Iron Supplementation in Infancy

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
Jerry D. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Initial Iron ◽  
The Many

Although dietary practices in the United States have changed in the past decade to include more bioavailable iron in many infant's diets, iron deficiency remains an important problem. Prevalence of iron deficiency is still high, even among economically privileged infants. Not only microcytic anemia but also adverse effects on growth, behavior, intestinal function, energy metabolism, and immune function may result with deficiencies of the many important ironcontaining compounds in the body. Infants are at highest risk for iron deficiency because initial iron endowment is often low, iron needs for growth are high, and foods in infants' diets usually are poor iron sources or impair iron absorption. In addition, the frequent infections typical in infants impair iron absorption when needs remain high. By taking a careful history and using simple laboratory screening procedures, the pediatrician can identify a large proportion of those who will benefit from iron supplementation. Avoiding foods impairing iron absorption, continuing intake of foods with relatively large amounts of bioavailable iron, and giving additional iron supplementation to particularly highrisk infants can further decrease the prevalence of iron deficiency and its potentially serious consequences with minimal risk.

scholarly journals Kandidias Oral pada Penderita Anemia Defisiensi Besi (Fe) dan Penetalaksanaannya

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Sri Budiarti Wongsohardjono
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Normal Limits

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a microcytic anemia caused by chronic blood loss dueto such problems as excessive menstrual flow, gastrointestinal bleeding, gasterektomi or malabsorption that reduces the absorption of Fe. Predisposing factors that lead to the disruption of the ecology of oral candidiasis or oral microbiological changes can be due to malnutrition (iron deficiency, folic acid, vitamin B12) and the very old age. Objective: To report a case of iron deficiency anemia with oral candidiasis and its management. Case Report: A 69-year man in the reference by peer demonstrated swollen gums, mouth pain and difficulty in swallowing. A moth ago he was hospitalized and boarded for a week but no change, his body weight loss was 25kg. paleconjunctiva and face, droliing, looked weak. The body temperature was 370 C; the BP measurement was: 125/80mmHg; with body weight was 50kg; right and left submandibular  lymph nodes become enlarging and soreness palpatiom. Symmetrical face. Right and left lip corners are angular kheilitis, cheek mucosa, palate hyperemia, gingival stipling was disappeared, hyperemia, dorsal surface smooth tongue, hyperemia, depapilasi, OHI: bad; thick saliva, hypersalivation. A lot of dental caries and the remaining roots. Management: Examination of the saliva with KOH solution looked a hyphe. Routine blood tests and profile of fe all within normal limits except RBC was 3,37.106 / uL; HGB: 11.0 g / dl; HCT: 32.2%, Fe 29.00 u g / dl (below normal). Treatment with 3% perhidrol mouthwash, Nyistatin solution 3 x daily. Zegase tablet 2x daily. Paracetamol tablets if necessary. Conclusion sixteen days later the patient recovered.

scholarly journals Mutation of the gastric hydrogen-potassium ATPase alpha subunit causes iron-deficiency anemia in mice

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (24) ◽  
pp. 6418-6425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Krieg ◽  
Oren Milstein ◽  
Philippe Krebs ◽  
Yu Xia ◽  
Bruce Beutler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Gastric Proton Pump ◽  
Potassium Atpase

Abstract Iron is an essential component of heme and hemoglobin, and therefore restriction of iron availability directly limits erythropoiesis. In the present study, we report a defect in iron absorption that results in iron-deficiency anemia, as revealed by an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea–induced mouse phenotype called sublytic. Homozygous sublytic mice develop hypochromic microcytic anemia with reduced osmotic fragility of RBCs. The sublytic phenotype stems from impaired gastrointestinal iron absorption caused by a point mutation of the gastric hydrogen-potassium ATPase α subunit encoded by Atp4a, which results in achlorhydria. The anemia of sublytic homozygotes can be corrected by feeding with a high-iron diet or by parenteral injection of iron dextran; rescue can also be achieved by providing acidified drinking water to sublytic homozygotes. These findings establish the necessity of the gastric proton pump for iron absorption and effective erythropoiesis.

Who We Are: The Foundational Forces

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Sandro Galea
Keyword(s):  
Social Stigma ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Race Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many

This chapter examines the foundational forces that shape health. Even without a pandemic, the United States is faced with public health threats that are shaped by foundational forces. From the political and economic roots of the obesity epidemic, to the social stigma that informs the opioid crisis, to the many structural drivers of climate change, the social, economic, political, and demographic foundations of health are central to the challenges that must be addressed, nationally and globally, in the years to come. Engaging with these forces helped inform the response to COVID-19; they can help in addressing these other challenges as well. And just as a virus can have long-term effects on the body, the pandemic reshaped the societal foundations, with lasting implications for the economy, culture, attitudes towards core issues like race, politics, and more. Whether the experience of the pandemic leads to significant long-term benefits will depend on whether Americans retain the hard lessons of that moment and apply them to foundational forces.

scholarly journals Intestinal Mucosal Mechanisms Controlling Iron Absorption

Blood ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCEL E. CONRAD ◽  
WILLIAM H. CROSBY ◽  
Betty Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iron Store ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
Excess Iron ◽  
Metabolic Requirement ◽  
Iron Receptor

Abstract Radioautographic studies provide evidence to support a concept of the mechanism whereby the small intestine controls absorption of iron. Three different states of the body’s iron stores have been considered in this regard: iron excess, iron deficiency and normal iron repletion. As the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenal villi are formed they incorporate a portion of intrinsic iron from the body’s iron store, the amount depending upon the body’s requirement for new iron. It is predicated that with iron excess the iron-receptor mechanism in these cells is saturated with intrinsic iron; this then prevents the cell from accepting dietary iron. In the normal state of iron repletion the receptor mechanism remains partly unsaturated, allowing small amounts of dietary iron to enter the cell. Part of this proceeds into the body to satisfy any metabolic requirement for iron. Part is retained in the mucosal epithelial cells to complete the saturation of the iron-receptor mechanism. This bound iron is subsequently lost when the epithelial cells are sloughed at the end of their life cycle. In iron deficiency it is postulated that the receptor system is inactive or diminished so that entry of dietary iron into the body is relatively uninhibited.

No Difference Between Iron Supplementation Only and Iron Supplementation with Synbiotic Fermented Milk on Iron Status, Growth, and Gut Microbiota Profile in Elementary School Children with Iron Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Helmyati ◽  
Endang Sutriswati Rahayu ◽  
Bernadette Josephine Istiti Kandarina ◽  
Mohammad Juffrie
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
School Children ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iron Deficient

Background: Iron deficiency may inhibit the height increase and weight gain of children. On the other hand, the supplementation of iron causes gut microbiota imbalance which leads to inflammation and diarrhea. The addition of synbiotic fermented milk is expected to have beneficial effects on iron supplementation. This study aimed to determine the effects of iron supplementation only and its administration with synbiotic fermented milk on iron status, body height and weight, and gut microbiota profile of iron deficient elementary school children. Methods: This research was an experimental study with pre and post test conducted on 59 irondeficient children. Subjects were given iron supplementation in syrups (IS group) or given iron supplementation in syrup with fermented milk (containing synbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Dad 13 and fructo-oligosaccharide) (ISFM group) for 3 months. The body weight and height, hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, and total number of Lactobacilli, Enterobacteria, Bifidobacteria, and Escherichia coli were measured at the beginning and the end of the study. Results: The body height in the ISFM group increased significantly than that in IS group after the intervention (1.67 vs. 2.42, p<0.05). The hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in IS and ISFM groups were improved significantly (p<0.05) although the difference between the two groups was not significant (p>0.05). The results showed no significant difference of gut microbiota profile between the IS and ISFM groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is no difference on the iron status, height, weight, and gut microbiota profile of iron-deficient primary school children received iron supplementation only or iron supplementation with synbiotic fermented milk.

scholarly journals Systemic iron homeostasis in female athletes: hepcidin, exercise and sex influence

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-353
Author(s):  
L Barba-Moreno ◽  
VM Alfaro-Magallanes ◽  
FJ Calderón ◽  
AB Peinado
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
And Performance

Iron is necessary for adequate deliver oxygen to the tissues since it is an essential component of the haemoglobin. However, iron deficiency remains a common problem among athletes, particularly for women experiencing the menstrual bleeding every month. The iron losses through menstrual blood loss during the early follicular phase (or menses) and an inadequate dietary intake of iron are two important factors contributing to this disease. Furthermore, the large hormonal changes that women experience along the menstrual cycle, especially in oestrogen and progesterone may influence on the optimization of iron absorption. Iron absorption is mainly mediated by hepcidin hormone, which seems to be affected by several stimulus and factors such as oestrogen and progesterone concentrations. Moreover, the regular practice of exercise is another important modulator of this hormone. Therefore, premenopausal active females are the most susceptible population to develop an iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia, affecting their health and performance due to the less iron availability within the body and consequently a reduction of haemoglobin which compromise the oxygen transport. To date, most studies have not explored the acute post-exercise hepcidin response taking endogenous and exogenous sexual hormones influence into account. This narrative review will focus on how iron homeostasis is modulated by different factors mainly influenced by exercise and female sexual hormones.

scholarly journals Black Lives Matter: A Theological Response to Racism’s Impact on the Black Body in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
Christine M. Mitchell ◽  
David R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Black Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
National Conversation ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Multiple Domains

After the killing of 18-year-old Michael Brown by police in Ferguson, Missouri in August 2014, there has been a renewed movement in the United States and across the world in support of black lives. The movement, under the guiding framework of Black Lives Matter, has resulted in a national conversation on police brutality and racism, and the violent effects these have on the black body. Using the framework of black theological thought on the body, this paper identifies the many ways that racism, as Ta-Nehisi Coates writes, “lands, with great violence, upon the body” across multiple domains and levels throughout history and across the life course. The paper closes with some initial recommendations for historically predominantly white churches to offer an anti-racist response to this violence, as informed by black theology.

Remember Me

2020 ◽  
pp. 557-577
Author(s):  
Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Latter Day Saints ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Church

This chapter explores the eighteenth-century concept of sensibility as it took form in popular culture in the United States in the early nineteenth century. Although later generations made fun of the weeping sentimentality of parlor poetry and embroidered memorials to the dead, nineteenth-century Americans believed that a pen mark on a page or a twined lock of hair could animate invisible chords in the body that connected one person to another through memory. To write about Mormonism in relation to sensibility may seem odd, since to outsiders the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints seemed the epitome of grim-faced patriarchy, with its embrace of polygamy and attempt at theocratic government. A closer look at the rich materials preserved in its archives shows the many ways in which early Saints used common cultural forms to express unique religious belief such as baptism for the dead. Latter-day Saints celebrated plural unions in the language of sentimental friendship. Like other Americans, they used tangible things to cross boundaries of space and time.

scholarly journals Prevalence of iron deficiency states and risk of haemoconcentration during pregnancy according to initial iron stores and iron supplementation

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1371-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Arija ◽  
Blanca Ribot ◽  
Núria Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Nutritional Advice ◽  
Initial Iron

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the prevalence of iron depletion (ID), iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) and risk of haemoconcentration during pregnancy and at delivery and to assess the influence of initial Fe stores and Fe supplementation on that prevalence.DesignLongitudinal study.SettingHospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus (Catalonia, Spain).SubjectsTwo hundred and eighty-five pregnant women. Serum ferritin and Hb were measured in the first, second and third trimesters and at delivery. Women were classified according to initial Fe stores as ID or no ID (serum ferritin ≥12 μg/l) and according to Fe supplement use as supplemented or non-supplemented.ResultsInitial ID was 16·2 %. At delivery, 45·7 % had ID, 13·5 % IDA and 13·3 % had risk of haemoconcentration. Initial ID and non-supplemented groups had significantly higher prevalences of ID and IDA and lower risk of haemoconcentration at delivery than the other groups. In the multiple logistic models, no initial ID and Fe supplementation exerted a protective effect against ID at delivery (adjusted OR = 0·28; 95 % CI 0·13, 0·58 and adjusted OR = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·22, 0·69, respectively). Moderate Fe supplementation did not seem to clearly prevent IDA (adjusted OR = 0·91; 95 % CI 0·42, 1·96) or to enhance the haemoconcentration (adjusted OR = 1·42; 95 % CI 0·58, 3·50).ConclusionsThe prevalence of ID and IDA was high in late pregnancy in healthy pregnant women, particularly in those with initial ID and/or those not taking supplements. Starting pregnancy with no ID and/or taking moderate Fe supplementation decreased the likelihood of ID at delivery. The risk of haemoconcentration was high at delivery, but did not seem to be promoted by Fe supplementation. Further research is necessary to determine the most appropriate nutritional advice for pregnant women.

scholarly journals Anemia Prevalence and Iron Supplementation Practices Among Pregnant Women in Vancouver, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 733-733
Author(s):  
Kelsey Cochrane ◽  
Rajavel Elango ◽  
Angela Devlin ◽  
Jennifer Hutcheon ◽  
Crystal Karakochuk
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Ferritin Concentration ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Prenatal Vitamins ◽  
Additional Iron

Abstract Objectives Health Canada recommends supplementation with 16–20 mg iron during pregnancy to maintain adequate iron stores and reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency. Most prenatal vitamins contain 27 mg iron (the recommended dietary allowance). In the case of diagnosed iron deficiency (typically defined as a ferritin concentration &lt; 15–50 µg/L), some pregnant women may be recommended to take additional iron. Iron is an essential nutrient and adequate intake is needed for a healthy pregnancy; however, excess iron can also be harmful. We aimed to evaluate the hematological profile, prevalence of anemia, and iron supplementation practices of healthy pregnant women in Vancouver, Canada. Methods As part of an ongoing clinical trial, 40 healthy pregnant women (aged 19–42 years) received prenatal vitamins containing 27 mg iron over 16 weeks of pregnancy, starting at 9–21 weeks gestation. A complete blood count was measured at baseline and endline. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin &lt; 110 g/L in the first/third trimesters and &lt; 105 g/L in the second trimester. Microcytic anemia (most commonly caused by iron deficiency) was defined as having both anemia and a MCV concentration &lt; 80 fL. Participants reported other supplement use throughout the study, including additional iron prescribed for treatment of iron deficiency and/or anemia. Results At baseline and endline, the mean ± SD of hemoglobin was 124 ± 9 g/L and 127 ± 11 g/L; and for MCV was 89 ± 3 fL and 91 ± 3 fL, respectively. Based on hemoglobin (trimester-specific) and MCV thresholds, no participants were classified as having anemia or microcytic anemia at either timepoint, respectively. At endline, a total of n = 8 women (20%) reported that following their baseline visit (during the intervention period) they were informed by their health care provider to increase their supplemental dose of iron up to 300 mg, in addition to the 27 mg in the study prenatal vitamin. Conclusions Whether recommendation for additional iron was warranted in 20% of women is unclear, as none had microcytic anemia based on hemoglobin and MCV values. Measurement of ferritin is warranted for the definitive diagnosis of iron deficiency, and to elucidate if there is a need for improved clinical practices for recommending additional iron supplementation. Funding Sources Healthy Starts Catalyst Grant (BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada).

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