THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-512
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Period ◽  
The Public ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Military

DURING the early days of World War II families of Servicemen in the lowest pay grades found difficulty in securing medical care at the time of the birth of a new baby. Two primary factors contributed to this difficulty: 1. Insufficient financial resources of many men in lowest pay grades. 2. Inadequate facilities for care in certain areas where there were large concentrations of servicemen. Such a state of affairs threatened the health of women and children. There also resulted an adverse effect on the morale of servicemen. At first local governmental agencies took action to remedy the situation; finally, the Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program (EMIC) was established by the Federal government on a nationwide basis. This program was administered by State health agencies which received unmatched Federal funds through the Children's Bureau. These funds paid for maternity care (prenatal, delivery and postnatal), the care of any illness of the mother during the prenatal and postnatal period, and care of the infant (preventive and curative) during the first year of life. Wives and infants of men in the four lowest pay grades of the military services were eligible. During the total period of the war, over 1,200,000 mothers and 230,000 infants received service under the program.

“Self-Interest Well Understood”: The Origins & Lessons of Public Confidence in the Military

Daedalus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Hill ◽  
Leonard Wong ◽  
Stephen J. Gerras
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Physical Defense ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
High Regard ◽  
The Military ◽  
The U.S

In recent decades, the U.S. military has enjoyed high levels of public confidence. We argue that the rise (and sustainment) of public confidence in the military reflects two phenomena. First, the public has a high regard for the military and its mission, arising from a shift to a professional (nonconscript) force that is perceived to be competent, fair, and accountable. Second, the public has little fear of military abuses in the domestic arena, owing chiefly to the reduced domestic presence of the military in the post – World War II era, with less emphasis on the physical defense of the homeland; and to the military's careful cultivation of an apolitical culture since Vietnam. We conclude with a brief discussion of the military's efforts to develop and encourage public-mindedness among its members, and the challenges to replicating the military approach in other institutional settings.

Beyond Bizarre: Nature, Culture and the Spectacular Failure of B.F. Skinner’s Pigeon-Guided Missiles

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Justyna Włodarczyk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
War Machine ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Military ◽  
Type Of Behavior

The article uses posthumanism and animal studies as a framework for making sense of B.F. Skinner’s wartime project of training pigeons to guide missiles, with emphasis on explaining the negative response of the donors and the public. The article first considers the hypothesis that the donors’ incredulity was evoked by the species of the animal. During World War II the United States began a massive program for the training of dogs for the military, and the campaign received unanimously positive publicity in the media. Possibly, thus, dogs were perceived as capable of bravery and sacrifice while pigeons were not. However, messenger pigeons had been traditionally incorporated into the war machine and were perceived as heroic. Thus, the analysis moves on to suggest that the perception of the project as ridiculous was related to the type of behavior performed by the animals: a behavior perceived as trained (artificially acquired) and not instinctive. The analysis then shifts into how the distinction between what is perceived as instinctive (natural) and learned (artificial) behavior influences the reception of different performances involving animals. Performances built around “natural” behaviors generate much stronger positive responses, even if the naturalness of these behaviors is a carefully crafted effect.

scholarly journals Clinical assessment of urination in young children

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Ludmila A. Deryugina ◽  
T. V. Otpuschennikova
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
First Year ◽  
Functional Immaturity ◽  
Controlling Behavior ◽  
Volume Characteristics ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Nighttime Sleep

The aim of the study was to study the formation of urination in young children, taking into account perinatal factors. Material and methods. the pattern of urination was studied in 42 patients at the stages of antenatal observation, after birth during the first year of life and at the age of three. Clinical evaluation of urination was performed in young children using a developed qualimetric table that takes into account the volume of the bladder and frequency of urination, the nature of urination, the presence of urge to urinate and behavioral reactions. At the age of three, a qualimetric table was used to evaluate E. L. Vishnevsky’s urination (2001). The observation group consisted of 42 patients whose urination pattern was studied at the stages of antenatal observation, during the first year of life and at the age of three. The features of the course of the antenatal and postnatal period of children’s development were taken into account: pregnancy complications, fetal pathological conditions, features of the morpho-functional state of infants, and neurological comorbidities. Results. According to the results of clinical evaluation of urination in children at 3 years of age, 3 groups of children were identified: with “Mature”,”delayed formation of “Mature” type of urination”, as well as “dysfunctional type of urination”. Conclusions. the manifestations of “maturity of urination” in infants at the age of 1 year are the compliance of hydrodynamic indicators with age standards, the formation of continuous urination, signs of controlling behavior: behavioral reaction to the urge, the absence of” missing urine “during the day, during daytime and nighttime sleep, “urination on request”. The “delay in the formation of mature urination type”, the formation of “dysfunctional urination type “ revealed the determining influence of the pathological course of the antenatal period of child development, the implementation of signs of pathological fetal urination, the presence of neurological symptoms and signs of morpho-functional immaturity of the postnatal period. “Dysfunctional urination” was manifested by: a decrease in the capacity of the bladder and the discrepancy between the hydrodynamic characteristics of the age parameters; monotony of the volume characteristics of the bladder during the day; imperative contractions of the bladder, that is, the presence of “wet gaps” between urination; urination during sleep; as well as a delay or lack of urge to urinate, behavioral responses and neatness skills.

A “Rising Tide” of Students: the Public Sector

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nasaw
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Displaced Workers ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

Like other patriotic institutions, higher education enlisted for service in World War II and re-enlisted for the Cold War. The universities and colleges enthusiastically provided the military and private industry with trained personnel and scientific R&D and the society-at-large with the best unemployment insurance federal money could buy. The G.I.’s, over two million of them, were welcomed into the institutions of higher education, where, as we have seen, they prospered. The schools that accepted them did as well: the money the veterans brought with them enabled the institutions to survive and remain relatively solvent through what could have been a difficult period. Though the G.I. Bill had the effect of bailing out the nation’s colleges and universities, it was originally designed not to aid education as much as to deter unemployment. In this it was most effective. Between 1945 and 1948, with G.I. enrollments close to one million, the unemployment rate stayed below 4 percent. Only in 1949, with veteran enrollment on the decline, did the rate climb back above 5 percent where it remained until the outbreak of another war. Though the postwar buying spree and the diversion of veterans from unemployment lines to college campuses had forestalled a postwar depression, the specter of massive unemployment was not entirely exorcised. The Employment Act of 1946 codified what would become a chief task of the federal government throughout the postwar period: the maintenance of unemployment levels at a rate high enough to provide employers with a reserve army to draw from but not high enough to recreate depression conditions and the possibility of social explosion. Holding unemployment down to a reasonable level through the fifties and sixties was no simple task. The corporations—through automation at home and relocation overseas—displaced workers; the federal government was expected to get them back to work or at least defuse the social discontent and potential economic catastrophe they represented. The unions took little responsibility for the shrinkage in the number of workers.

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTING CONTEMPORARY PARENTHOOD IN DIGITAL SPACES: A WALKTHROUGH OF INFANT FEEDING APPLICATIONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Langton
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
User Resistance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
First Year Of Life

Infant feeding and baby tracking apps remain extremely popular mobile applications, downloaded by millions of parents to facilitate the feeding and care of children in their first year of life. These applications are commonly considered as part of a wider ecology of apps to manage reproductive health, which are typically gendered in design. Unsurprisingly, research on infant feeding apps to date has focussed on analysing these applications through a critical feminist lens, problematising the surveillance and disciplining of women’s bodies, since the tracking of infant care tracks the caregiver as much as the baby. These issues relate to broader societal trends around the datafication of family life, as well as participatory and co-surveillance practices, which ultimately support data-dependent surveillance capitalism. Yet, the predominant focus on critical perspectives on these technologies tends to construct their uses as disempowering, and their users as lacking agency. This work-in-progress paper explores how contemporary parenthood is constructed and mediated through the functionalities and technological design of infant feeding apps. It employs a feminist lens, while striking a balance between critical analysis and the identification of opportunities for user resistance, agency and empowerment. The app walkthrough method was used to examine two infant feeding applications, the commercial Feed Baby and the public health-oriented mum2mum. The study’s findings indicate that infant feeding applications are diverse in design and functionalities, providing opportunities for resistance and empowerment, that complicate and challenge understandings of parenting apps as (dis)empowering technologies.

From Wartime Instruction to Superpower Cinema

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Tsika
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
American Military ◽  
Manufacturing Plants ◽  
The Public ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
The Military ◽  
Industrial State ◽  
The U.S

This chapter, by Noah Tsika, considers the U.S. military’s cultivation of documentary as a form of “useful cinema,” arguing that the institution’s emphasis on formal hybridity and pedagogic adaptability, far from being a neutral reflection of the contingencies of wartime, was, in fact, strategic—part of a broader attempt to naturalize the large-scale military and ensure its permanence. Even when the military identified them as timely documents designed to catalyze an Allied victory, many World War II training films were meant to last—to remain useful tools of the American military-industrial state, whether screened in conjunction with the public-education initiatives of local newspapers or excerpted for use in private manufacturing plants.

scholarly journals “The Peculiar Anomaly”: Same-Sex Infidelity in Postwar Divorce Courts

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Lefkovitz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
World War ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Local Police ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Military

It was a simple tale of betrayal. In 1950, a Pennsylvania husband returned home from a business trip to find his wife—known to us today only by her initials CD—having sex with the female athletic director of a local school. This wife was only one of many women caught having sex with other women in the era following World War II. Although many closeted men and women enjoyed vibrant sexual and social lives in gay and lesbian communities, sometimes commanding officers, bosses, and police officers caught and punished men and women engaging in “deviant” sexual activity. Punishments ranged from arrests during a bar raid to a dismissal from a job. A double life in the public sphere was fragile. Scholars have paid less attention, however, to the insecure closeted lives of husbands and wives such as CD. Although certainly not all men and women who engaged in same-sex encounters entered traditional heterosexual marriages, many did. Their motivations for marrying ranged from the hope that marriage would cure same-sex desire to financial concerns. Sometimes, a husband or wife discovered his or her spouse's homosexual infidelity. A potential punitive outcome for this encounter was not an arrest, pink slip, or a dishonorable discharge; instead a spouse could end up in divorce court. Like the federal government, the military, the local police, and private employers, then, divorce courts also had to devise strategies and philosophies with which to deal with the problem of homosexuality.

scholarly journals Conduct of pediatricians in relation to the oral health of children

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isadora Mello Vilarinho Soares ◽  
Alynne Moreira Reis Borges da Silva ◽  
Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus Moura ◽  
Marina de Deus Moura de Lima ◽  
Otacílio Batista de Sousa Nétto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Dental Appointment

OBJECTIVE: Pediatricians are health professionals who treat the child during the first years of their life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the conduct adopted by pediatricians regarding the oral health of children. METHOD: This was a descriptive cross-sectional observational study with a sample of 100 physicians specialized in pediatrics, working in the public and private sectors. A questionnaire was used for data collection, and the pediatricians were approached in their workplaces. RESULT: Most pediatricians (69%) belong to the female gender, with an average age of 48 years, and work in both the public and private sectors of health and have over 20 years of professional experience. Regarding their level of knowledge on oral health, 59% consider it to be good and 59% said that they had not been approached about this issue during their training in pediatrics. Ninety-two percent routinely examine the oral cavity of the baby; 64% recommend the use of fluoridated toothpaste, and 66.7% direct patients to a dental appointment in the first year of life. Regarding breastfeeding at night, 55.6% do not make the association between breastfeeding and the onset of early childhood caries. Furthermore, 74.7% do not justify the associations between the eruption of the first primary teeth and systemic manifestations, and 93% contraindicate the use of a dummy. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that pediatricians have proactive attitudes with regards to oral health. However, they need more information on the importance of fluoride for the control of dental caries

scholarly journals VARIABILITY OF THE ERYTHROID INDICES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN CHILDREN OF THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE AS A MANIFESTATION OF GENOTYPE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
G.V. Chernova ◽  
V.V. Sidorov ◽  
L.V. Shiryaeva ◽  
M.A. Timofeeva ◽  
V.V. Petrosyan
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
First Year ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Biometric Analysis ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
First Year Of Life

The paper presents the study results of the dynamics in the erythroid indices of peripheral blood in children of the early postnatal period ontogenesis. All of them were healthy, showed no developmental defects. Based on the results of biometric analysis of the data obtained, the significance of genetic and environmental factors in the identified dynamics was determined. It was largely caused by the influence of natural factors caused by cosmophysical processes during children's development years, such as an increase in the indicators of various types of radiation and basic indexes of solar activity. We conducted a quantitative assessment of their influence on the variability of all erythrocyte indices.

scholarly journals The first year of a child's life in an armenian family (in Samara)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Liana Alekseevna Agadzanyan
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
First Year ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The City

The theme of childhood is one of the most important and interesting in the Russian and foreign ethnography, because for a long time researchers have not given attention to this problem. In the middle of the XX century scientists emphasize the description of children's cycle ceremonies, public education. Today questions of birth and care of a child, his education in ethno-cultural and another cultural environment are in the forefront of the study of the peoples. Our investigation focuses on the first year of life of the children of Armenian ethnos living in the city of Samara. In this paper two sub-ethnic groups (Armenians from the Republic of Armenia, Baku Armenians) of the Armenian community, that take different approaches to bringing up children are considered. This paper presents a consolidated material on the education, traditions and customs of the first year of life of the Armenian children. The article highlights the current issues of ethnography: pregnancy, childbirth and naming the baby, the postnatal period in the life of the child and the woman, nutrition, clothes, amulets, etc. Thus, the study of this issue has shown that there are certain differences in some aspects of childhood culture between the two Armenian groups in Samara, albeit minor. Baku Armenians are more liable to other cultures and other ethnic influence, which manifests itself in the rites of baptism, fairy tales, cola-cabling, and you select a name for the baby.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document