scholarly journals Selected Socioeconomic Characteristics of Waste Collector Children in Dhaka City

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saeed Hossain ◽  
Md. Mahmudul Alam ◽  
Niaz Ahmed Khan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The City

Generally in the city areas of developing countries, children from the poor and low income families are involved in a range of risky, unhealthy, and environmentally hazardous economic activities and trades. One of these common activities concerns collecting recyclable waste form the street or landfill areas. To understand the socioeconomic characteristics of these waste collector children, this study collected data from fifty children who engaged in waste collection in the landfill of Matuail in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The data were collected by questionnaire guide, and the samples were selected based on convenient random sampling. This study analyses the socioeconomic conditions of these waste collector children by focussing on such characteristics as their demographic profile, economic affiliation, and nature of the waste collection task. This empirical study may inform and illuminate the relevant policy makers and field activists in widening their understanding of the life and living of this vulnerable group.

Earnings, EITC, and Employment Responses to a $15 Minimum Wage: Will Low-Income Workers Be Better Off?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Fahimullah ◽  
Yi Geng ◽  
Bradley Hardy ◽  
Daniel Muhammad ◽  
Jeffrey Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Tax Credit ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
The City

The District of Columbia will increase its minimum wage to $15 per hour in 2020. The city also provides a local refundable earned income tax credit (EITC) equal to 40% of the federal EITC. Using a computable general equilibrium model, the authors estimate the economic impact of the $15 wage policy. They also use a tax policy microsimulation model to estimate how the city’s EITC interacts with a higher minimum wage. Overall, the authors find that the higher minimum wage will produce significant income gains for most of the city’s low-wage workers, with relatively few job losses. Additionally, they forecast that most city EITC recipients will receive a lower EITC, but higher earnings more than offset the reduced tax credit. The model predicts that this policy change would largely be funded by higher consumer prices, lower firm profits, and higher business productivity. These predictions are subject to important caveats, including a local labor market that is likely inadequately characterized in a model assuming perfect competition. Economic policy makers should therefore use such modeling approaches as a powerful but ultimately imperfect tool.

scholarly journals How Much of Children’s Time in Nonparental Care Coincides with Their Parents’ Time at Work?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311989484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Gennetian ◽  
A. Rupa Datta ◽  
Robert Goerge ◽  
Wladimir Zanoni ◽  
Richard Brandon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Parental Employment ◽  
School Day ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Parental Work ◽  
Potential Shifts

Nonparental care (NPC) for children before they enter kindergarten has had two primary purposes for American families since the start of the twentieth century: supporting parental employment and providing children developmentally enriching out-of-home experiences. Today’s policy makers are increasingly expanding publicly funded opportunities for children in low-income families to experience center-based care. Yet parents’ work commitments often occur on evenings, weekends, and other times outside of the traditional school day. Understanding parental work schedules vis-à-vis NPC timing is essential to informing public expansions of accessible and affordable nonparental care options. Using a 7-day calendar from the 2012 National Survey of Early Care and Education, the authors uncover new patterns in the temporal synchronization of parental work and children’s time in various NPC settings and for households of varying incomes. Across all income groups and types of care, center-based care overlaps least with parental work hours. Children living in poverty have the lowest rates of NPC occurring during parental work time. The uncoupling of parental work status from children’s time in nonparental care suggests potential shifts in parents’ choices to expose children to care settings for the purpose of children’s development.

STUDIES IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
Kannarkat P. Verghese ◽  
Roland B. Scott ◽  
Gertrude Teixeira ◽  
Angella D. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
North American ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The City

Physical measurements were obtained from 2,632 healthy North American Negro children of low income families. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 17 years. Comparison with similar studies revealed the height and weight of the Negro children to be similar to those of North American Caucasian children. However, the head circumference and stem length were found to be consistently smaller than Caucasian children. At 1 year of age the weight, head, and chest circumferences of Negro infants of this study were significantly smaller than the same measurements previously reported for infants of the same race from middle income families in the city. Comparison is also made with studies on Negro children in West Africa and Jamaica.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding and feeding patterns in three birth cohorts in Southern Brazil: trends and differentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. s409-s416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar G. Victora ◽  
Alicia Matijasevich ◽  
Iná S. Santos ◽  
Aluisio J. D. Barros ◽  
Bernardo L. Horta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Duration Of Breastfeeding ◽  
The City

Breastfeeding is fundamental for child health. Changes in the duration of breastfeeding are compared for three population-based cohorts of children born in 1982, 1993 and 2004 in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Samples of the 1982 and 1993 children and all of the children from the 2004 cohort study were sought at home when they were aged around 12 months. Both the duration of breastfeeding and the stage at which different kind of foods were regularly introduced were investigated. The median duration of breastfeeding increased from 3.1 to 6.8 months in this period. Exclusive breastfeeding at three months was practically non-existent in 1982 and had reached one third of infants by 2004. The increase was faster after 1993, suggesting an important impact made by promotion activities. Up to about 6-9 months, breastfeeding was more prevalent in high-income families, but after this age it became more common among the poor. Low birth weight babies were breastfeed for shorter durations. The duration of breastfeeding is still far short of international recommendations, justifying further campaigns. Special attention should be given to low birth weight babies and those from low-income families.

scholarly journals Sensação térmica urbana em área residencial planejada no município de Santarém – Pará, Amazônia, Brasil

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1333
Author(s):  
Gedinara Paiva dos Santos ◽  
Rodolfo Maduro Almeida ◽  
Elton Raniere Da Silva Moura ◽  
Leidiane Leão Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
15 A 18 ◽  
The City

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as variáveis microclimáticas, percepção e sensação térmica urbana de habitantes de um residencial planejado para famílias de baixa renda, na cidade de Santarém- Pará. Foi coletado dados de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento, além de aplicações de formulários pré-estabelecidos. O experimento ocorreu no dia 15 de agosto de 2018, em um transecto com sete pontos no residencial. Foram aplicados formulários em área interna (casas) e externa no total de 115 formulários, para uma população com idade de 15 a 60 anos. Com as informações microclimáticas do local foram calculados os índices de Temperatura e Umidade, de Temperatura e Umidade modificado e Temperatura Efetiva em função do Vento, os quais foram correlacionados com as sensações subjetivas da população do local. Os resultados indicam que o índice de Temperatura Efetiva em função do Vento foi o mais compatível com a sensação e a percepção pessoal dos entrevistados. Ficou bem evidente o desconforto térmico sentido pela população, entre o período de 12 a 15 h na área externa e 15 a 18 h na área interna (casas). A temperatura de brilho no recorte do residencial Salvação houve um aumento gradativo da temperatura de 27 a 30°C ao longo do transecto, em comparação com uma área de ocupação à frente, é possível verificar as maiores temperatura com 33°C. Sugerimos um planejamento urbano que incluam casas com padrões arquitetônicos compatíveis com o clima da região, principalmente que levem consideração o conforto ambiental para os cidadãos de menor poder aquisitivo. Além da criação de parques públicos com vegetação e áreas de passeio público com arborização adequada, para amenizar o microclima local desses bairros.   Urban thermal sensation in planned residential area in the municipality of Santarém – Pará, Amazônia, Brasil   R E S U M OThe objective of this research was to evaluate the microclimatic variables, perception and urban thermal sensation of residents of a residential area planned for low income families in the city of Santarém-Pará. It was collected from data of temperature, relative air humidity and wind speed, in addition to pre-set application applications. The experiment occurred on August 15, 2018, in a transect with seven points in the residential. Forms were applied in internal area (houses) and external in the total of 115 forms, for a population aged 15 to 60 years. With the microclimatic information of the place were calculated the Temperature and Humidity, Temperature and Humidity modified and Temperature Effective as a function of the Wind, which were correlated with the subjective sensations of the local population. The results indicate that the Effective Temperature index as a function of the Wind was the most compatible with the sensation and the personal perception of the interviewees. It was very evident the thermal discomfort felt by the population, between the period of 12 to 15 h in the external area and 15 to 18 h in the internal area (houses). The brightness temperature in the residential trim cutout there is a gradual increase in temperature from 27 to 30 ° C along the transect, compared to a forward occupancy area, it is possible to check the highest temperature at 33 ° C.Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Planned area, Urban climate.

scholarly journals Urban planning instruments for promoting social interest housing: from zoning to obligatory percentages in São Paulo, Brazil, in dialog with Bogotá, Colombia

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Freire Santoro
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Interest ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Urban Restructuring ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

One of the major challenges for urban planning in Latin America is to provide low-income families with housing in areas that have an infrastructure and a good supply of jobs and services, thereby promoting diversity and equity, translated by mixing classes, races and social cohesion. This mission becomes increasingly difficult in a neoliberal capitalist context which transfers the task of providing land and housing for low-income families to the market and where the logic of such actions is based on achieving more rent from land and consequently of the holding of real estate becoming more profitable. This paper sets out to discuss two proposals for urban instruments that dialog with the production of housing through the market and guarantee of the right to the city. The first centered on the reserve of land for the production of social interest housing (HIS, in Portuguese) in the zoning by creating Special Social Interest Housing Zones (ZEIS, in Portuguese), spread throughout Brazil, and described here based on the experience of São Paulo. Or else, comparatively, classifying land to be used as a priority for social housing (vivienda de interés prioritário) widespread in Colombia, and here presented by the Bogota experience. There is another, which already has international experience and has recently been debated in Brazil, which consists of conceiving of the promotion of social interest housing policies based on the regulation of urban restructuring but experiences of this are rare in Brazil. These may be termed as inclusive housing policies. As a result, this article points out that the creation of alternative regulations has set the tone for the market to exclude itself  from producing housing of social interest, and guarantees greater profitability to commercial undertakings. 

Brazil: Celso Garcia, 787 Building Restoration for Social Housing Purposes

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Marcelo Kehdi Gomes Rodrigues ◽  
Adelcke Rossetto Netto
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Bank Branch ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Work Cooperative ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

Celso Garcia, 787, one of the many derelict buildings in the centre of São Paulo, was converted into housing for 84 low-income families. Members of the ULC popular housing movement occupied the vacant former bank branch and, with technical support from the Integra Interdisciplinary Work Cooperative, converted the building into affordable apartments. The project works toward the reversal of the process of exodus from the city centre, proposing housing alternatives in central areas that have lost part of their population in the last several years yet remain rich in urban infrastructure.

Coordinating Sustainable Landscapes for a Low-income Community

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 558d-558
Author(s):  
Joshua H. Reed ◽  
Mary T. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Community Environments ◽  
Project Objectives ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The City of Clemson, along with the National Wildlife Federation, Habitat for Humanity, and Clemson Univ., recently formed a strategic alliance to incorporate ideas for the landscaping of low-income homes. Their goal was to create an aesthetically pleasing, environmentally responsible design that catered to the future development of the families involved. The low-income housing project was selected as an independent study for Spring 1998. As student project manager I coordinated and documented the project. Objectives of the project were: 1) to promote knowledge and research on environmental issues and culturally diverse populations; 2) to create backyard wildlife habitats and sustainable community environments for low income families; 3) to provide students with the opportunity to learn and mature by participating in a long-term project involving a measurable impact. Project steps included analysis, research, design, planning, scheduling, implementation, and reflection on the impact made by those involved. The City of Clemson, along with the others involved, was delighted to be the first to address the issue of enhancing open space around low-income buildings in addition to landscaping the properties surrounding the homes.

Application of the UN-Habitat Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Methodology to Evaluate the Solid Waste Management System in the City of Kano, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Habeeb Sirajo Muhammad ◽  
Ibrahim Umar Salihi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
The City

This report provides a review of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Kano, Nigeria. It employs a number of performance indicators, which include: waste collection, controlled disposal, materials recovery and financial sustainability. Other indicators are: user inclusivity, provider inclusivity and institutional coherence. A material flow diagram indicates a large amount of waste going to the informal recovery and reuse sector. Comparisons with world cities show that Kano performs below the low-income category in terms of solid waste management (SWM). The biodegradable portion of the waste constitutes 68%, 62.5% of the total waste being generated by the household sector at a rate of 0.56 kg capita -1 day-1. The SWM system is under budgeted and with the rapid increase in population, an effective and efficient SWM system would be required.

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