Letter To The Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 796-796
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Community Protection ◽  
Central Nervous System Invasion

Drs Terry and Schneider raise legitimate questions regarding changes in polio immunization recommendations. In response to the former, although two doses of inactivated polio vaccine provide humoral immunity that will protect an individual against central nervous system invasion by wild or revertant attenuated polioviruses, they do not provide intestinal immunity, a valued asset of oral polio vaccine (OPV). Because we live in a global community where jet transportation enables one to move from a polio-endemic area to a polio-free area in less than one day, the introduction of wild polio viruses from sub-Saharan Africa or Southeast Asia poses a legitimate threat and concern to those who wish to maintain community protection, in addition to individual protection, against possible reintroduction of wild virus to the United States.

Comparing breast cancer characteristics across Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. S155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Grover ◽  
M. Narasimhamurthy ◽  
R. Bhatia ◽  
C. Benn ◽  
K. Fearnhead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Supplementary polio immunization activities and prior use of routine immunization services in non-polio-endemic sub-Saharan Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 495-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Helleringer ◽  
Jemima A Frimpong ◽  
Jalaa Abdelwahab ◽  
Patrick Asuming ◽  
Hamadassalia Touré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Prior Use ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Sub Saharan

There Is a Balm in Gilead

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-164
Author(s):  
Dan Royles
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Churches ◽  
Bill Clinton ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Aids Education ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Faith Leaders ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Sub Saharan

This chapter describes the work of The Balm in Gilead, which grew out of the efforts of Pernessa Seele, an immunologist at Harlem Hospital, to organize local Black faith leaders to address AIDS through the Harlem Week of Prayer for the Healing of AIDS. As Seele trained African American clergy to incorporate AIDS education into their ministry, she also confronted entrenched homophobia in Black religious institutions. Accordingly, The Balm in Gilead designed programs that would help churches accept and include gay members. In 2001, Seele contracted with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to extend her work with Black churches to sub-Saharan Africa, setting up programs in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania. She argued that because of Black people’s particular relationship with church and faith, the approach that The Balm in Gilead had developed in the United States would work in Africa as well. At the same time, this work intersected with a growing interest in addressing “global AIDS” among U.S. leaders, including Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, who saw the spread of the disease in Africa as a growing threat to international security.

Perspectives from Four Stages of Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Fox ◽  
Mor Bakhoum
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Developed Countries

This chapter identifies four clusters of nations based on state of development, in order to highlight significant qualitative differences that may call for different law and policies. The first cluster comprises the least developed sub-Saharan African countries with the most resource-challenged competition authorities, such as Benin and Togo. The second cluster compromises nations that have advanced economically to a perceptibly higher level. The third cluster is a “group” of one—South Africa. With all of its challenges, the South African competition regime is as close to a gold standard as there is in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, for comparison, the fourth cluster comprises the developed countries, led in particular by the European Union and the United States. These nations have open economies, fairly robust markets, good infrastructure, and good institutions. The chapter proceeds to identify, from the point of view of each of the clusters, the most fitting competition framework nationally and globally. The chapter proposes how the divergences can be brought into sympathy.

Introduction

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1185-1186
Author(s):  
Nombulelo P. Magula ◽  
Akira Singh
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Young Black Women

Life expectancy has increased significantly with the widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy. Despite this, new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rates in low- to middle-income, high-burden countries remain a cause for concern. The greatest impact of infection remains in sub-Saharan Africa, among young black women. However, the majority of studies investigating cardiovascular disease associated with HIV infection have been conducted in the United States and Europe, in predominantly male cohorts.

The Emerging Market of Sub-Saharan Africa and Technology Adoption

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice S. Etim
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Study Participants

In the United States, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and several emerging economies in Asia, mobile technologies have become ubiquitous and core to everyday lives. The same cannot be said for many countries in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). The availability, affordability and use of information and communication technology (ICT) continue to pose a major challenge to the progress of this important emerging economy and their participation in a networked and “flat world.” Writers (Bishop et al., 1999; ADB, 2003; Fisher et al., 2004; Elijah & Ogunlade, 2006; Etim, 2009; Ssewanyana, 2007) argue for the use of ICT to enable the SSA population in the area of economic and personal development. This paper examines the emerging economy of SSA adoption of mobile technologies in comparison to the U.S.A and reports a study on the features that SSA students desire in mobile phones. The key finding was that study participants desired Internet access via mobile phones.

Susceptibility Profile of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Montclair, California, to Commonly Used Pesticides, With Note on Resistance to Pyriproxyfen

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyun Su ◽  
Jennifer Thieme ◽  
Taylor Lura ◽  
Min-Lee Cheng ◽  
Michelle Q Brown
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control

Abstract The peridomestic anthropophilic Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is originated from the wild zoophilic subspecies Aedes aegypti formosus in sub-Saharan Africa, and currently has a broad distribution in human-modified environments of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In California, breeding populations were initially detected in 2013 in the cities of Fresno, Madera, and San Mateo, and now can be found in 188 cities of 12 counties in the state. Recent genetic studies suggest that this species invaded California on multiple occasions from several regions of the United States and northern Mexico prior to initial detection. As an invasive species and vector for numerous arboviruses, Ae. aegypti is a primary target of surveillance and control in California. In southern California city of Montclair, a population was identified in September 2015, from which a short-term colony was established in an insectary. The susceptibility of this field population to commonly used pesticides with various modes of action, including 15 formulations against larvae and four against adults, was determined, in reference to a susceptible laboratory colony of the same species. No resistance was shown to most pesticides tested. However, tolerance or reduced susceptibility to spinosad, spinetoram, diflubezuron, and fipronil was detected, and modest levels of resistance to pyriproxyfen (resistance ratio = 38.7-fold at IE50 and 81.5-fold at IE90) was observed. Results are discussed based on the field usage and modes of action of the pesticides tested. Strategic selection and application of pesticides against this population of Ae. aegypti in the urban environments should be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Foliar Diseases for Soybean Entries in the Pan-African Trials in Malawi and Zambia

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2068-2073
Author(s):  
Christabell Nachilima ◽  
Godfree Chigeza ◽  
Mwila Chibanda ◽  
Hapson Mushoriwa ◽  
Brian D. Diers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Sub Saharan

Soybean production has expanded worldwide including countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Several national and international agencies and research groups have partnered to improve overall performance of soybean breeding stocks and have introduced new germplasm from Brazil and the United States with the goal of developing new high-yielding cultivars. Part of this effort has been to test improved soybean lines/cultivars accumulated from private and public sources in multilocational trials in sub-Saharan Africa. These trials are known as the Pan-African Soybean Variety Trials, and the entries come from both private and public breeding programs. The objective of this research was to evaluate entries in the trials that include commercial cultivars or advanced experimental lines for the incidence and severity of foliar diseases. All trials were planted in December 2018 with six located in Zambia and one in Malawi. Plants were evaluated during the reproductive growth stages using a visual pretransformed severity rating scale. Foliar disease ratings were recorded for three bacterial diseases, six fungal diseases, one oomycete, and viruses. The overall occurrence of most of the diseases was high except for soybean rust and target spot, which were only found at two and one location, respectively. However, disease severity was generally low, although there were differences in disease severity ratings among the entries at some of the locations for brown spot, downy mildew, frogeye leaf spot, red leaf blotch, and soybean rust.

No Longer Overlooked and Undervalued? The Evolving Dynamics of Endogenous Educational Research in Sub-Saharan Africa

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD MACLURE
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Educational Research ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Research Networks ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Local Research

Multilateral donors like the World Bank and bilateral agencies such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the British Department for International Development exert a great deal of influence in international educational development — particularly in sub-Saharan Africa — both in the programs they fund and the types of research they engage in. In this article, Richard Maclure investigates educational research in Africa and juxtaposes research done by large, exogenous, Western, results-oriented organizations with research performed by smaller, endogenous, local researchers aided by local research networks. Maclure argues convincingly that research that falls into the exogenous "donor-control" paradigm far too often is irrelevant to the African educational policy context and does little to develop local research capacity. The cases of two African research networks — the Educational Research Network of West and Central Africa and the Association for the Development of Education in Africa—are presented as exemplars of organizations that promote an alternative type of research that is endogenous, relevant to policy and the process of policymaking, and controlled by Africans. Maclure concludes with a call for increased support for and development of these types of networks, and for the development of the long-term solution to educational research in Africa — the university.

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