The Effects of HIV on Cognitive and Motor Development in Children Born to HIV-Seropositive Women With No Reported Drug Use: Birth to 24 Months

Objective. This study documents delays in the mental and motor functioning of infants perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) while controlling for confounding effects of prenatal drug exposure, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and maternal separation and death. Methods. The cognitive and motor development of 126 infants born to nondrug-using, HIV-seropositive Haitian women was assessed at 3-month intervals through 24 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. By 18 months of age, 28 of the infants were diagnosed as HIV-infected, and the 98 uninfected infants served as a control group. The infected and uninfected infants did not differ with respect to mean gestational age, birth weight, ethnicity, or rates of maternal separation and death. Results. By 3 months of age, the mean mental and motor scores of the infected infants were significantly lower than those of the uninfected controls. Furthermore, the initial differences between the two groups increased over time, as many of the infected infants became increasingly delayed. Although the infected infants tended to perform more poorly than the uninfected infants, nearly one third of the infected infants exhibited relatively normal cognitive development and half demonstrated relatively normal motor development. Conclusions. Over the first 24 months of life, the mean rate of development of HIV-infected infants is significantly slower than that of noninfected infants born to seropositive mothers. This occurs even when the effects are not confounded with those of prenatal drug exposure.

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Intellectual Development After Severe Malnutrition in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.54.3.306 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 306-311

Author(s):

John D. Lloyd-Still ◽

Irving Hurwitz ◽

Peter H. Wolff ◽

Harry Shwachman

Keyword(s):

Motor Development ◽

Intellectual Development ◽

Social Adaptation ◽

Severe Malnutrition ◽

Control Group ◽

Intellectual Performance ◽

Social Maturity ◽

Motor Abilities ◽

The Mean ◽

Malnourished Group

Intellectual performance, sensory motor abilities and social adaptation were studied in 41 subjects (2 to 21 years of age) who had severe malnutrition in infancy. A control group consisted of 41 siblings. The mean IQ of 31 parents was 108 (S.D. $$Word$$ 11.3). Socioeconomic deprivation was not present. The results of the Merrill-Palmer test for the malnourished group and the controls revealed significant differences in favor of the controls. No differences were found in the older population for whom the WISC and WAIS were used. The Lincoln-Oseretsky test of motor development and the Vineland scale of social maturity showed no significant differences. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that malnutrition in infancy can affect intellectual development in the first five years of life. Beyond this age, given adequate socioeconomic support, no significant differencces were observed.

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Motor development in children with congenital cardiac diseases compared to their healthy peers

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951107001023 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 487-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Birna Bjarnason-Wehrens ◽

Sigrid Dordel ◽

Sabine Schickendantz ◽

Constanze Krumm ◽

Daniel Bott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Motor Development ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Parental Overprotection ◽

Coordination Test ◽

Congenital Cardiac Disease ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender

AbstractTheir perceptual and motor experiences determine the physical and motor development of children, and impact also on their emotional, psychosocial, and cognitive development. Our aim, therefore, was to evaluate motor development in children with congenitally malformed hearts compared to their healthy peers.We compared 194 children, with a mean age of 10.0 years, and standard deviation of 2.7 years, representing the entire spectrum of congenital cardiac disease, to a control group of 455 healthy children, having a mean age 9.6 years, with standard deviation of 2.17 years. The bodily coordination test for children was used to examine motor development.Of the children with congenitally malformed hearts, 26.8% showed moderate, and 31.9% had severe disturbances of motor development, compared to 16.5% and 5.5% of the control group, the p-value for these differences being less than 0.001. The mean motor quotient adjusted for age and gender was lower in the children with congenitally malformed hearts than in their healthy peers, at 79.6, with standard deviation of 18.9 as opposed to 96.6, with standard deviation of 15, this difference having a p-value of less than 0.001. Depending on the presence, and/or the degree, of residual sequels, the children with congenitally malformed hearts were divided into two subgroups, with either no or mild residual sequels, or with significant sequels. The mean motor quotient was lower in those with significant residual sequels, at 75, with standard deviation of 19.3, as opposed to 83, with standard deviation of 17.9, the p-value for this difference being less than 0.01. In both subgroups, the mean motor quotient was lower, with a p-value of less than 0.01, than in the control group.Our findings show that children with congenitally malformed hearts have deficits in their motor development, these being found in the presence of no or mild sequels, as well as with significant residual sequels. Parental overprotection may contribute to these findings.

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Longitudinal Study of Prenatal Drug Exposure on Fine Motor Development

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-199904020-01403 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 45 (4, Part 2 of 2) ◽

pp. 236A-236A

Author(s):

Robert E Arendt ◽

Lynn T Singer ◽

Ann E Salvator

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Motor Development ◽

Drug Exposure ◽

Prenatal Drug Exposure ◽

Fine Motor

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Influence of Maternal Preeclampsia on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants

Gynecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.21613/gorm.2018.737 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Halil Degirmencioglu ◽

Birgul Say ◽

Zeynep Ustunyurt ◽

Serife Suna Oguz

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Infant Development ◽

Neurodevelopmental Outcome ◽

Control Group ◽

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

The Mean

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants born to mothers with preeclampsia and to compare them with preterm controls.Study design: This was a retrospective, observational study in a large, tertiary, neonatal intensive care unit. Neurodevelopmental evaluations using Bayley Scales of Infant Development II were performed in 226 two-year-old infants with birth weight ≤1500 g and gestational age ≤32 weeks who were born to mothers with preeclampsia and in 493 infants who were born after normotensive pregnancies, matched for gestational age and gender.Results: The mean gestational ages of the infants in the preeclampsia and control groups were 29.9±2.3 weeks and 28.7±4.1 weeks, respectively (p<0.001). A total of 372 infants with a mean age of 19.2±3.2 months were assessed for long-term outcome. The mean mental developmental index score was significantly higher, and the percentage of infants with cerebral palsy was significantly lower, in the preeclampsia group compared with the control group (p=0.03 and p=0.02, respectively). However, no overall significant differences in neurodevelopmental impairment rates were found between the two groups (p=0.08).Conclusion: Maternal preeclampsia seems to be a protector factor for the development of cerebral palsy in preterm infants.

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Pengaruh Massage Effleurag Terhadap Kemampuan Head Control Extensi Bayi Usia 3-4 Bulan

Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan ◽

10.48144/jiks.v14i1.529 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

H Hastina ◽

S Suharto ◽

Muh. Awal

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Prone Position ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Infant Development ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

The Mean ◽

Head Control

Abstrak. Head control merupakan salah satu penggerak yang terpenting dari sebagian besar dalam penilaian perkembangan bayi. Gangguan head control sering dikutip sebagai faktor resiko awal penundaan perkembangan head control. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian quasi eksperiment yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh massage bayi dengan teknik effleurage terhadap kemampuan head control extensi pada posisi tengkurap bayi usia 3-4 bulan, dimana responden penelitian dibagi menjadi dua yaitu kelompok perlakuan berjumlah 8 responden dan kelompok control berjumlah 8 responden. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di puskesmas paccerakkang Makassar. Instrument penelitian dengan menggunakan Test Of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) yang digunakan untuk menilai control kepala pada bayi usia 34 minggu sampai dengan 4 bulan. Penelaian ini menilai seberapa lama dan seberapa tinggi bayi dapat mengangkat dan mempertahankan kepala saat posisi tengkurap. Berdasarkan uji mann whitney diperoleh nilai p 0.001 < 0,005 yang berarti bahwa ada pengaruh yang bermakna antra kelompok perlakuan (massage bayi) dengan kelompok kontrol. Untuk melihat hasil yang lebih baik berdasarkan nilai selisih reratanya ternyata kelompok perlakuan lebih tinggi nilai selisih rerata yaitu 18,75 dibanding kelompok kontrol. Kata kunci : Massage Effleurage, head control, bayi usia 3-4 bulan. Effect of Massage Effleurage on Head Control Ability of Infant 3-4 Month Old Extensions Abstract. Head control is one of the most important drivers of most of the assessment of infant development. Head control disorders are often cited as a risk factor for early delays in head control development. This research is a quasi-experimental research which aims to determine the effect of massage effleurage on the ability of head control extension in the prone position of infants aged 3-4 months, where the research respondents are divided into two, namely the treatment group of 8 respondents and the control group of 8 respondents. This research was conducted at the Puskesmas Paccerakkang Makassar. The research instrument used the Test Of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) which was used to assess head control in infants aged 34 weeks to 4 months. This study assesses how long and how high the baby can lift and hold the head in a prone position. Based on the Mann Whitney test, the p value was 0.001 <0.005, which means that there was a significant effect between the treatment group (baby massage) and the control group. To see a better result based on the mean difference value, it turns out that the treatment group has a higher mean difference value, namely 18.75 than the control group. Keywords : massage effleurage, head control,baby aged 3-4 months

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Does Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure Induce Sensitization to Drugs in Adulthood?

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.933803 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. S457-S467 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. MACÚCHOVÁ ◽

R. ŠLAMBEROVÁ

Keyword(s):

Infant Development ◽

Drug Exposure ◽

Behavioral Sensitization ◽

Drug Effects ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Prenatal Drug Exposure ◽

Self Administration ◽

Psychomotor Activity ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

Reward Pathways

Behavioral sensitization is defined as augmented psychomotor activity, which can be observed after drug re-administration following withdrawal of repeated drug exposure. It has been shown that abuse of one drug can lead to increased sensitivity to certain other drugs. This effect of developed general drug sensitivity is called cross-sensitization and has been reported between drugs with similar as well as different mechanisms of action. There is growing evidence that exposure to drugs in utero not only causes birth defects and delays in infant development, but also impairs the neural reward pathways, in the brains of developing offspring, in such a way that it can increase the tendency for drug addiction later in life. This review summarizes the results of preclinical studies that focused on testing behavioral cross-sensitization, after prenatal methamphetamine exposure, to drugs administered in adulthood, with both similar and different mechanisms of action. Traditionally, behavioral sensitization has been examined using the Open field or the Laboras Test to record locomotor activity, and the Conditioned Place Preference and Self-administration test to examine drug-seeking behavior. However, it seems that prenatal drug exposure can sensitize animals not only to the locomotor-stimulating and conditioning effects of drugs, but may also be responsible for modified responses to various drug effects.

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Alterations in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic development within the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in a mouse model of prenatal drug exposure

10.1101/2020.12.18.423503 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Taylor Boggess ◽

Hannah Sexton ◽

Anna Mazur ◽

Richard D. Egleton ◽

Lawrence M. Grover ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mouse Model ◽

Drug Exposure ◽

Drugs Of Abuse ◽

Prenatal Drug Exposure ◽

Opioid Abuse ◽

Mesolimbic Dopamine ◽

Synaptic Development ◽

Microscopy Imaging ◽

The Mean ◽

Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway

AbstractThe rise in rates of opioid abuse in recent years has led to an increase in the incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Despite having a greater understanding of NAS and its symptoms, there still remains a lack of information surrounding the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse on neurological development. One potential outcome of prenatal drug exposure that has been increasingly explored is disruption in normal synaptogenesis within the central nervous system. Both opioids and gabapentin, an antiepileptic drug commonly co-abused by opioid abuse disorder patients, have been shown to interfere with the normal functioning of astrocytes, non-neuronal glial cells known to serve many functions, including regulation of synaptic development. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal drug exposure on synaptogenesis within brain regions associated with the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, the primary reward pathway within the brain associated with drug abuse and addiction, in a pregnant mouse model. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging studies on the brains of postnatal day 21 (P21) mouse pups revealed a significant increase in the mean number of excitatory synapses within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in mice that were prenatally exposed to either the opioid drug buprenorphine or gabapentin. These studies also revealed a significant decrease in the mean number of inhibitory synapses within the NAc and PFC of mice treated with buprenorphine. This observed net increase in excitatory signaling capability within the developing mesolimbic dopamine pathway suggests that exposure to drugs of abuse in utero can trigger maladaptive neuronal connectivity that persists beyond the earliest stages of life.

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Neurodevelopmental Testing of Children Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Seropositive and Seronegative Mothers: A Prospective Cohort Study in Kigali, Rwanda

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.92.6.843 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 92 (6) ◽

pp. 843-848

Author(s):

Philippe Msellati ◽

Philippe Lepage ◽

Deo-Gratias Hitimana ◽

Christiaan Van Goethem ◽

Philippe Van de Perre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Developmental Delay ◽

Motor Development ◽

Pediatric Hiv ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Hiv Seropositive

Objective. The results of developmental testing of 218 children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive mothers and infected or uninfected themselves were compared with those of 218 children born to HIV-seronegative mothers in an ongoing cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda. Methods. When the children were 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age, a specific neurodevelopmental examination was performed blindly by study physicians assessing gross motor development, fine motor development, language acquisition, and social contacts. Results. Only one acute severe HIV-related encephalopathy was identified among the 50 infected children. The proportion of abnormal neurologic examinations in HIV-infected children varied from 15% to 40% according to age and was always higher than in HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-seropositive and seronegative mothers (≤5% or less of abnormal examinations at each time period). fter excluding those children with clinical ac-quired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from the analysis, the proportion of abnormal examinations in infected children was 12.5% at 6 months, 16% at 12 months, 20% at 18 months, and 9% at 24 months of age and was still more frequent than in HIV-uninfected children. The developmental delay was principally due to significantly lower gross motor scores. Conclusions. HIV-1-infected children are more frequently developmentally delayed than uninfected children during the first 2 years of life in this African population. This developmental delay is related to the AIDS stage of pediatric HIV infection.

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Epidemiology and Hospital Course of Patients With Acute Salpingitis and Coincident HIV

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1155/s1064744993000213 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 91-93

Author(s):

Iris Ayala-Rodriguez ◽

Joseph Apuzzio

Keyword(s):

Hospitalized Patients ◽

University Hospital ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Negative Group ◽

Positive Group ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The Mean ◽

Wbc Count ◽

Hiv Seropositive ◽

Hiv Negative

Objective: To compare the epidemiology and hospital course of patients with acute salpingitis with and without coincident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity.Methods: Patients admitted to the UMDNJ-University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey from January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1991, with acute salpingitis were studied.Results: Eight percent of all hospitalized patients with acute salpingitis were HIV-positive. The mean age of the HIV-negative group was 25.4 compared with 29.6 years in the HIV-positive group. Gonorrhea and chlamydia were present in 49% and 22%, respectively, in HIV-negatives and in 40% and 20% of HIV-positives. Two of 5 (40%) HIV-positive patients had tuboovarian abscesses compared with 12 of 59 (20%) HIV-negative patients. Three of 5 (60%) HIV-positive patients had admission WBC counts fewer than 10,000/mm3 compared to 6 of 59 (12%) of HIV-negatives (P = 0.024). The hospital stay was 5.4 days for HIV-positives and 5.8 days for HIV-negatives.Conclusions: Eight percent of hospitalized patients with acute salpingitis were HIV-seropositive. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia were commonly found organisms in both groups. The initial WBC count was lower for HIV-positive patients. The hospital course of both groups was similar.

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Relationship between Didanosine Exposure and Surrogate Marker Response in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Outpatients

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.42.4.821 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 821-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

John M. Adams ◽

Mark J. Shelton ◽

Ross G. Hewitt ◽

Thaddeus H. Grasela ◽

Mary DeRemer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Drug Exposure ◽

Surrogate Marker ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Time Curve ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Concentration Time ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The Mean ◽

Cd4 Cell

ABSTRACT We used information available from routine clinic visits to characterize the pharmacokinetics of didanosine in 82 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. A total of 271 blood samples were collected for the measurement of didanosine concentrations in plasma (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 3.30 ± 2.21 samples/patient). Bayesian estimates of didanosine oral clearance (CLoral) were obtained for these patients by the POSTHOC option within the NONMEM software package. Population priors from a previous NONMEM analysis of didanosine pharmacokinetics were used. The mean ± SD CLoral was 132 ± 27.7 liters/h, which agrees reasonably well with estimates obtained from previous pharmacokinetic studies of didanosine. Estimates of individual didanosine exposure were then used to consider potential relationships between drug exposure and surrogate marker response over a 6-month period. No correlations were found between the didanosine area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 6 months and the absolute CD4 cell count (r = 0.305; 0.1 0.4), or percentage of CD4 lymphocytes (r = 0.0559; P > 0.4). Future efforts to characterize didanosine exposure in outpatients by random sampling methods should involve more directed efforts to limit residual variability in the data.

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