MODIFICATION OF THE SCHEDULE OF MYELINATION IN THE RAT BY EARLY NUTRITIONAL DEPRIVATION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-807
Author(s):  
John W. Benton ◽  
Hugo W. Moser ◽  
Philip R. Dodge ◽  
Sheila Carr
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Brain Lipids ◽  
Nutritional Deprivation ◽  
Control Brain ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Unlimited Supply ◽  
The Brain

Relative nutritional deprivation was produced in groups of 16 to 21 newborn rats who were all nursed by one dam (deprived group) and compared with control litters containing 10 or less animals. Both groups were weaned at 21 days and thereafter allowed an unlimited supply of food. There was diminished somatic growth in all of the deprived group and, at 2 and 3 weeks, the weight of many of the deprived animals was approximately one-half that of the controls. Brain weight, total brain lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids were reduced to approximately 80% of the control. Brain cerebrosides were affected to a greater extent than the other lipids, being only 50% of the control values. Histological sections showed less myelin. At 6 weeks, following 3 weeks of ad lib. food intake, the body weight, brain weight, and concentrations of the brain lipids of the initially deprived animals were essentially equal to those in the control animals.

scholarly journals Histological study of the effects of aluminum chloride exposure on the brain of wistar rats female

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Hadjer Bekhedda ◽  
Norredine Menadi ◽  
Abbassia Demmouche ◽  
Abdelaziz Ghani ◽  
Hicham Mai
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Aluminum (Al) has the potential to be neurotoxic in human and animals, is present everywhere in the environment, many manufactured foods and medicines and is also added to drinking water for purification purposes and tooth paste cosmetic products They accumulate in living organisms and disrupt balances, and accumulate in the body biological systems, causing toxic effects (They may affect the nervous system, kidney, liver, respiratory or other functions). Nervous system is a vulnerable target for toxicants due to critical voltages which must be maintained in the cells and the all responses when voltages reach threshold levels. Objective This study aimed to expose the impact of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on brain architecture. Methods: In our study, twenty healthy female rats were intraperitoneal administered of aluminum chloride (ALCL3) at 10 mg / kg body weight with consecutively for 15 day Result. The results showed a highly significant reduction in body weight (p<0.0001).  This is because aluminum has an anorectic effect contrariwise, there is no significant impact of aluminium exposure has been observed with respect to brain weight and relative brain weight respectively (p<0.912), (p<0.45). The histological study describes the alterations in the brain marked tissue necrosis and cytoplasmic vacuolations and karyopyknosis of neuronal cells of the brain. Conclusion; Aluminum is a toxic heavy metal and a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. It can alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain, severely affecting the functioning of the nervous system. Keywords: Toxicity, brain, Aluminium chloride, Rats female, necrosis.

scholarly journals Anatomy of Cerebellum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajasekhar Sajja Srinivasa Siva Naga
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Cerebellar Lesions ◽  
Balance Complex ◽  
The Brain

The cerebellum receives inputs from spinal cord, cerebrum, brainstem, and sensory systems of the body and controls the motor system of the body. The Cerebellum harmonizes the voluntary motor activities such as maintenance of posture and equilibrium, and coordination of voluntary muscular activity including learning of the motor behaviours. Cerebellum occupies posterior cranial fossa, and it is relatively a small part of the brain. It weighs about one tenth of the total brain. Cerebellar lesions do not cause motor or cognitive impairment. However, they cause slowing of movements, tremors, lack of equilibrium/balance. Complex motor action becomes shaky and faltering.

scholarly journals The evolution of a placenta is not linked to increased brain size in poeciliid fishes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Rowiński ◽  
J. Näslund ◽  
W. Sowersby ◽  
S. Eckerström-Liedholm ◽  
B. Rogell
Keyword(s):  
Brain Size ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Poeciliid Fish ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Nutrient Provisioning ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTMaternal investment is considered to have a direct influence on the size of energetically costly organs, including the brain. In placental organisms, offspring are supplied with nutrients during pre-natal development, potentially modulating brain size. However, the coevolution of the placenta and brain size remains largely unknown in non-mammalian taxa. Here, using eight poeciliid fish species, we test if species with placental structures invest more resources into offspring brain development than species without placental structures. We predict that matrotrophy may entail higher nutrient provisioning rates to the developing embryo than lecithotrophy, resulting in larger brain sizes in offspring of matrotrophic species, and that a relatively larger part of the total brain growth would occur at younger ages (leading to a shallower ontogenetic brain size allometry). We took non-invasive brain size measurements during the first four weeks of life, and compared these to somatic growth measurements. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find any differences in brain size between the two maternal strategies. Furthermore, we did not find any differences in how relative brain size changed over ontogenetic development, between placental and non-placental species. In contrast to the marsupial/placental transition, the species investigated here only exhibit pre-natal provisioning, which may reduce the potential for maternal investment into brain size. Consequently, our results suggest that coevolution between placental structures and juvenile brain size is not a general pattern.

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NANOPARTICLES TOXICITY OF NICKEL OXIDE IN TWO SIZES IN THE SUBCHRONIC EXPERIMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
M.P. Sutunkova ◽  
B.A. Katsnelson ◽  
L.I. Privalova ◽  
S.N. Solovjeva ◽  
V.B. Gurvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Equal Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nanoparticles Toxicity

We conducted a comparative assessment of the nickel oxide nanoparticles toxicity (NiO) of two sizes (11 and 25 nm) according to a number of indicators of the body state after repeated intraperitoneal injections of these particles suspensions. At equal mass doses, NiO nanoparticles have been found to cause various manifestations of systemic subchronic toxicity with a particularly pronounced effect on liver, kidney function, the body’s antioxidant system, lipid metabolism, white and red blood, redox metabolism, spleen damage, and some disorders of nervous activity allegedly related to the possibility of nickel penetration into the brain from the blood. The relationship between the diameter and toxicity of particles is ambiguous, which may be due to differences in toxicokinetics, which is controlled by both physiological mechanisms and direct penetration of nanoparticles through biological barriers and, finally, unequal solubility.

The musculature and nervous system of the plerocercoid larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Posterior Median ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ventral Muscle ◽  
Nerve Cords ◽  
Extrinsic Muscles

1. The structure of the proboscides of the larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.) is described. Each proboscis is provided with four sets of extrinsic muscles, and there is an anterior dorso-ventral muscle mass connected to all four proboscides.2. The musculature of the body and scolex is described.3. The nervous system consists of a brain, two lateral nerve cords, two outer and inner anterior nerves on each side, twenty-five pairs of bothridial nerves to each bothridium, four longitudinal bothridial nerves connecting these latter before their entry into the bothridia, four proboscis nerves arising from the brain, and a series of lateral nerves supplying the lateral regions of the body.4. The so-called ganglia contain no nerve cells, these are present only in the posterior median commissure which is therefore the nerve centre.

scholarly journals The brain dynamics of architectural affordances during transition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakaria Djebbara ◽  
Lars Brorson Fich ◽  
Klaus Gramann
Keyword(s):  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Alpha Band ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Posterior Cingulate ◽  
Sensory Signals ◽  
Event Related Desynchronization ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Attentional Mechanisms

AbstractAction is a medium of collecting sensory information about the environment, which in turn is shaped by architectural affordances. Affordances characterize the fit between the physical structure of the body and capacities for movement and interaction with the environment, thus relying on sensorimotor processes associated with exploring the surroundings. Central to sensorimotor brain dynamics, the attentional mechanisms directing the gating function of sensory signals share neuronal resources with motor-related processes necessary to inferring the external causes of sensory signals. Such a predictive coding approach suggests that sensorimotor dynamics are sensitive to architectural affordances that support or suppress specific kinds of actions for an individual. However, how architectural affordances relate to the attentional mechanisms underlying the gating function for sensory signals remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that event-related desynchronization of alpha-band oscillations in parieto-occipital and medio-temporal regions covary with the architectural affordances. Source-level time–frequency analysis of data recorded in a motor-priming Mobile Brain/Body Imaging experiment revealed strong event-related desynchronization of the alpha band to originate from the posterior cingulate complex, the parahippocampal region as well as the occipital cortex. Our results firstly contribute to the understanding of how the brain resolves architectural affordances relevant to behaviour. Second, our results indicate that the alpha-band originating from the occipital cortex and parahippocampal region covaries with the architectural affordances before participants interact with the environment, whereas during the interaction, the posterior cingulate cortex and motor areas dynamically reflect the affordable behaviour. We conclude that the sensorimotor dynamics reflect behaviour-relevant features in the designed environment.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: is there neuroinvasion?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor McQuaid ◽  
Molly Brady ◽  
Rashid Deane
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus (CoV), is known to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, and a number of non-respiratory complications, particularly in older male patients with prior health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. These prior health conditions are associated with vascular dysfunction, and the CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications include multiorgan failure and neurological problems. While the main route of entry into the body is inhalation, this virus has been found in many tissues, including the choroid plexus and meningeal vessels, and in neurons and CSF. Main body We reviewed SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, ACE2 distribution and beneficial effects, the CNS vascular barriers, possible mechanisms by which the virus enters the brain, outlined prior health conditions (obesity, hypertension and diabetes), neurological COVID-19 manifestation and the aging cerebrovascualture. The overall aim is to provide the general reader with a breadth of information on this type of virus and the wide distribution of its main receptor so as to better understand the significance of neurological complications, uniqueness of the brain, and the pre-existing medical conditions that affect brain. The main issue is that there is no sound evidence for large flux of SARS-CoV-2 into brain, at present, compared to its invasion of the inhalation pathways. Conclusions While SARS-CoV-2 is detected in brains from severely infected patients, it is unclear on how it gets there. There is no sound evidence of SARS-CoV-2 flux into brain to significantly contribute to the overall outcomes once the respiratory system is invaded by the virus. The consensus, based on the normal route of infection and presence of SARS-CoV-2 in severely infected patients, is that the olfactory mucosa is a possible route into brain. Studies are needed to demonstrate flux of SARS-CoV-2 into brain, and its replication in the parenchyma to demonstrate neuroinvasion. It is possible that the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are a consequence of mainly cardio-respiratory distress and multiorgan failure. Understanding potential SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion pathways could help to better define the non-respiratory neurological manifestation of COVID-19.

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