TREATMENT OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE b MENINGITIS

The present series consists of 67 patients, 17 of whom died, giving a gross fatality rate of 25.4%. Nearly one half of the cases were under 2 years of age and accounted for 65% of the deaths. By disregarding patients who died within 36 hours of admission and patients first admitted to the hospital after 21 days, the corrected fatality rate for the group below 2 years is 18.2%. Death occurred in the four patients admitted and first treated at the end of the third week of illness. Both deaths in the group under 2 years who received sulfadiazine, serum and streptomycin occurred in patients who had been ill three weeks before receiving treatment. The prognosis is likely to be unfavorable in the age group under 2 years if treatment is delayed beyond the 14th day. The fatality rate for patients who received sulfadiazine and serum was the same in this series as for patients who received streptomycin in addition. Serotherapy proved ineffectual in the age group under 2 years when delayed beyond the 14th day of illness. With respect to prognosis, the intravenous route for administration of serum offers no advantage over the intramuscular route.

Download Full-text

Changing epidemiology of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Thailand

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268898001617 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 122 (1) ◽

pp. 161-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

O. CHAREONSOOK ◽

H. M. FOY ◽

A. TEERARATKUL ◽

N. SILARUG

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Age Group ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Large Cities ◽

The Third ◽

Common Causes

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are reportable diseases, the third most common causes for hospitalization of children in Thailand. Data collected from the Ministry of Public Health were analysed for trends. Rates of DHF increased in Thailand until 1987 when the largest epidemic ever, 325/100000 population, was recorded. Whereas the disease used to be confined to large cities, the rate is now higher in rural (102·2 per 100000) than urban areas (95·4 per 100000 in 1997). The age of highest incidence has increased, and the age group most severely affected is now those 5–9 years old (679/100000 in 1997). The case fatality rate has decreased with improved treatment and is now only 0·28%.

Download Full-text

Estimating effective infection fatality rates during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11127-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Christian Staerk ◽

Tobias Wistuba ◽

Andreas Mayr

Keyword(s):

Age Distribution ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Temporary Increase ◽

International Studies ◽

Age Group ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Substantial Fraction ◽

Second Wave

Abstract Background The infection fatality rate (IFR) of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most discussed figures in the context of this pandemic. In contrast to the case fatality rate (CFR), the IFR depends on the total number of infected individuals – not just on the number of confirmed cases. In order to estimate the IFR, several seroprevalence studies have been or are currently conducted. Methods Using German COVID-19 surveillance data and age-group specific IFR estimates from multiple international studies, this work investigates time-dependent variations in effective IFR over the course of the pandemic. Three different methods for estimating (effective) IFRs are presented: (a) population-averaged IFRs based on the assumption that the infection risk is independent of age and time, (b) effective IFRs based on the assumption that the age distribution of confirmed cases approximately reflects the age distribution of infected individuals, and (c) effective IFRs accounting for age- and time-dependent dark figures of infections. Results Effective IFRs in Germany are estimated to vary over time, as the age distributions of confirmed cases and estimated infections are changing during the course of the pandemic. In particular during the first and second waves of infections in spring and autumn/winter 2020, there has been a pronounced shift in the age distribution of confirmed cases towards older age groups, resulting in larger effective IFR estimates. The temporary increase in effective IFR during the first wave is estimated to be smaller but still remains when adjusting for age- and time-dependent dark figures. A comparison of effective IFRs with observed CFRs indicates that a substantial fraction of the time-dependent variability in observed mortality can be explained by changes in the age distribution of infections. Furthermore, a vanishing gap between effective IFRs and observed CFRs is apparent after the first infection wave, while an increasing gap can be observed during the second wave. Conclusions The development of estimated effective IFR and observed CFR reflects the changing age distribution of infections over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Further research is warranted to obtain timely age-stratified IFR estimates, particularly in light of new variants of the virus.

Download Full-text

Recurrent Adolescent Suicidal Behavior

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.60.4.605 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 605-608

Author(s):

Matilda S. McIntire ◽

Carol R. Angle ◽

Richard L. Wikoff ◽

Marilyn L. Schlicht

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Poison Control ◽

Age Group ◽

Emergency Room Visits ◽

Suicidal Risk ◽

Destructive Behavior ◽

The Third ◽

Completed Suicide

Suicide is the third leading cause of death among people in the age group 15 to 25 years.1 Self-destructive behavior in children and adolescents is a continuum that ranges from drug intoxications to gestures of low lethality to suicide attempts with high lethality of intent. In our survey of 1,100 self-poisonings in people aged 6 to 18 who were seen at poison control centers we found an incidence of 220 self-poisonings for every fatality.2 This is higher but comparable to other estimates of 50 to 150 suicide gestures for every reported death from suicide in the adolescent.3-6 Suicide attempts may account for 12% of all emergency room visits.7 This represents a public health problem of the first magnitude. It is ironically tragic that many of the adolescent suicide deaths are unintentioned-the victim did not really intend to die. In our collaborative poison study, for example, none of the six deaths could be called intended. The adolescents were not victims of suicide but of pharmacologic roulette. The single best correlate of suicidal risk appears to be lethality of intent. A diagnosis of suicide attempt, as contrasted to a gesture, implies both a lethality of intent coupled with a mature concept of death as an irreversible state. Lethality is defined by Shneidman8 as the probability of an individual's killing himself in the immediate future. In classifying all deaths as intentioned, subintentioned, and unintentioned as contrasted to the traditional classifications of natural, accidental, suicidal, and homicidal he has used the dimension of lethality to cut across the terms attempted, threatened, and completed suicide.

Download Full-text

Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Hamil Trimester III dalam Menghadapi Persalinan

Jurnal Bidan Cerdas (JBC) ◽

10.33860/jbc.v3i1.131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Nilda Yulita Siregar ◽

Cici Fitrayanti Kias ◽

Nurfatimah Nurfatimah ◽

Fransisca Noya ◽

Lisda Widianti Longgupa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Preterm Labor ◽

Community Health Center ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽

The Third ◽

Fear And Anxiety

Introduction: Fear and anxiety during pregnancy and childbirth can cause problems such as preterm labor and low birth weight. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of anxiety of third-trimester pregnant women in dealing with labor. Methods: This type of research is a descriptive study and analyzed with frequency distribution. The population was all pregnant women in the third trimester who were in the working area of the Mapane Community Health Center with a total of 37 people. The sampling technique used total sampling. The results showed that only 8.1% of pregnant women experienced mild anxiety, while 91.9% did not experience anxiety. pregnant women who experience mild anxiety are 20% in the risk age group, 20% with diploma education, 11.5% in mothers who do not work, 60% in primigravidas, and 15.8% in mothers who do not get support from their husbands. Anxiety occurs mostly in primigravida because it is the first experience of pregnancy. It suggested for village midwives providing information about pregnancy and childbirth, especially for primigravida mothers, and involving their husbands in posyandu activities for pregnant women.

Download Full-text

Anaerobic fitness of a Sample of Omani Children: Age group from 9-13 years

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] ◽

10.24200/jeps.vol4iss1pp1-15 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Hisham Ahmed Moheeb ◽

Mansoor Al-Tauqi ◽

Khalifa Bin Mubarak Al Jadeedi

Keyword(s):

Motor Skills ◽

Age Groups ◽

Anaerobic Capacity ◽

Age Group ◽

Fourth Group ◽

The Third ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Steady Rate ◽

Capacity Level ◽

Vertical Jumping

This study aimed to identify the anaerobic capacity level of a sample of Omani children. The sample included 197 children between the ages of 9 to 13 years. The Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was used. The sample was divided into five groups. The first group comprised the nine-year olds (19 children), the second group comprised the ten-year olds (22 children), the third group comprised the eleven-year olds (52 children), the fourth group comprised the 12-year olds (43 children), and the fifth comprised the 13-year olds (61 children). The results showed that the anaerobic capacity level improved during the stages of growth. The level of improvement achieved in 13-year old children was the highest compared to the other age-groups (P S 0.000). This improvement was not at a steady rate. It occurred through booms that coincided with growth which appears in practice through the evolution of not only the level of values on the amount of effort, but also in the level of some related motor skills. It showed a positive correlation between the values of the anaerobic capacity level, the time of running 100 meters and vertical jumping (p S 0.01). Accordingly, this phase can be considered one of those booms. Key words: anaerobic capacity, (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), Omani children, the 100 meters running, vertical jumping.

Download Full-text

OIL PRICE BEHAVIOUR, EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENT AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA: ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST THREE QUARTERS OF 2020

Oradea Journal of Business and Economics ◽

10.47535/1991ojbe121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 51-61

Author(s):

Jimoh O. Saka

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Rate Increase ◽

Discharge Rate ◽

Oil Price ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Test Statistic ◽

Exchange Rate Movement ◽

The Third ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Long Run

This paper evaluates the response of oil price and exchange rate to the corona virus pandemic shock aside from the link between oil price and exchange rate for the first three quarters of 2020 in Nigeria. The theoretical framework emanates from the informal approach and the terms of trade channels. Using VAR cointegration approach, results show existence of long run relationship among the oil price, exchange rate movement and the corona virus indicators based on Max-Eigen and Trace test statistic. End of first quarter oil price, discharge rate and fatality rate negatively relate with current exchange rate. First quarter exchange rate and fatality rate positively relates to oil price behaviour in the third quarter while end of first quarter discharge rate increase fosters oil price decline. First quarter spread rate increase gradually reduces oil demand and the price in the third quarter. All corona virus indicators and exchange rate variable Granger Cause current oil price. Diversification is key to widen export base and increase foreign exchange and stability. Policy measures to sustain the economy in the post COVID-19 and beyond are necessary for long term development.

Download Full-text

Covid-19 Fatality Rate in Third World Countries: A Review of Environmental Challenges and Impacts on Public Health and Human Security

Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment ◽

10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.01.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 39-44

Author(s):

Chukwuemeka E. Etodike ◽

◽

Elsie C. Ekeghalu ◽

Kelechi Johnmary Ani ◽

Emmanuel Mutambara

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Third World ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Environmental Challenges ◽

The Third ◽

The Third World ◽

Sanitary Conditions

The novel coronavirus is far from being over; with the case-fatality rate (CFR) hitting more than 16,500 globally as of July, there is a worry that despite the fact that the global CFR curve is showing signs of flattening, the environmental peculiarities of the third world countries may be abetting global efforts towards containing the virus. Therefore, this review x-rayed these peculiarities in the light of their current concern in public health as per their contribution to the persistent surge in CFR in most developing nations. Given that the virus is transmitted via droplets, the review focused on how the state of public and environmental challenges such as air as well as water pollution and personal hygiene could be abetting the surge in coronavirus infections and morbidity. The review revealed, among other things, that challenges associated with poor sanitary conditions, lack of potable water, unventilated environments, air pollution, and poor inter-personal hygiene are devastating challenges in the fight against the pandemic. The implication is that since these conditions are systematic in nature, it may take more than average effort and public sacrifice to checkmate the case-fatality rate of the virus in the third world. Therefore, call for studies is necessary to establish empiricism for CFR patterns and ratio across areas in deplorable environmental and sanitary conditions.

Download Full-text

Ampicillin Dosage

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.42.1.211 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 211-211

Author(s):

A. J. Nespole

Keyword(s):

Intramuscular Route ◽

Hemophilus Influenzae ◽

February Issue

In the February issue, Young, et al.1 presented a case of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis with apparent relapse following 14 days of ampicillin therapy. The ampicillin, in a dose of 200 mg/kg. day, was given intravenously at 6-hour intervals for 3 days and then the administration was changed to the intramuscular route. The question arises as to whether this case was an example of suppressed continuing infection. In the first major article published in this country on the use of ampicillin in the treatment of acute suppurative meningitis, Barrett, et al.2 treated 16 patients with meningitis caused by H. influenzae.

Download Full-text

Efficiency and safety of sclerotherapy for recurrent nodular goiter

Hirurg (Surgeon) ◽

10.33920/med-15-2005-04 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 39-51

Author(s):

G. V. Rodoman ◽

I. R. Sumedi ◽

N. V. Sviridenko ◽

T. I. Shalaeva ◽

M. M. Meloyan

Keyword(s):

Minimally Invasive ◽

Severe Pain ◽

Nodular Goiter ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Age Group ◽

Invasive Treatment ◽

The Third ◽

Invasive Method ◽

Functional Autonomy

At present, patients with recurrent nodular goiter account for a significant portion of patients operated on for nodular goiter. At the same time, the comorbid background characteristic of this age group and the technical difficulties of the intervention on cicatricial tissues of the neck cause a high risk of complications of the operation, 3–7 times higher than with primary thyroid interventions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of treatment of recurrent nodular goiter using an alternative minimally invasive method — sclerotherapy. The study included 30 patients previously operated on for nodular goiter. All had 4 courses of sclerotherapy, each included 5 sessions with a frequency of 1 session per week, followed by a follow-up period of 3 months. Polydocanol was used as a sclerosant. The analysis showed that sclerotherapy for recurrent nodular goiter allows all patients to reduce recurrent nodular formations, and in almost a third of cases, complete reduction of the nodes. On average, the decrease in the volume of thyroid residues was 9.6 ± 1.5 ml, and the size of nodular formations decreased by 17.2 ± 1.3 mm (3.7 times — from 23.6 ± 1.4 mm to 6.4 ± 0.7 mm, P <0.001). Nodes more than 3 cm, initially 19 %, ceased to be detected after the third course of sclerotherapy. In all cases, managed to eliminate hormonal imbalances in patients who initially had functional autonomy, as well as signs of compression of the neck organs. At the same time, sclerotherapy of nodules of the thyroid gland using polydocanol as a sclerosant is a safe minimally invasive treatment method, is not accompanied by severe pain and the risk of hypoparathyroidism and laryngeal paresis.

Download Full-text

Mineral chemistry, P-T pseudosection and in-situ U-Th-Pbtotal monazite geochronology of Banded Iron Formation from Bundelkhand craton North-Central India, and its geodynamic significance

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9812 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Baqar Raza ◽

Pritam Nasipuri ◽

Hifzurrahman

Keyword(s):

Central India ◽

Mineral Chemistry ◽

Iron Formation ◽

Age Group ◽

Banded Iron Formation ◽

Tectonic Zone ◽

Third Age ◽

The Third ◽

Hydrothermal Activities

The Banded Iron Formation (BIF) in Bundelkhand craton (BuC) occurred as supracrustals associated with TTG&#8217;s, amphibolites, calcsilicate rocks, and quartzite within the east-west trending Bundelkhand tectonic zone (BTZ). The BIFs near Mauranipur do not show any prominent iron-rich and silica-rich layer band and are composed of garnet, amphibole, quartz, and magnetite. The volumetrically dominant monoclinic-amphiboles are grunerite in composition. XMg of grunerite varies between 0.39-0.37. The garnets are Mn-rich, the XSpss of garnet ranges from 0.26-0.20, XPyp and XGrs vary between 0.10-0.06 and 0.07-0.05, respectively. P-T pseudosection analysis indicates that by destabilizing iron-silicate hydroxide phases through a series of dehydration and decarbonation reactions, amphibole and garnet stabilized in BIF at temperature 400-450&#176;C and pressure 0.1-0.2 GPa.Massive type BIFs have monazite grains that vary from 10 to 50 &#181;m in size, yield three distinct U-Th-Pbtotal age clusters. 10-20 &#181;m sized monazite grains yield the oldest age, 3098&#177;95 Ma. 2478&#177;37 Ma average age is obtained from the second group, which is relatively larger and volumetrically predominant. The third age group of Monaiztes gives an age of 2088&#177;110 Ma. ~3100 Ma monazite suggests the older supracrustal rocks of Bundelkhand craton, similar to those obtained from Singhbhum and the Dharwar craton. The 2478&#177;37 Ma age is constrained as the timing of metamorphism and stabilization of BuC. The third age group, 2088&#177;110 Ma probably associated with renewed hydrothermal activities, leading to rifting and emplacement of mafic dykes in BuC.

Download Full-text