STAPHYLOCOCCAL DISEASE OUTBREAKS IN HOSPITAL NURSERIES IN THE UNITED STATES—DECEMBER 1971 THROUGH MARCH 1972

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-417
Author(s):  
Richard E. Dixon ◽  
Richard A. Kaslow ◽  
George F. Mallison ◽  
John V. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States

Following the Food and Drug Administration's release of recommendations on limiting the use of products containing hexachlorophene (HCP) for bathing newborn infants, 142 hospitals spontaneously reported outbreaks of neonatal staphybococcal disease. Epidemiologic investigations were carried out in 73 of these hospitals; 66 had confirmed outbreaks of neonatal staphylococcal disease. In 60 of the 66, discontinuation of HCP bathing of newborn infants preceded the epidemic. Alterations in handwashing policies did not appear implicated in any outbreak investigated. These findings suggested that discontinuation of HCP bathing of newborn infants was associated with increased incidence of neonatal staphylococcal disease.

Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks in the United States, 1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hughes ◽  
M. H. Merson ◽  
R. A. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Borne

scholarly journals Phylogeographic Analysis Reveals Multiple International transmission Events Have Driven the Global Emergence of Escherichia coli O157:H7

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eelco Franz ◽  
Ovidiu Rotariu ◽  
Bruno S Lopes ◽  
Marion MacRae ◽  
James L Bono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Phylogeographic Analysis ◽  
International Distribution

AbstractBackgroundShiga toxin–producing Escherchia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that causes numerous food and waterborne disease outbreaks. It is globally distributed, but its origin and the temporal sequence of its geographical spread are unknown.MethodsWe analyzed whole-genome sequencing data of 757 isolates from 4 continents, and performed a pan-genome analysis to identify the core genome and, from this, extracted single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A timed phylogeographic analysis was performed on a subset of the isolates to investigate its worldwide spread.ResultsThe common ancestor of this set of isolates occurred around 1890 (1845–1925) and originated from the Netherlands. Phylogeographic analysis identified 34 major transmission events. The earliest were predominantly intercontinental, moving from Europe to Australia around 1937 (1909–1958), to the United States in 1941 (1921–1962), to Canada in 1960 (1943–1979), and from Australia to New Zealand in 1966 (1943–1982). This pre-dates the first reported human case of E. coli O157:H7, which was in 1975 from the United States.ConclusionsInter- and intra-continental transmission events have resulted in the current international distribution of E. coli O157:H7, and it is likely that these events were facilitated by animal movements (eg, Holstein Friesian cattle). These findings will inform policy on action that is crucial to reduce the further spread of E. coli O157:H7 and other (emerging) STEC strains globally.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Examining the case growth-rate due to Visitor vs Local Mobility using Machine Learning: A Study in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
satya katragadda ◽  
ravi teja bhupatiraju ◽  
vijay raghavan ◽  
ziad ashkar ◽  
raju gottumukkala
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mobile Phone Data ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Local Mobility ◽  
Local Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Travel patterns of humans play a major part in the spread of infectious diseases. This was evident in the geographical spread of COVID-19 in the United States. However, the impact of this mobility and the transmission of the virus due to local travel, compared to the population traveling across state boundaries, is unknown. This study evaluates the impact of local vs. visitor mobility in understanding the growth in the number of cases for infectious disease outbreaks. Methods: We use two different mobility metrics, namely the local risk and visitor risk extracted from trip data generated from anonymized mobile phone data across all 50 states in the United States. We analyzed the impact of just using local trips on infection spread and infection risk potential generated from visitors' trips from various other states. We used the Diebold-Mariano test to compare across three machine learning models. Finally, we compared the performance of models, including visitor mobility for all the three waves in the United States and across all 50 states. Results: We observe that visitor mobility impacts case growth and that including visitor mobility in forecasting the number of COVID-19 cases improves prediction accuracy by 34. We found the statistical significance with respect to the performance improvement resulting from including visitor mobility using the Diebold-Mariano test. We also observe that the significance was much higher during the first peak March to June 2020. Conclusion: With presence of cases everywhere (i.e. local and visitor), visitor mobility (even within the country) is shown to have significant impact on growth in number of cases. While it is not possible to account for other factors such as the impact of interventions, and differences in local mobility and visitor mobility, we find that these observations can be used to plan for both reopening and limiting visitors from regions where there are high number of cases.

Erythromycin Resistance in Neonatal Staphylococcal Infection: A Long-Term Survey

1977 ◽  
Vol 22 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 381-387
Author(s):  
J. O. Forfar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Erythromycin A ◽  
Long Term Survey ◽  
Do So

Twenty years ago staphylococcal infection was a major problem among newborn infants in hospitals. Hygienic measures had not proved very effective and the use of antibiotics, although clearly open to question, seemed a possible method of control. Erythromycin, a new antibiotic effective against staphylococci, had just been introduced but reports from the United States suggested that resistance could occur within months of usage. In trials in two hospitals in which erythromycin was not being used elsewhere, erythromycin resistance developed but took years to do so. The longer the period of usage was extended the greater the resistance. Withdrawal of the drug resulted ultimately in the disappearance of resistance. The resistant staphylococci spread throughout the hospital. The staphylococcal infection rate in the units where erythromycin was used did not fall but the mortality rate from staphylococcal infection did.

Shiva’s Babies

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-141
Author(s):  
Swasti Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Humility ◽  
Religious Perspectives

Discussing religious views from within any tradition is challenging because they are not monolithic. However, it is worth exploring religious perspectives because they are often the foundation, whether conscious or not, of the reasoning underlying people’s decisions. Following a brief discussion on the importance of cultural humility and understanding the worldview of patients, the author focuses on Hindu perspectives regarding the care of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Along with applying six elements of Hindu thought (underlying unity of all life, multivalent nature of Hindu traditions, dharma, emphasis on societal good, karma, and ahimsa), the author incorporates perspectives of Hindu adults, living in the United States, who responded to a nationwide survey regarding the care of high-risk newborn infants in the hospital.

Recent measles outbreaks in the United States: A look at the causes and responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Tracy Perron ◽  
Heather Larovere ◽  
Victoria Guerra ◽  
Kathleen Kilfeather ◽  
Nicole Pare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

As measles cases continue to rise in the United States and elsewhere, public health officials, health care providers and elected officials alike are facing critical questions of how to protect the health of the public from current and future vaccine preventable disease outbreaks while still preserving the religious and personal autonomy of the populations they serve. As measles cases are being examined and carefully managed, public health officials are also tasked with revisiting vaccination policies and agendas to determine the best evidence-based interventions to control this epidemic. To determine the best course of action for the public's interest, research and current literature must be examined to protect and promote the health and wellbeing of those currently affected by the measles outbreak and those yet to be exposed.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Three Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype Ia Isolates Obtained from Disease Outbreaks in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Jaglarz ◽  
Artur Gurgul ◽  
William J. Leigh ◽  
Janina Z. Costa ◽  
Kim D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus

ABSTRACT This paper describes the whole-genome sequences for three Streptococcus agalactiae serotype Ia isolates. The isolates were recovered from the brains of clinically sick tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, that were suffering from streptococcosis. One isolate was from tilapia in the United States and the other two from fish in China.

Corroboration That Highly Resistant Impatiens Cultivars Are Not Immune to Downy Mildew Disease: A Report of Crop Losses from Two California Producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-216
Author(s):  
Margery Daughtrey ◽  
Janna Beckerman ◽  
William J. Davis ◽  
Karen Rane ◽  
Jo Anne Crouch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Action Groups ◽  
Downy Mildew Disease

Two new series of Impatiens walleriana (impatiens) cultivars, Beacon and Imara XDR, were released to commercial growers in the United States in 2019 to 2020. Field trials show these new cultivar series are highly resistant to impatiens downy mildew (IDM). However, neither of these two impatiens series are completely immune to the disease, and preventive fungicide programs are still recommended for use throughout production to maintain plant health. Here we report two destructive outbreaks of IDM from Imara XDR in two commercial production facilities in California, one in 2019 and one in 2020. The disease outbreaks were caused by a known rDNA genotype of Plasmopara destructor (synonym = P. obducens). Modified Koch’s postulates showed that the pathogen could infect and cause disease in both Beacon and Imara XDR plants. Mefenoxam applied by both growers may have been ineffective due to resistance in P. destructor populations, which has been demonstrated on several previous occasions. Given these findings, fungicide programs intended to supplement genetic resistance should not be overly reliant upon application of mefenoxam and should utilize effective materials from different mode of action groups, in rotation. Fungicides to supplement genetic resistance are particularly appropriate in frost-free areas or in any circumstances that provide a potential inoculum source.

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