The Use of Whole Cow's Milk in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-255
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Breast Fed

Breast-feeding with appropriate supplementation is the preferred method of feeding infants 6 to 12 months old. Although many mothers will continue to breast-feed or formula-feed their babies through the first year of life, there is at present no convincing evidence from well-designed research studies that feeding whole cow's milk after 6 months of age is harmful if adequate supplementary feedings are given. Research to answer the crucial questions discussed here must be carried out before firm recommendations can be made concerning the age at which it is safe to introduce WCM in infants' diets. Until these questions can be answered, the following recommendations for feeding infants 6 to 12 months old pertain. If breast-feeding has been completely discontinued and infants are consuming one third of their calories as supplemental foods consisting of a balanced mixture of cereal, vegetables, fruits, and other foods (thereby assuring adequate sources of both iron and vitamin C), whole cow's milk may beintroduced. The amount fed should be limited to less than 1 L daily. Most infants who are not breast-fed should be consuming a significant portion of their calories from supplemental foods after they are 6 months old; those who are not should be given an iron-fortified formula. Reduced fat content milk is not recommended during infancy.

Health Hazards of Cow's Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1022-1023
Author(s):  
FRANK A. OSKI
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
First Year ◽  
International Debate ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
The World ◽  
First Year Of Life

In Reply.— An exchange of letters in a journal is an unsatisfactory forum to conduct an international debate but I feel compelled to respond to the correspondence of Professor Tönz. Professor Tönz expresses concern that my remarks may be interpreted as "recommending the abolishment of feeding practices that have developed over the centuries..." Are the feeding practices that Professor Tönz has in mind the introduction of whole cow's milk before the infant is 1 year of age or the use of whole milk after the first year of life? Neither practice has been in place for centuries "all over the world."

scholarly journals Study of correlation between breast feeding and wheezing in children

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Sagar Potharajula ◽  
Shreedhara Avabratha Kadke
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
History Of

Background: Wheezing is the most common chronic health problem in childhood. Many studies have found protective effect of breastfeeding on wheezing, while few others have not. Hence this study was taken up to find out the correlation between breastfeeding and wheezing in children.Methods: Case control study done in a Medical College Hospital. Cases were children of 2-5yrs age with history of wheezing or who had received nebulisation. Controls were children without history of wheezing or nebulisation. Mothers were interviewed with a predesigned proforma. Results were analysed by Chi square test and Odd’s ratio and p value <0.05 was considered significant.Results: There were 92 cases and 184 controls. Sixteen (53.4%), 48 and 27 cases were breastfed less than 1year, till 2yrs and beyond 2yrs respectively. 14 (46.6%), 128, and 40 were the numbers in control group. Breast feeding duration till 1 year of age is statistically correlated with wheezing with p value of 0.02, higher proportion of children who were breastfed for less than 1 year had wheezing when compared to controls. 26 cases out of 69 were not exclusively breast fed till 6 months and 66 cases out of 207 were exclusively breastfed. Higher proportion of cases who were not exclusively breastfed had developed wheeze although it was not significant statistically. 45 cases (36.8%) were initiated on cow’s milk before 1yr of age, 47 cases (30.5%) were initiated after 1year. Higher proportion of children who were initiated on cow’s milk early had developed wheeze but was not significant statistically. 34 cases and 24 controls had family history of asthma. With family history wheezing episodes were 3.72 times more likely irrespective of breast-feeding duration.Conclusions: Breast feeding gives protection against wheezing in children. Mothers should be encouraged to breast feed their children.

Early risk factors for cow's milk allergy in children in the first year of life

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. e44-e54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Sardecka ◽  
Ewa Łoś-Rycharska ◽  
Hanna Ludwig ◽  
Julia Gawryjołek ◽  
Aneta Krogulska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cow’S Milk Allergy ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
First Year ◽  
Milk Allergy ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk Allergy ◽  
Early Risk ◽  
Early Risk Factors ◽  
First Year Of Life

Determinants of Growth From Birth to 12 Months Among Breast-Fed Honduran Infants in Relation to Age of Introduction of Complementary Foods

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-510
Author(s):  
Roberta J. Cohen ◽  
Kenneth H. Brown ◽  
Judy Canahuati ◽  
Leonardo Landa Rivera ◽  
Kathryn G. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
First Year ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
The Us ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Breast Fed

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of introducing complementary foods to exclusively breast-fed infants at 4 vs 6 months on growth from 6 to 12 months, and to compare growth patterns of Honduran infants with those of breast-fed infants in the United States. Design. Randomized intervention trial from 4 to 6 months and longitudinal study of infants from birth to 12 months. Setting. Low-income communities in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Subjects. Primiparous, breast-feeding mothers and their infants (n = 141) recruited from public maternity hospitals. Intervention. Infants were randomly assigned to exclusive breast-feeding to 6 months, or exclusive breast-feeding with addition of hygienically prepared, nutritionally adequate complementary foods at 4 months, with or without maintenance of baseline breast-feeding frequency. After 6 months, mothers continued to breast-feed and also fed their infants home-prepared foods after receiving instruction in appropriate feeding practices. Outcome Measures. Infant weight was measured monthly during the first year of life and infant length monthly from 4 to 12 months. Statistical Analysis. Growth parameters were compared between the Honduran and US cohorts using multiple-regression and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify determinants of infant growth. Results. There were no differences in growth patterns by intervention group. Mean birth weight of the Honduran infants was significantly less than that of a cohort of breast-fed infants in an affluent US population (n = 46) (2889 ± 482 vs 3611 ± 509 g), but the Honduran infants exhibited rapid catch up in weight in the first few months of life, and the cohorts were similar in weight by 3 months. Mean weight and length gain were similar to those of the US cohort from 4 to 9 months but were lower from 9 to 12 months. Mean length for age was significantly less than that of the US cohort from 4 to 12 months; this was attributable to the difference in maternal height (12 cm shorter in Honduras on average). Within the Honduran cohort, growth velocity of low birth weight infants (&lt;2500 g; n = 28) was similar to that of their normal birth weight peers; thus, the former subgroup remained smaller than the latter throughout the first year of life. Conclusions. In poor populations, when breast-feeding is exclusive for the first 4 to 6 months, continues from 6 to 12 months, and is accompanied by generally adequate complementary foods, faltering in weight does not occur before 9 months among infants born with birth weights of more than 2500 g.

Breast-Feeding and Infectious Illness, Power and Confidence Intervals

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079-1080
Author(s):  
JUDY HOPKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
First Year ◽  
Infectious Illness ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Breast Fed

The article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue of Pediatrics was provocative. Like Mulford, I too am concerned about the definitions of breast-feeding used in the study. Breast-feeding and formula-feeding are defined in such a way that the study actually examines the impact of the degree of breast-feeding on health of breast-fed infants. This may be an important issue in Denmark where the incidence of breast-feeding at 1 month is more than 90%.

Breast-Feeding: Second Thoughts

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-764
Author(s):  
John W. Gerrard
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Protection Against Infection ◽  
Breast Fed

A number of studies have shown that breast-feeding not only supplies the infant with nourishment but gives him immunologic protection against infection as well. Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop respiratory and gastrointestinal infections and allergic reactions. Infants slowly develop their own immunologic defenses in the months after birth, and breast-feeding is a hygienic, gradual method of protection during the transition to immunologic independence. Best protection is achieved when the infant receives breast milk alone for, at least, the first six months of life. Pediatricians should be aware that this is particularly important in areas where contamination of cow's milk and other foods is likely and where medical facilities are inadequate.

scholarly journals Modern features of breast-feeding infants of the first year of life and care of them

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (2 (66)) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Yu. M. Nechytailo ◽  
I. S. Seman'-Min`ko ◽  
O. G. Buriak
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
First Year ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Breast Fed

The paper analyzes the principles of feeding infants of the first year of life, which modern mothers adhere to. A total of 87 infants aged under one year who were breast-fed have been examined. It is shown that the approaches to feeding children and introducing complementary feeding guidelines are somewhat different from the international recommendations on supporting breastfeeding. The main difficulties faced by the mother during natural breastfeeding an infant have been mentioned and analyzed.

scholarly journals Immunological programming by breast milk creates an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu in breast-fed infants compared to formula-fed infants

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 1962-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essi Kainonen ◽  
Samuli Rautava ◽  
Erika Isolauri
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Allergic Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Milieu ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Anti Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Breast Fed

Breast milk provides important maturational stimuli to an infant's developing immune system. However, data concerning the role of breast-feeding in reducing the risk of allergic disease remain contradictory. Previous studies have centred on comparative analyses of breast milk and formula compositions. We chose a slightly different angle, whereby we focused on the effects of the chosen diet on the infant himself, comparing the immune development of formula-fed and breast-fed children. The objective of the present study was to determine how the mode of feeding affects infant immunology. Altogether, eighteen formula-fed infants with limited breast-feeding for < 3 months and twenty-nine infants who were exclusively breast-fed for >3 months were included in the study. Concentrations of interferon γ, TNF-α IL-10, IL-5, IL-4 and IL-2 were measured simultaneously from the same serum sample through use of a multiplexed flow cytometric assay at the ages of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) was measured using ELISA at the same time points. Serum TNF-α and IL-2 concentrations were significantly higher in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants during the first year of life (ANOVA, P= 0·002). The serum concentrations of TGF-β were significantly lower in formula-fed than in breast-fed infants throughout the first year of life (ANOVA, P≤ 0·0001). Exclusive breast-feeding promotes an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu, which is maintained throughout infancy. Such an immunological environment limits hyper-responsiveness and promotes tolerisation, possibly prohibiting the onset of allergic disease.

scholarly journals Growth Impairment and Nutritional Deficiencies in a Cow's Milk-Allergic Infant Fed by Unmodified Donkey's Milk

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enza D'Auria ◽  
Marzia Mandelli ◽  
Patrizia Ballista ◽  
Francesco Di Dio ◽  
Marcello Giovannini
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Growth Impairment ◽  
First Year Of Life

We report a case of growth impairment and nutritional deficiencies in a five-month infant fed by unmodified donkey's milk. We discuss the energy and macronutrient daily intake from donkey's milk and the nutritional consequences that can occur if this kind of milk is used unmodified in the first year of life.

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