ON THE ETYMOLOGIC DERIVATION OF SOME COMMONLY USED WORDS IN PEDIATRICS: INFANT, CRETIN, MECONIUM, AND ICTERUS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-870
Author(s):  
T. E. Cone
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Old French ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Thick Juice ◽  
Brown Color

infant-from Latin infans; in (neg.) + fans speaking (fans is the participle). In Roman law infant means a child not old enough to talk... Cretin-Old French-chretien, a Christian. Perhaps used first as a perjorative term by the ancient Romans because to them the first Christians were stupid enough to "turn the other cheek" when attacked by mobs or by the lions in the Roman amphitheater. Meconium-from Greek mekonion meaning the poppy juice obtained from pressing the whole plant which gives a thick Juice of black, greenish-brown color. The intestinal content of the newborn infant has a similar consistency and appearance and so Galenadopted the term for the content of the bowels of newborn infants. (Meconism means the opium habit). lcterus-from Greek ikteros, a yellow bird, probably the golden thrush or a species of oriole. Pliny relates that if a person suffering from jaundice looks at a yellow bird, the bird will die and the patient recovers. Icterus was first used in pediatrics by Ludwig von Buhl (1816-1880) when he described icterus neonatorum.

TRANSMISSION OF HOSPITAL STAPHYLOCOCCI AMONG NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-214
Author(s):  
Valerie Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci ◽  
Culture Procedure

The rate and sequence in which various body areas of the newborn infant acquire coagulase-positive staphylococci was studied in two hospitals at a time when nursery infections were not occurring. The infants became colonized rapidly on numerous body surfaces in one nursery, and more slowly and less extensively in the other. Skin and rectal cultures usually became positive before those from the nose, throat, and eye. The groin and axilla of infants in one nursery tended to become colonized before the umbilical cord; in the other nursery, colonization of the umbilical cord often preceded that of the groin or the axilla. Different body sites of an individual infant often became colonized with different strains of staphylococci, as determined by phage typing, and two strains sometimes were detected in a single site. The carrier state of the newborn infant can be assessed accurately only by culturing many body sites and by phage typing many colonies. Cultures of skin, rectum, and umbilical cord are likely to be more informative than nasal cultures, because the nose is often the last site to become colonized. The culture procedure which is most likely to portray the carrier state may have to be determined independently for each hospital nursery to be studied. It may be difficult to prevent acquisition of hospital strains by applying bacteriostatic substances to the umbilical cord stump or portions of the skin because of the extent to which staphylococci multiply upon the skin, mucous membranes, and perhaps within the intestinal tract.

The Platelet of the Newborn Infant – Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism and Release

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 099-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Whaun ◽  
P Lievaart ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism

SummaryBlood from normal full term infants, mothers and normal adults was collected in citrate. Citrated platelet-rich plasma was prelabelled with 3H-adenine and reacted with release inducers, collagen and adrenaline. Adenine nucleotide metabolism, total adenine nucleotide levels and changes in sizes of these pools were determined in platelets from these three groups of subjects.At rest, the platelet of the newborn infant, compared to that of the mother and normal adult, possessed similar amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 4.6 ± 0.2 (SD), 5.0 ± 1.1, 4.9 ± 0.6 µmoles ATP/1011 platelets respectively, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 2.4 ± 0.7, 2.8 ± 0.6, 3.0 ± 0.3 umoles ADP/1011 platelets respectively. However the marked elevation of specific radioactivity of ADP and ATP in these resting platelets indicated the platelet of the neonate has decreased adenine nucleotide stores.In addition to these decreased stores of adenine nucleotides, infant platelets showed significantly impaired release of ADP and ATP on exposure to collagen. The release of ADP in infants, mothers, and other adults was 0.9 ± 0.5 (SD), 1.5 ± 0.5, 1.5 ± 0.1 umoles/1011 platelets respectively; that of ATP was 0.6 ± 0.3, 1.0 ± 0.1,1.3 ± 0.2 µmoles/1011 platelets respectively. With collagen-induced release, platelets of newborn infants compared to those of other subjects showed only slight increased specific radioactivities of adenine nucleotides over basal levels. The content of metabolic hypoxanthine, a breakdown product of adenine nucleotides, increased in both platelets and plasma in all subjects studied.In contrast, with adrenaline as release inducer, the platelets of the newborn infant showed no adenine nucleotide release, no change in total ATP and level of radioactive hypoxanthine, and minimal change in total ADP. The reason for this decreased adrenaline reactivity of infant platelets compared to reactivity of adult platelets is unknown.Infant platelets may have different membranes, with resulting differences in regulation of cellular processes, or alternatively, may be refractory to catecholamines because of elevated levels of circulating catecholamines in the newborn period.

Oxygen Consumption in Platelets of Newborn Infants before and after Stimulation by Thrombin.

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 712-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Del Principe ◽  
G Mancuso ◽  
A Menichelli ◽  
G Maretto ◽  
G Sabetta
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Adult Control ◽  
Healthy Newborn ◽  
Before And After

SummaryThe authors compared the oxygen consumption in platelets from the umbilical cord blood of 36 healthy newborn infants with that of 27 adult subjects, before and after thrombin addition (1.67 U/ml). Oxygen consumption at rest was 6 mμmol/109/min in adult control platelets and 5.26 in newborn infants. The burst in oxygen consumption after thrombin addition was 26.30 mμmol/109/min in adults and 24.90 in infants. Dinitrophenol did not inhibit the burst of O2 consumption in platelets in 8 out of 10 newborn infants, while the same concentration caused a decrease in 9 out of 10 adult subjects. Deoxyglucose inhibited the burst in O2 consumption in newborn infant and adult platelets by about 50%. KCN at the concentration of 10−4 M completely inhibited basal oxygen consumption but did not completely inhibit the burst after thrombin. At the concentration of 10−3 M, it inhibited both basal O2 consumption and the burst in infants and adult subjects.

Condicio supervacua and related conditions 
in Roman law

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-106
Author(s):  
Veronika Kleňová ◽  
Zdenko Takáč
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Legal Norm ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
Proper Condition ◽  
Legal Opinion

The article deals with the conditions that did not have the legal effect of a ‘proper condition’. The authors distinguish these conditions from a ‘proper condition’ pointing out that the distinguishing feature is an ‘uncertainty’ carried by the condition. Firstly, the authors focus their attention on the condicio supervacua – the term is explicitly used only by Pomponius in the case of legacies. It did not have the effect of a ‘proper condition’, because the uncertainty expressed by the condition already resulted from the legal norm itself. It was an explicitly expressed condicio iuris pursuant to the modern definitions of the term. The authors analyze and compare various cases that seemingly deal with condiciones iuris too. The analysis makes it clear that they were regarded as supervacuae, unless the testator changed the legal situation in some way through their expression. He had to insert some new uncertainty that did not result from the legal norm itself. The other kind of condition that the article deals with is condicio institutionis/substitutionis expressly re-applied to a legatum. This condition is different from condicio supervacua, because in this case the new uncertainty was added by the testator himself. Despite some doubts, the legal opinion which prevailed in Roman law was that such a condition did not have the effect of a ‘proper condition’ in relation to a legacy. The reason is that even if the testator re-applied the condition of institution also to a legacy, he extended only the uncertainty of aditio hereditatis and did not insert any new uncertainty into the legacy itself.


UMBILICAL VESSEL ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-951
Author(s):  
Samuel O. Sapin ◽  
Leonard M. Linde ◽  
George C. Emmanouilides
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Umbilical Artery ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Umbilical Vessel ◽  
Accurate Interpretation ◽  
Sick Newborn

Angiocardiography from an umbilical vessel approach was performed in 10 critically sick newborn infants. The umbilical vein route was successfully employed up to the eighth day of life, while the umbilical artery was safely used as late as age 5 days. This approach has advantages over other methods of catheterization and angiocardiography. Angiocardiographic quality was satisfactory for accurate interpretation.

TETANY AND PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA IN THE NEWBORN INFANT: INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PHOSPHATE LOAD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-543
Author(s):  
LYTT I. GARDNER
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Parathyroid Hyperplasia ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Dietary Phosphate ◽  
The Relationship

Three cases of newborn tetany are described, pointing out the relationship between dietary phosphate load and the manifestations of this disease. An additional three newborn infants are described who showed other symptomatology than tetany in association with dietary phosphate load. [See Table 1 in Source Pdf]. Data concerning diet, cause of death and degree of parathyroid hyperplasia are tabulated in eight newborns who were found to have parathyroid hyperplasia at autopsy. Similar data are tabulated on eight newborns and five older children who were found to have normal parathyroid glands at autopsy. Several other factors possibly involved in newborn tetany and newborn parathyroid hyperplasia are discussed. The importance of measuring serum inorganic P in the differential diagnosis of neonatal distress is pointed out.

PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA AND HEMOLYSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION IN THE NEWBORN: INVESTIGATION OF A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Jo-Anne E. Richards ◽  
Richard B. Goldbloom ◽  
Ronald L. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Relative Deficiency

Forty-three full-term infants have been studied with respect to hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. Mean values for concentration of bilirubin in the serum and percentage of hemolysis followed similar patterns in the first few days of life. However, statistical analysis of the data in individual cases showed no significant correlation between the degree of hemolysis in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and the concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. Administration of vitamin E prevented an increase in hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide but failed to produce any significant change in concentrations of bilirubin as compared with the control group. The evidence suggests that the relative deficiency of vitamin E which exists in most newborn infants does not play a part in the causation or maintenance of physiologic hyperbilirubinemia. The clinical significance of increased hemolysis of the erythrocytes of the newborn infant in solutions of hydrogen peroxide remains a mystery. Possible approaches to the clarification of this problem are suggested.

The Influence of Roman Law

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
The Law ◽  
Civil Science

Centuries of Roman jurisprudence were assembled in the great Byzantine collection, the Digest, by Tribonian and the other editors. Roman law became more formal when during the Renaissance of the twelfth century it came to be taught in the first universities, starting with Bologna and the teaching of Irnerius. The main channels of expansion were through the Glossators and post-Glossators, who commented on the main texts and on later legislation by the Holy Roman Emperors, which included “feudal law,” but also by notaries and other proto-lawyers. Christian doctrine also became part of the “Roman” tradition, and canon and civil law were taught together in the universities as “civil science.” According to the ancient Roman jurist Gaius, “all the law which we use pertains either to persons or to things or to actions,” three categories that exhaust the external human condition—personality, reality, and action. In the nineteenth century, the study of Roman law lost its ideological power and became part of philology and history, at least so concludes James Whitman.

scholarly journals Severe Brief Resolved Unexplained Event in a Newborn Infant in Association with Maternal Sertralin Treatment during Pregnancy

Medicines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Mirjam Pocivalnik ◽  
Manfred Danda ◽  
Berndt Urlesberger ◽  
Wolfgang Raith
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Male Infant ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome ◽  
Selective Serotonin ◽  
Abstinence Syndrome

Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are a very common choice of antidepressive drug-therapy during pregnancy. In up to 30% of cases, they have been found to cause neonatal abstinence syndrome in newborn infants. Although often both time-limiting and self-limiting, severe symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) can occur. Methods/Results: We report a term male infant suffering from a severe brief resolved unexplained event caused by his mother’s sertraline intake during pregnancy. Conclusions: Newborn infants exposed to selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during pregnancy should be evaluated very carefully concerning NAS and monitored for NAS symptoms for a minimum of 72–96 h, or until symptoms have fully recovered using standardized protocols. There is a risk of severe NAS symptoms which might occur, and this circumstance should be discussed with the parents and taken into account before administering the drug.

Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. I. The kales

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
The Other ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Plant Basis ◽  
Matter Basis

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale, three of thousand headed kales, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale were grown at three centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and separate leaf and stem samples analysed for the proximate constituents and minerals.2. Leaf to stem ratios were measured on both a green and dry matter basis and the latter values used to calculate whole plant values for the chemical constituents.3. The leaves of the marrow stem kales were higher in dry matter than the stems, except in the case of the Purple Stem Kale. This variety resembled the thousand headed and rape-type kales in having a higher dry matter in the stems. On a dry matter basis, the leaves of all the varieties were richer than the stems in ether extract, crude protein, total ash and all the minerals except potassium and sodium. These elements occurred to a greater extent in the stems of the fleshy stemmed marrow stem kales than in the leaves. The stems were higher in crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractives.4. The leaves of the rape-type kales were higher than those of the other varieties in silica, phosphorus and potassium. They were the best source of phosphorus on a whole plant basis. The marrow stem kales had considerably higher leaf and stem values for sodium and were markedly superior to the other varieties as a source of the element.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document