group III had the lowest tidal volumes and the most severe degrees of respiratory insufficiency. The mean resting tidal volume among infants in Group III was less at the end of the first week than that of infants in Group I at the end of the first day. Although tidal volumes in infants in Group II were in general much lower than normal the first few days after birth, exceptions to this rule may occasionally be encountered. Although all three groups showed an increase in mean tidal volumes of about 25% at the end of 24 hours over the volumes obtained during the first 3 hours after birth, the respiratory rates were different. In Group I the increase in tidal volume was accompanied by no significant change in respiratory rate; in Group II, by a significant decrease in respiratory rate; in Group III, by a significant increase in respiratory arte. During the second day Group III showed clinical improvement accompanied by a significant decrease in mean respiratory rate but not by any significant increase in mean tidal volume. Fluctuations in mean minute volumes in Groups II and III on the first 2 days were largely dependent on changes in respiratory rates.

Developmental changes in sequential activation of laryngeal abductor muscle and diaphragm in infants

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1425-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Eichenwald ◽  
R. G. Howell ◽  
P. C. Kosch ◽  
R. A. Ungarelli ◽  
J. Lindsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Sequential Activation ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

In animals and human adults, upper airway muscle activity usually precedes inspiratory diaphragm activity. We examined the interaction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA), which abducts the larynx, and the diaphragm (DIA) in the control of airflow in newborn infants to assess the effect of maturation on respiratory muscle sequence. We recorded tidal volume, airflow, and DIA and PCA electromyograms (EMG) in 12 full-term, 14 premature, and 10 premature infants with apnea treated with aminophylline. In most breaths, onset of PCA EMG activity preceded onset of DIA EMG activity (lead breaths). In all subjects, we also observed breaths (range 6–61%) in which PCA EMG onset followed DIA EMG onset (lag breaths). DIA neural inspiratory duration and the neuromechanical delay between DIA EMG onset and inspiratory flow were longer in lag than in lead breaths (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The frequency of lag breaths was greater in the premature infants [33 +/- 4% (SE)] than in either the full-term infants (21 +/- 3%, P < 0.03) or the premature infants with apnea treated with aminophylline (16 +/- 2%, P < 0.01). We conclude that the expected sequence of onset of PCA and DIA EMG activity is frequently disrupted in newborn infants. Both maturation and respiratory stimulation with aminophylline improve the coordination of the PCA and DIA.

VITAMIN E BLOOD LEVELS IN PREMATURE AND FULL TERM INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-393
Author(s):  
STANLEY W. WRIGHT ◽  
LLOYD J. FILER ◽  
KARL E. MASON
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Breast Fed

Newborn infants showed serum tocopherol levels approximately one-fifth those of the maternal levels. During the first six days after birth, the serum tocopherols of breast-fed infants increased much more rapidly than those of bottle-fed infants. These differences were still evident at 1 to 4, and at 5 to 8, months of age. Premature infants fed an artificial formula low in vitamin E showed a rapid decline in serum tocopherol levels. These studies confirm and amplify other evidence that placental transfer of vitamin E is decidedly limited while mammary transfer is much more extensive.

The Auditory Steady-State Response: Full-Term and Premature Neonates

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 260-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Cone-Wesson ◽  
John Parker ◽  
Nina Swiderski ◽  
Field Rickards
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Steady State Response ◽  
Pass Rates ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
State Response ◽  
Auditory Steady State Response

Two studies were aimed at developing the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) for universal newborn hearing screening. First, neonates who had passed auditory brainstem response, transient evoked otoacoustic emission, and distortion-product otoacoustic emission tests were also tested with ASSRs using modulated tones that varied in frequency and level. Pass rates were highest (> 90%) for amplitude-modulated tones presented at levels ≥ 69 dB SPL. The effect of modulation frequency on ASSR for 500- and 2000-Hz tones was evaluated in full-term and premature infants in the second study. Full-term infants had higher pass rates for 2000-Hz tones amplitude modulated at 74 to 106 Hz compared with pass rates for a 500-Hz tone modulated at 58 to 90 Hz. Premature infants had lower pass rates than full-term infants for both carrier frequencies. Systematic investigation of ASSR threshold and the effect of modulation frequency in neonates is needed to adapt the technique for screening.

scholarly journals Expired Tidal Volume and Respiratory Rate during Postnatal Stabilization of Term Newborn Infants Born by Cesarean Delivery

2020 ◽  
pp. 100063
Author(s):  
Susana Baixauli-Alacreu ◽  
Celia Padilla-Sánchez ◽  
David Hervás-Marín ◽  
Inmaculada Lara-Cantón ◽  
Alvaro Solaz-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Cesarean Delivery ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Term Newborn

Round Table Discussion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-434
Author(s):  
HEYWORTH N. SANFORD ◽  
J. HAROLD ROOT ◽  
R. H. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infant ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Round Table Discussion ◽  
Premature Births ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Full Term Infant

Chairman Sanford: Dr. Herman N. Bundesen, Commissioner of Health of Chicago, organized 12 years ago the "Chicago Premature Plan." This consists in registering all premature infants with the City Health Department within a few hours after birth. The premature infant who is born at home, or in a hospital that does not have adequate premature care, is transported in an oxygenated incubator ambulance to a hospital which specializes in such care. From 1936 to 1947 premature infant deaths in Chicago have been lowered 6½%. The full term infant death rate during the same period has been lowered about 3%. Inasmuch as the premature death rate has been lowered about double that of the full term infant rate, we believe this procedure has been the cause of reduction. In 1936 there were 47,000 live births in Chicago. In 1947 there were 82,000, or an increase of 80%. In this number the full term infants increased from 45% to 60%, whereas the premature infants increased from 2000 to over 5000, or about 140% increase of premature infants born in Chicago during the last 10 years. This adds a considerable increase to the number of infants for our available premature infants beds. Where formerly we planned 5 premature births to each 100 full term births, we now find that prematures have increased to 8 per 100 full term infants. Causes of prematurity are multiple births, toxemia, heart disease, syphilis, tuberculosis, infections, accidents, premature separation of the placenta and abnormalities of the reproduction tract. It is generally understood that there is a tendency for more premature births among the Negro race than the white race.

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