STUDIES IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
Kannarkat P. Verghese ◽  
Roland B. Scott ◽  
Gertrude Teixeira ◽  
Angella D. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
North American ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The City

Physical measurements were obtained from 2,632 healthy North American Negro children of low income families. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 17 years. Comparison with similar studies revealed the height and weight of the Negro children to be similar to those of North American Caucasian children. However, the head circumference and stem length were found to be consistently smaller than Caucasian children. At 1 year of age the weight, head, and chest circumferences of Negro infants of this study were significantly smaller than the same measurements previously reported for infants of the same race from middle income families in the city. Comparison is also made with studies on Negro children in West Africa and Jamaica.

scholarly journals Impact of Medical Debt on the Financial Welfare of Middle- and Low-Income Families across China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajing Li ◽  
Chen Jiao ◽  
Stephen Nicholas ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Gong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Debt ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background: Medical debt is a persistent global issue and a crucial and effective indicator of long-term family medical financial burden. This paper fills a research gap on the incidence and causes of medical debt in Chinese low- and middle-income households. Method: Data were obtained from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey, with medical debt measured as borrowings from families, friends and third parties. Tobit regression models were used to analyze the data. The concentration index was employed to measure the extent of socioeconomic inequality in medical debt incidence. Results: We found that 2.42% of middle-income families had medical debt, averaging US$6278.25, or 0.56 times average household yearly income and 3.92% of low-income families had medical debts averaging US$5419.88, which was equivalent to 2.49 times average household yearly income. The concentration index for low and middle-income families’ medical debt was significantly pro-poor. Medical debt impoverished about 10% of all non-poverty households and pushed poverty households deeper into poverty. While catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) was the single most important factor in medical debt, age, education, and health status of householder, hospitalization and types of medical insurance were also significant factors determining medical debt. Conclusions: Using a narrow definition of medical debt, the incidence of medical debt in Chinese low- and middle-income households was relatively low. But, once medical debt happened, it imposed a long-term financial burden on medical indebted families, tipping many low and middle-income households into poverty and imposing on households several years of debt repayments. Further studies need to use broader definitions of medical debt to better assess the long-term financial impact of medical debt on Chinese families. Policy makers need to modify China’s basic medical insurance schemes to manage out-of-pocket, medical debt and CHE and to take account of pre-existing medical debt.

scholarly journals Do Rising Top Income Shares Affect the Incomes or Earnings of Low and Middle-Income Families?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Thompson ◽  
Elias Leight
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract This paper uses US state panel data to explore the relationship between the share of income received by affluent households and the level of income and earnings received by low and middle-income families. A rising top share of income can potentially lead to increases in the incomes of low and middle-income families if economic growth is sufficiently responsive to increases in inequality. A substantial literature on the impacts of inequality on economic growth exists, but has failed to achieve consensus, with various studies finding positive impacts, negative impacts, and no impacts on growth from increased levels of income inequality. This paper departs from that literature by exploring the effect of inequality on the standard of living of middle-income and low-income families. In the context of rising inequality, increased overall growth is not necessarily a suitable proxy for overall standard of living, since growth patterns are not uniform for the entire income distribution. The results of this study indicate that increases in the top share of income (particularly the top one percent) are associated with declines in the actual incomes (and earnings) of middle income families, but have no clear impact on families at the bottom of the income distribution.

scholarly journals A Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure in Low and Mid-Income Dairy Consumers in Kenya

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Ahlberg ◽  
Delia Grace ◽  
Gideon Kiarie ◽  
Yumi Kirino ◽  
Johanna Lindahl
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a human carcinogen, is found in milk products and may have potentially severe health impacts on milk consumers. We assessed the risk of cancer and stunting as a result of AFM1 consumption in Nairobi, Kenya, using worst case assumptions of toxicity and data from previous studies. Almost all (99.5%) milk was contaminated with AFM1. Cancer risk caused by AFM1 was lower among consumers purchasing from formal markets (0.003 cases per 100,000) than for low-income consumers (0.006 cases per 100,000) purchasing from informal markets. Overall cancer risk (0.004 cases per 100,000) from AFM1 alone was low. Stunting is multifactorial, but assuming only AFM1 consumption was the determinant, consumption of milk contaminated with AFM1 levels found in this study could contribute to 2.1% of children below three years in middle-income families, and 2.4% in low-income families, being stunted. Overall, 2.7% of children could hypothetically be stunted due to AFM1 exposure from milk. Based on our results AFM1 levels found in milk could contribute to an average of −0.340 height for age z-score reduction in growth. The exposure to AFM1 from milk is 46 ng/day on average, but children bear higher exposure of 3.5 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day compared to adults, at 0.8 ng/kg bw/day. Our paper shows that concern over aflatoxins in milk in Nairobi is disproportionate if only risk of cancer is considered, but that the effect on stunting children might be much more significant from a public health perspective; however, there is still insufficient data on the health effects of AFM1.

scholarly journals Pilihan Tempat Belanja Masyarakat Perkotaan Dan Implikasinya Pada Peternak Ayam Petelur Di Perdesaan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Made Ratih Kusuma Dewi ◽  
I Wayan Sukadana ◽  
Anak Agung Ketut Ayuningsasi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Household ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Choice Pattern ◽  
The City

The increasing prosperity of urban communities in Denpasar, responded by an increasing number of supermarkets and other modern food retailers has raised concerns about its negative impact on traditional retailers. In this paper we discuss about the choice pattern of public spending in the city of Denpasar in an increasingly demanding era of high quality standards. This paper also tries to explain how higher welfare of urban communities can also be distributed to farmers / ranchers in rural areas. This paper surveyed the urban community in Denpasar City to find out the choice of the shopping place for egg products. The results of the analysis using Multinomial Logit found that most people in Denpasar still shop at traditional markets and stalls for low-income and middle-income household, but some high-income household tend to shop in the modern market because they have higher quality compared to with traditional markets. People with higher education and younger household tend to shop in the modern market. Based on the choice of shopping place then we can conclude that the farmers/ranchers get a positive influence of increasing welfare in the city, because farmers/ranchers are only able to distribute their products to traditional markets, small shops and stalls.

scholarly journals Selected Socioeconomic Characteristics of Waste Collector Children in Dhaka City

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saeed Hossain ◽  
Md. Mahmudul Alam ◽  
Niaz Ahmed Khan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The City

Generally in the city areas of developing countries, children from the poor and low income families are involved in a range of risky, unhealthy, and environmentally hazardous economic activities and trades. One of these common activities concerns collecting recyclable waste form the street or landfill areas. To understand the socioeconomic characteristics of these waste collector children, this study collected data from fifty children who engaged in waste collection in the landfill of Matuail in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The data were collected by questionnaire guide, and the samples were selected based on convenient random sampling. This study analyses the socioeconomic conditions of these waste collector children by focussing on such characteristics as their demographic profile, economic affiliation, and nature of the waste collection task. This empirical study may inform and illuminate the relevant policy makers and field activists in widening their understanding of the life and living of this vulnerable group.

scholarly journals Utilizing Technology during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Daryn Joy Go ◽  
Natalee Hung ◽  
Hannah Ferrolino ◽  
Kendall Wilson ◽  
Mia Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Spiritual Needs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Field Report ◽  
Development Ngos

National lockdowns and social distancing measures enforced in response to COVID-19 have forced many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) serving in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to suspend their operations. While low-income families continue to suffer from hunger and poverty, community quarantine restrictions additionally isolated them from town centers where healthcare, education, food, supplies, and livelihood opportunities are usually accessed. International Care Ministries (ICM) is a Philippine-based NGO that runs a poverty-alleviation program targeted towards extreme low-income households. As we re-evaluated how we may continue to effectively minister and serve our communities despite lockdown measures, we identified two priorities: (1) to serve people’s physical needs by providing food and access to healthcare, and (2) to serve people’s spiritual needs through spiritual feeding and community. In this field report, we describe how ICM was able to identify and use social network platforms as an alternative to continue both service delivery and spiritual feeding remotely. We hope this example may encourage other development NGOs to persevere as we all continue to seek ways to adapt to these extraordinary and seemingly ever-changing circumstances.

HEMATOCRIT: MATURITY RELATIONSHIP IN ADOLESCENCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-394
Author(s):  
W. A. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Sex Characteristics ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Maturity Rating ◽  
Logical Criterion

The time of onset of adolescence, the velocity of change, and the age at which somatic maturity occurs varies with each individual. Chronologic age, per se, provides little information as to growth and development. The sequential changes in secondary sex characteristics can be divided into five stages and then one of these assigned as a "maturity rating" to any patient. Hematocrit determinations were performed on 1,007 girls and 1,000 boys, aged 11 to 20 years. All patients were from low-income families and each boy or girl was examined and classified according to maturity rating, sex, and color. In boys, correlation of hematocrit determinations and sex maturity ratings showed an increase in the hematocrit percentage with an increase of maturity rating. Boys have a smooth, progressive rise in hematocrit levels as they mature and this increase is apparently associated with the production of testosterone and the development of greater muscle mass. Hematocrit values increase in relation to chronologic age, only when sexual maturation is taking place, thus evaluation of anemia based only on age may be incorrect. Hematocrit determinations related to sex maturity ratings provide a logical criterion for the diagnosis of anemia and of therapeutic response in its treatment.

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