scholarly journals Morphology of spinal ganglia of different segmentary levels in the domestic dog

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-505
Author(s):  
L. P. Horalskyi ◽  
N. L. Kolesnik ◽  
I. M. Sokulskiy ◽  
S. I. Tsekhmistrenko ◽  
O. F. Dunaievska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Complex Survey ◽  
Nervous Impulse ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Large Neurons

The spinal ganglia, which perform the function of the first link on the afferent impulses’ way from the receptors to the central nervous system, recognize internal and external irritations, and are the first to transform them into a nervous impulse. As the representatives of the peripheral nervous system, they are some of the main objects of the studies in contemporary neuromorphology. Based on the results of anatomic, neurohistological, histochemical, morphometric and statistical methods of the studies, we conducted a complex survey, revealing the morphology of spinal ganglia of different segmental levels in the domestic dog. In particular, we determined the differences in the microscopic structure and morphometric parameters of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal ganglia and the ganglia of the cervical and lumbar enlargements in mature domestic dogs. The study showed that the spinal ganglia of domestic dogs can have different skeletotopy, different shape and sizes due to their species peculiarity. Also, the surveyed animals, according to the results of our studies, had the cervical and thoracic spinal ganglia of oval, while the lumbar and sacral – spindle-like shapes. According to the results of morphometry, the area of the spinal ganglia in lengthwise section differed: the smallest area belonged to the thoracic, the largest to the sacral spinal ganglia. The density of neuronal arrangement per 0.1 mm2 of the area of the spinal ganglia correlated with their sizes: the highest parameter was identified for the thoracic spinal ganglia, the lowest – for the sacral. The conducted studies revealed that histo- and cyto-structure of the spinal ganglia is characteristic of notable differentiation of the nervous cells of small sizes. Therefore, we differentiated neurons of the spinal ganglia into large, medium and small. The highest quantity of large neurons was found in the sacral ganglia, and largest amount of medium-sized neurons – in the ganglia of the lumbar enlargement. In other ganglia, small neurons dominated. Correspondingly, different nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in these neurons was determined, indicating different extent of morphofunctional condition of nervous cells. We determined content of localization and separation of nucleic acids in histostructure of the spinal cord at the tissue and cellular levels.

scholarly journals Comparison of morphological features of the spinal cord segments of the human fetus with myelomeningocele and those without anomalies in their development

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1 (69)) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Shkolnikov ◽  
Y. Y. Guminskyi ◽  
V. A. Tykholaz
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Human Fetus ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Spinal Segments ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The results of a study of morphometric parameters and structure of the spinal cord segments of human fetuses without abnormalities in the central nervous system compared to a human fetus with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus are presented in the paper. Some changes both in morphometric parameters values, and in the internal structure of some spinal segments have been detected.

scholarly journals Syringomyelia in demyelinating disease of the central nervous system: Report of two cases

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 657-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Savic ◽  
Slobodan Vojinovic ◽  
Mirjana Spasic ◽  
Zoran Peric ◽  
Stevo Lukic
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Introduction. Syringomyelia is a cavitary extension inside the spinal cord which can be either symptomatic or congenitally-idiopathic. Syringomyelia during the course of the disease in patients presenting with clinically definite multiple sclerosis was described earlier. Syringomyelia in patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis is unusual. Case Outline. We present two patients presenting with demy-elinating disease of the central nervous system with syringomyelia in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. We did not find classical clinical signs of syringomyelia in our patients, but we disclosed syringomyelia incidentally during magnetic resonance exploration. Magnetic resonance exploration using the gadolinium contrast revealed the signs of active demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord in one patient but not in the other. Conclusion. Syringomyelia in demyelinating disease of the central nervous system opens the question whether it is a coincidental finding or a part of clinical features of the disease. Differentiation of the significance of syringomyelia finding in these patients plays a role in the choice of treatment concept in such patients.

scholarly journals ALLERGIC NEURITIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL DISEASE OF RABBITS INDUCED BY THE INJECTION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS TISSUE AND ADJUVANTS

1955 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron H. Waksman ◽  
Raymond D. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Allergic ◽  
Allergic Neuritis

In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), produced by injecting rabbits with whole rabbit spinal cord together with tubercle bacilli and mineral oil, lesions comparable to those seen in the central nervous system are found in the nerve roots, spinal ganglia, and peripheral nerves. When special fractions of bovine white matter are used as antigen in rabbits, the same distribution of lesions is seen but peripheral nerve involvement is relatively less frequent. When rabbit sciatic nerve or spinal ganglia are used as antigen in rabbits, lesions occur only in the roots, ganglia, and peripheral nerves. Lesions are not produced in the central nervous system, nor is there a meningitis. This disease picture has been called experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). The antigenicity of rabbit nerve is not impaired by autoclaving. Sciatic nerve of other mammalian species produces the same disease in rabbits as does rabbit nerve. Optic nerve, used as antigen, produces the typical picture of EAE, not EAN. The optic nerves are not affected in EAN, whereas they commonly contain lesions in EAE. There are differences of symptomatology, referable to the difference in distribution of lesions, between EAE and EAN. The spinal fluid of EAE shows an increase both in the number of cells and in the total protein content. In EAN, the same changes in protein are observed, but usually the cell count remains normal. The cell count appears to be related to the involvement of cerebral and spinal meninges, which is an almost invariable accompaniment of EAE. The skin tests and serologic studies made with homologous and heterologous antigens were essentially non-contributory, apparently as a consequence of the diversity of antigens present in the inoculated materials. The similarity between EAN and certain of the human polyneuritides is indicated and discussed.

Observations on the Golgi Material of the Neurones of the Central Nervous System of Fowl affected with Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum.

1950 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-181
Author(s):  
K. S. Chodnik
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject

SynopisThe Golgi material of the neurones of the central nervous system of normal fowl and of birds affected with spontaneous cases of Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum (fowl paralysis) is described. Material was prepared according to the methods of Kolatchev and of Aoyama. The Golgi material of normal pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex, the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, the multipolar cells of the spinal cord, and the cells of the spinal ganglia, is present as rods, irregular bodies and filaments. Compact net-like Golgi material is present in the small cells of the spinal ganglia.In the neurones of fowl affected with Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum the Golgi material undergoes hypertrophy, followed by clustering of the Golgi elements and fragmentation. The intensity of the morphological changes and the number of neurones affected in a particular region of the central nervous system varies considerably, except in the spinal ganglia where all the cells examined exhibited marked changes. It was not possible to determine whether the changes were primary or secondary in nature. The literature of the subject is discussed.

scholarly journals Multiple Immediate-Early Gene-Deficient Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors Allowing Efficient Gene Delivery to Neurons in Culture and Widespread Gene Delivery to the Central Nervous System In Vivo

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 4343-4356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E. Lilley ◽  
Filitsa Groutsi ◽  
ZiQun Han ◽  
James A. Palmer ◽  
Patrick N. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has several potential advantages as a vector for delivering genes to the nervous system. The virus naturally infects and remains latent in neurons and has evolved the ability of highly efficient retrograde transport from the site of infection at the periphery to the site of latency in the spinal ganglia. HSV is a large virus, potentially allowing the insertion of multiple or very large transgenes. Furthermore, HSV does not integrate into the host chromosome, removing any potential for insertional activation or inactivation of cellular genes. However, the development of HSV vectors for the central nervous system that exploit these properties has been problematical. This has mainly been due to either vector toxicity or an inability to maintain transgene expression. Here we report the development of highly disabled versions of HSV-1 deleted for ICP27, ICP4, and ICP34.5/open reading frame P and with an inactivating mutation in VP16. These viruses express only minimal levels of any of the immediate-early genes in noncomplementing cells. Transgene expression is maintained for extended periods with promoter systems containing elements from the HSV latency-associated transcript promoter (J. A. Palmer et al., J. Virol. 74:5604–5618, 2000). Unlike less-disabled viruses, these vectors allow highly effective gene delivery both to neurons in culture and to the central nervous system in vivo. Gene delivery in vivo is further enhanced by the retrograde transport capabilities of HSV. Here the vector is efficiently transported from the site of inoculation to connected sites within the nervous system. This is demonstrated by gene delivery to both the striatum and substantia nigra following striatal inoculation; to the spinal cord, spinal ganglia, and brainstem following injection into the spinal cord; and to retinal ganglion neurons following injection into the superior colliculus and thalamus.

scholarly journals Electrophysiologic Characteristics of Large Neurons in Dorsal Root Ganglia during Development and after Hind Paw Incision in the Rat

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Ririe ◽  
Baogang Liu ◽  
Bridgette Clayton ◽  
Chuanyao Tong ◽  
James C. Eisenach
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Control Threshold ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Large Neurons

Background Withdrawal thresholds in the paw are lower in younger animals, and incision further reduces these thresholds. The authors hypothesized that these differences result in part from changes in intrinsic electrophysiologic properties of large neurons. Methods Using isolated whole dorsal root ganglion, current clamping was performed to determine the electrophysiologic properties of large neurons before and after incision in animals aged 1 and 4 weeks. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds were used to follow paw sensitivity. Results After paw incision, withdrawal thresholds decreased to a similar degree at both ages, but returned to control threshold at 72 h only in the 1-week-old animals. The resting membrane potential was less negative and the rheobase and the resistance of the membrane were lower at baseline in the 1-week-old animals (P < 0.05). After incision, the membrane potential became more depolarized and the rheobase was less in both ages. These changes remained 72 h after the incision in both ages. Conclusion These findings suggest that lower mechanical thresholds in the younger animals may be partially attributed to the intrinsic electrophysiologic properties of the larger-diameter afferent neurons. The lack of resolution of the electrophysiologic changes in the young despite the resolution of the withdrawal response suggests that continued input from large fibers into the central nervous system may occur at this age despite the apparent resolution of behavioral changes. Further studies are needed to determine the etiology of these differences, their impact in the central nervous system, and whether theses changes can be prevented.

scholarly journals Leptin participation in the processes of nervous impulse transmission and its influence on the formation of neuro-mental development of children

2022 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
G. O. Momot ◽  
E. V. Krukovich ◽  
T. N. Surovenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Nervous Impulse ◽  
Leptin Receptors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Functional Features

Review of publications on the functional features of leptin in the central nervous system in children. The participation of leptin mechanisms in the transmission of nerve impulses, the effect of leptin on cognitive functions in children. The article reveals the general mechanisms of maturation of the central nervous system in children, the participation of leptin and leptin receptors in the formation of cognitive abilities in children. Possible interrelationships of impairments in cognitive development and lipid metabolism including obesity are revealed.

scholarly journals Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Peter Scott ◽  
Louis Hendrik Nel
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling ◽  
Cellular Apoptosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Low Levels

Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, which is a fatal encephalitic disease resulting in approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. The prototype species, rabies lyssavirus, is the most prevalent of all lyssaviruses and poses the greatest public health threat. In Africa, six confirmed and one putative species of lyssavirus have been identified. Rabies lyssavirus remains endemic throughout mainland Africa, where the domestic dog is the primary reservoir – resulting in the highest per capita death rate from rabies globally. Rabies is typically transmitted through the injection of virus-laden saliva through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. Due to the inhibition of specific immune responses by multifunctional viral proteins, the virus usually replicates at low levels in the muscle tissue and subsequently enters the peripheral nervous system at the neuromuscular junction. Pathogenic rabies lyssavirus strains inhibit innate immune signaling and induce cellular apoptosis as the virus progresses to the central nervous system and brain using viral protein facilitated retrograde axonal transport. Rabies manifests in two different forms - the encephalitic and the paralytic form - with differing clinical manifestations and survival times. Disease symptoms are thought to be due mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than neuronal apoptosis. While much is known about rabies, there remain many gaps in knowledge about the neuropathology of the disease. It should be emphasized however, that rabies is vaccine preventable and dog-mediated human rabies has been eliminated in various countries. The global elimination of dog-mediated human rabies in the foreseeable future is therefore an entirely feasible goal.

scholarly journals Prions spread via the autonomic nervous system from the gut to the central nervous system in cattle incubating bovine spongiform encephalopathy

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 1048-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Hoffmann ◽  
Ute Ziegler ◽  
Anne Buschmann ◽  
Artur Weber ◽  
Leila Kupfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
The Central Nervous System

To elucidate the still-unknown pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), an oral BSE challenge and sequential kill study was carried out on 56 calves. Relevant tissues belonging to the peripheral and central nervous system, as well as to the lymphoreticular tract, from necropsied animals were analysed by highly sensitive immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques to reveal the presence of BSE-associated pathological prion protein (PrPSc) depositions. Our results demonstrate two routes involving the autonomic nervous system through which BSE prions spread by anterograde pathways from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the central nervous system (CNS): (i) via the coeliac and mesenteric ganglion complex, splanchnic nerves and the lumbal/caudal thoracic spinal cord (representing the sympathetic GIT innervation); and (ii) via the Nervus vagus (parasympathetic GIT innervation). The dorsal root ganglia seem to be subsequently affected, so it is likely that BSE prion invasion of the non-autonomic peripheral nervous system (e.g. sciatic nerve) is a secondary retrograde event following prion replication in the CNS. Moreover, BSE-associated PrPSc was already detected in the brainstem of an animal 24 months post-infection, which is 8 months earlier than reported previously. These findings are important for the understanding of BSE pathogenesis and for the development of new diagnostic strategies for this infectious disease.

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