Etiology of Ventricular Septal Defects: An Epidemiologic Approach

To investigate the recent 150% increase in the reported incidence of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in the United States, the epidemiology of ventricular septal defects was examined. The apparent incidence of VSDs is highly dependent on case finding methods, and more complete diagnosis and reporting probably account for the increase in reported incidence. Variations in case ascertainment also account for the small differences in incidence in studies from different places. The several known risk factors for VSD, including a family history of congenital heart disease and exposure to certain drugs, infectious agents, and maternal metabolic disturbances, explain few cases. Incidence rates are similar in different races and seasons and are unrelated to maternal age, birth order, sex, and socioeconomic status. VSDs occur naturally in a wide range of mammals and in birds, which also have four-chambered hearts. Despite identical genes and similar prenatal environments, the concordance rate in identical twins is only about 10%. The consistency of incidence among individuals with widely differing genes and environments and the frequency of discordance in identical twins suggest that VSDs often occur as random errors in development, at a frequency largely determined by the complexity of normal cardiac morphogenesis. This hypothesis has two major implications: many VSDs are not preventable and parents need not feel responsible for VSDs in their children.

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A longitudinal study of suicide and suicide attempt in northwest of Iran: incidence, predictors, and socioeconomic status and the role of sociocultural status

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11527-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ali Fakhari ◽

Mostafa Farahbakhsh ◽

Elham Davtalab Esmaeili ◽

Hosein Azizi

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Religious Commitment ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Wide Range ◽

Multiple Variable ◽

History Of

Abstract Background A detailed community-level understanding of socioeconomic status (SES) and sociocultural status (SCS) of suicides and suicide attempters (SAs) in a prospective design could have significant implications for policymakers at the local prevention and treatment levels. The effect of SCS and SES on SAs is poorly understood and investigated in Iran. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence, trend, and role of SES and SCS on suicide and SAs. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted based on the registry for SAs in Malekan County, Iran, from 2015 to 2018. Demographic characteristics, SES, SCS, incidence rates, and predictors of suicidal behaviors were measured via structured instruments. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 853 SAs (32 suicides and 821 attempts) were identified during the study. Trend analysis revealed that the suicide rate significantly decreased from 2014 (10.28) to 2018 (1.75) per 100,000. In the final multiple variable models, age (26–40), male sex, unemployment, antisocial activities, history of SA, hanging method, and season (spring) increased the suicide risk while religious commitment had protective effects on suicide. Conclusions Our findings indicated that demographic characteristics, low SES, and SCS are associated with suicide. In this county, trend of suicide and SA were decreased from 2014 to 2018. This study findings highlight the need to consider a wide range of contextual variables, socio-demographic, SES, and SCS in suicide prevention strategies. Improving inter-sectoral collaborations and policymakers’ attitudes are imperative for SA reduction.

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The Oxford Handbook of Quintilian

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713784.001.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Literary Criticism ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Performing Arts ◽

Late Antiquity ◽

The United States ◽

Educational Programme ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Visual And Performing Arts ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of

M. Fabius Quintilianus was a prominent orator, declaimer, and teacher of eloquence in the first century ce. After his retirement he wrote the Institutio oratoria, a unique treatise in Antiquity because it is a handbook of rhetoric and an educational treatise in one. Quintilian’s fame and influence are not only based on the Institutio, but also on the two collections of Declamations which were attributed to him in late Antiquity. The Oxford Handbook of Quintilian aims to present Quintilian’s Institutio as a key treatise in the history of Graeco-Roman rhetoric and its influence on the theory and practice of rhetoric and education, from late Antiquity until the present day. It contains chapters on Quintilian’s educational programme, his concepts and classifications of rhetoric, his discussion of the five canons of rhetoric, his style, his views on literary criticism, declamation, and the relationship between rhetoric and law, and the importance of the visual and performing arts in his work. His huge legacy is presented in successive chapters devoted to Quintilian in late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance, Northern Europe during the Renaissance, Europe from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century, and the United States of America. There are also chapters devoted to the biographical tradition, the history of printed editions, and modern assessments of Quintilian. The twenty-one authors of the chapters represent a wide range of expertise and scholarly traditions and thus offer a unique mixture of current approaches to Quintilian from a multidisciplinary perspective.

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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN WITH VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS ASSESSED BY SERIAL RIGHT-HEART CATHETERIZATION

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.27.4.621 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 621-626

Author(s):

Robert E. Stanton ◽

Donald C. Fyler

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Arterial Pressure ◽

Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Right Heart Catheterization ◽

Heart Catheterization ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Septal Defects ◽

History Of ◽

Pulmonary Arterial

The natural history of the pulmonary arterial pressure in 23 children with isolated ventricular septal defects has been evaluated by serial night heart catheterization. In none of the 23 patients was there a significant increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. Eight patients showed a significant decrease. The direction of shunts did not change between procedures, and the clinical status was stable. Our experience correlated well with the majority of institutions. It would appear that the natural course of pulmonary arterial pressure in ventricular septal defect is not commonly one of progressive rise.

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A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China

Problemy Dalnego Vostoka ◽

10.31857/s013128120017866-3 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Weiyun Mа

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

20Th Century ◽

Far East ◽

The United States ◽

Russian Language ◽

Early 20Th Century ◽

Qing Empire ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

The Republic

The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.

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Elucidation of the natural history of ventricular septal defects by serial Doppler color flow mapping studies

Journal of the American College of Cardiology ◽

10.1016/0735-1097(89)90270-2 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1111-1118 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Lisa K. Hornberger ◽

David J. Sahn ◽

Kimberly A. Krabill ◽

Frederick S. Sherman ◽

Richard E. Swensson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Ventricular Septal Defects ◽

Flow Mapping ◽

Color Flow ◽

Septal Defects ◽

Color Flow Mapping ◽

History Of ◽

Doppler Color

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Dent Management Program

2004 International Pipeline Conference, Volumes 1, 2, and 3 ◽

10.1115/ipc2004-0393 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Jackie McCoy ◽

Scott Ironside

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Management Program ◽

Assessment Model ◽

Third Party ◽

Time To Failure ◽

Pipe Material ◽

Engineering Analysis ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Project Lead

Enbridge Pipelines Inc. owns and operates the world’s longest hydrocarbon transmission system, which traverses across the varying geophysical landforms of Canada and the United States. These pipelines range in diameter from 12” to 48” and were constructed between 1950 and 2003. The wide range of pipe sizes, practices used for construction, and landforms traversed result in a very challenging Dent Management Program. Standards such as CSA Z662-99, ASME B31.4, and B31.8 provide a criterion for the selection of dents that require repair. Experience has shown that these standards do not identify all dents that have a possibility of failure due to leak or rupture. Enbridge initiated a project to study dents with BMT Fleet Technology of Kanata Ontario, this study determined that the dent geometry in addition to the depth to pipe diameter ratio affects the propensity that a dent will fail. Recent research and development by a group sponsored project lead by BMT Fleet technology on dent characterization has combined the pipeline’s cyclic pressure history with the shape of the dent to predict a time to failure. Enbridge combines these tools along with new insights from field excavations into its Dent Management Program. The Dent Management Program includes a series of prioritization’s to determine which sections of pipelines require detailed dent analysis. Typical prioritization criteria are rocky terrain, larger occurrence of third party damage, and history of numerous dents or failures. The detailed analysis utilizes the BMT Fleet “Dent Characterization Criteria” which was developed using their Finite Element Dent Assessment Model. This model considers the geometry of the dent, pipe material properties and historical pressure data to predict a time to failure for each dent. This time to failure prediction requires some additional engineering analysis depending on how close the parameters of the actual pipe are to what was validated with the model. This engineering analysis will determine which dents are selected for excavation and examination. This model has provided Enbridge with a tool to better manage its dent program, and this will be proposed as an option to improve the existing standards.

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The Social History of Alcohol as Portrayed in the Comics up to the End of the Prohibition Era

Journal of Drug Issues ◽

10.1177/002204268601600407 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 585-608 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sylvia Lambert ◽

Stephen Israelstam

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social History ◽

The United States ◽

Considerable Effect ◽

Comic Strips ◽

Daily Newspapers ◽

The Social ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

The Media

The mass media tend to shape the values and opinions of their audience as well as reflect the culture in which they exist. The comics have long been an integral part of the media, appealing to a wide range of age and social class. As such, they could have considerable effect on attitudes and behaviours regarding alcohol consumption. In this paper, we examine the comic strips appearing in the daily newspapers before, during and up to the end of the Prohibition era in the United States, to see how alcohol was portrayed during this period when its manufacture and sale were prohibited.

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