Effect of the acetylation process on native starches of yam (Dioscorea spp.)

In Colombia, it is necessary to produce native and modified starches for the use of amylaceous raw materials of major socioeconomic importance. In this study, the effects of the acetylation process on structural, morphological and functional properties of native starches yam, Dioscorea spp. (D. alata and D. rotundata) were evaluated. Chemical modification by esterification with acetic anhydride was performed at different reaction times, and morphological and structural changes were assessed using the following techniques: infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Acetylation produced slight changes in the granule morphology, and a decreased degree of crystallinity (DC) associated with a slight increase in the amylose content was observed. The introduction of acetyl groups into the starch structure caused a decrease in the gelatinization temperature and an increased retro gradation tendency. The acetylated starches had low degrees of substitution (DS<0.2), meaning they can be used in the food industry, considering that they showed greater stability, greater water absorption capacity and better solubility than native starches.

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Polyurethane Composite Foams Synthesized Using Bio-Polyols and Cellulose Filler

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14133474 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3474

Author(s):

Katarzyna Uram ◽

Milena Leszczyńska ◽

Aleksander Prociak ◽

Anna Czajka ◽

Michał Gloc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Polyurethane Composite ◽

Composite Foams ◽

Closed Cell ◽

Ft Ir ◽

The Fourier Transform

Rigid polyurethane foams were obtained using two types of renewable raw materials: bio-polyols and a cellulose filler (ARBOCEL® P 4000 X, JRS Rettenmaier, Rosenberg, Germany). A polyurethane system containing 40 wt.% of rapeseed oil-based polyols was modified with the cellulose filler in amounts of 1, 2, and 3 php (per hundred polyols). The cellulose was incorporated into the polyol premix as filler dispersion in a petrochemical polyol made using calenders. The cellulose filler was examined in terms of the degree of crystallinity using the powder X-ray diffraction PXRD -and the presence of bonds by means of the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR. It was found that the addition of the cellulose filler increased the number of cells in the foams in both cross-sections—parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the foam growth—while reducing the sizes of those cells. Additionally, the foams had closed cell contents of more than 90% and initial thermal conductivity coefficients of 24.8 mW/m∙K. The insulation materials were dimensionally stable, especially at temperatures close to 0 °C, which qualifies them for use as insulation at low temperatures.

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The effect of the time process of enzymatic hydrolysis on nanocellulose properties

Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0015.6629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 115 ◽

pp. 101-107

Author(s):

Marta Babicka ◽

Magdalena Wożniak ◽

Kinga Szentner ◽

Sławomir Borysiak ◽

Krzysztof Dwiecki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Raw Material ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽

Time Process ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Hydrolysis Time ◽

Xrd Patterns ◽

Cellulose Materials

The effect of the time process of enzymatic hydrolysis on nanocellulose properties - the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis time on the properties of obtained nanocellulose. Two cellulose materials were tested as a raw material for nanocellulose production in the experiment: Avicel and Whatman. The cellulolytic enzyme obtained from the fungus Trichoderma reesei was used to carry out the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on cellulose using the reaction times of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 hours. In order to characterize the obtained materials, the following analyses were used: infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering. The recorded results showed that cellulose after enzymatic hydrolysis showed similar parameters (particle size, XRD patterns and degree of crystallinity) after all the applied reaction times.

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Effect of Partial Substitution of Sr by Ba on the Structural Properties of Tl0.8Ni0.2Sr2-xBrxCa2Cu3O9-δ System

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.900.172 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 900 ◽

pp. 172-179

Author(s):

Mohammed Abdul Nebi Thejeel ◽

Rihab Nassr Fadhil ◽

Shatha H. Mahdie ◽

Kareem Ali Jasim ◽

Auday H. Shaban

Keyword(s):

Structural Properties ◽

Crystal Size ◽

Full Width Half Maximum ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Solid State Reaction Technique ◽

X Ray ◽

Barium Concentration

In this manuscript, the effect of substituting strontium with barium on the structural properties of Tl0.8Ni0.2Sr2-xBrxCa2Cu3O9-δ compound with x= 0, 0.2, 0.4, have been studied. Samples were prepared using solid state reaction technique, suitable oxides alternatives of Pb2O3, CaO, BaO and CuO with 99.99% purity as raw materials and then mixed. They were prepared in the form of discs with a diameter of 1.5 cm and a thickness of (0.2-0.3) cm under pressures 7 tons / cm2, and the samples were sintered at a constant temperature of 860 ° C. The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction for all samples, and the results showed that the samples have tetragonal structure and the change of the parameters structure with the change of the barium concentration. Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) was calculated by Orange Pro using X-RAY data. The crystal size was calculated using Scherrer and Willeamson-Heall methods, where the results showed that the crystal size, compliance and degree of crystallinity changed with the change of barium concentration, and the highest average for the crystal size was 70.0271nm at x=0, and crystallization at 61.46% at x=0.6, and the strain decreased to 0.0037 when barium concentration equals 0.4.

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Rheological and technological characterization of red rice modified starch and jaboticaba peel powder mixtures

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88627-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Raphael Lucas Jacinto Almeida ◽

Tamires dos Santos Pereira ◽

Renata Duarte Almeida ◽

Ângela Maria Santiago ◽

Wanda Izabel Monteiro de Lima Marsiglia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Storage Period ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Modified Starch ◽

Red Rice ◽

Powder Mixtures ◽

Modified Starches ◽

Positive Effect

AbstractProperties of modified starch and its interaction with functional raw materials are of great interest to the food industry. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the rheological and technological characterization of starches modified by the action of the enzymes α-amylase and amyloglucosidase and their mixtures with jaboticaba peel powder. The parameters of firmness, gumminess, and final viscosity of starches paste increased, and the tendency to setback was reduced with the addition of jaboticaba peel powder. Starches and mixtures presented shear-thinning behavior. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder to starches increased water, oil, and milk absorption capacity, while syneresis remained stable over the storage period. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder had a positive effect on native and modified starches' rheological and technological properties, qualifying it as an alternative for developing new functional food products.

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Functional properties of three native starches and their modified derivatives

Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.5219/1232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 682-691

Author(s):

Funmilayo Deborah Adewumi ◽

Labunmi Lajide ◽

Abayomi Olagunjoye Adetuyi ◽

Olajide Ayodele

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Functional Properties ◽

Amylose Content ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Oil Absorption ◽

Water Absorption Capacity ◽

Gelation Temperature ◽

Swelling Power ◽

White Yam ◽

Modified Starches

Starches were isolated from cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifollium), white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and bitter yam (Dioscorea dumentorum). Starch modification was carried out using acetic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. The native and modified starches were characterized using Fourier Transformed Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) for identification of the functional groups. Functional properties such as water absorption capacities, oil absorption capacity, swelling power, solubility, gelation temperature, least gelation capacity, amylose content and pH were determined using standard procedures. Acetylation increased the water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling power, amylose content, and solubility of the starches while phthalation decreased water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling power, and solubility of the starches. Native cocoyam starch has the highest gelation temperature (85 °C) while Acetylated bitter yam has the lowest gelation temperature (74 °C). The pH of the native and modified starches was within the range of 4.14 − 6.55. Phthalation and acetylation increased the bulk density of the starches. Native cocoyam, white yam, and bitter yam starches had the lowest gelation concentration (6%). Modification of native starches will improve the usage of starch in food and non-food applications.

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Synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and functional properties of an esterified starch from an underutilized source in Nigeria

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development ◽

10.18697/ajfand.55.10560 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (55) ◽

pp. 7001-7018

Author(s):

M Emeje ◽

◽

R Kalita ◽

C Isimi ◽

A Buragohain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

West Africa ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Exothermic Peak ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Native Starch ◽

Petit Mil ◽

Modified Starches ◽

Granule Morphology

Acha (Digitaria exilis Sta pf), also known as Findi, Hungry rice , Petit mil and White fonio, is a small seeded cereal, indigenous to West Africa, which is generally classified as millet. It grows in various parts of Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Guinea Bissau and Benin Republic . That species is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated Digitaria species that are harvested in the savannas of West Africa. It is one of the primary cereals of southern Sudan and Ethiopia in Africa. It has potential to improve human nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable use of lands . In this study, acha starch was subjected to modification by acetylation. The acetylated acha starch with degree of modification 0.78 had reduced foaming capacity and amylose contents. The starches have similar organoleptic properties ranging from white, gritty, non sticky to bland tastes. P hysicochemical indices investigated such as true density, bulk and tapped densities, water absorption capacity, moisture content, total and acid insoluble ash, and pH were reduced by the acetylation of acha starch. The modification resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the solubility as well as water and oil absorption capacities of the starch. Scanning electron micros copy revealed starch granules that were predominantly polygonal in shape. Acetylation did not alter the granule morphology. X -ray pattern of the native starch was A type, with similar pattern in the acetylated derivative. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed a new band at 1728 cm -1. Thermogravimetry revealed 3 phase decomposition of both the native and modified starches. The a cetylation as revealed by Differential scanning calorimetry studies improved the gelation capacity of the native starch and revealed two endothermic peaks and one exothermic peak each for both starches . There was considerable reduction in the peak temperature of gelatinization (Tp) of native starch and a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the enthalpy of gelatinization (DH) was noticed after acetylation.

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ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF CELLULOSE COMPONENT IN PROCESS OF ELEMENTARIZATION OF FLAX FIBERS

IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA ◽

10.6060/tcct.2017606.5437 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

pp. 102 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexandr E. Zavadskii ◽

Valeria G. Stokozenko ◽

Andrey P. Moryganov ◽

Igor Yu. Larin

Keyword(s):

Supramolecular Structure ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

X Ray ◽

Flax Fibers ◽

Cellulose Iβ ◽

Deep Purification ◽

Cellulose Component

The comparative research of composition and supramolecular structure of the flax fibers received by methods of a cottonization and a mechanical elementarization under the influence of the cyclic deforming loadings was conducted. It was shown that under the influence of cyclic loadings removal of a considerable part of impurity with the increase in content of cellulose to 80.1% is reached. At the same time, division of complexes onto elementary filament provides the increase in the total surface of material and, as a result, to availability of fibers to the reagents at the subsequent alkaline boiling. X-ray analysis of flax samples with a method of comparison of the normalized parameters of diffraction by crystalline regions of cellulose allowed to establish that degree of crystallinity of a cellulose component of fibers remains constant even at deep purification of raw materials under the influence of cyclic deformations and subsequent boiling. The research of the oriented fibers by X-ray diffraction method has shown that removal of impurity from flax in the course of an elementarization has only weak influence on the sizes of crystallites of cellulose. The increase in the cross sizes of crystallites by 4 – 6% was observed at deep purification of fibers due to the boiling. This phenomenon can be connected with the decrease in influence of a diffraction maximum from impurity on half-width of the equatorial reflex 200 for cellulose Iβ. It should be noted that the longitudinal sizes of crystallites at the same time do not change. It was suggested on possible influence of decrease in content of impurity on supramolecular structure of an amorphous phase of cellulose and as a result on the observed growth of sorption and mechanical properties of flax fibers at an elementarization by method of cyclic deformation.Forcitation:Zavadskii A.E., Stokozenko V.G., Moryganov A.P., Larin I.Yu. Analysis of structural changes of cellulose component in process of elementarization of flax fibers. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 6. P. 102-108.

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Physicochemical Characteristics, Microstructure and Health Promoting Properties of Green Banana Flour

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10122894 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2894

Author(s):

Minenhle Khoza ◽

Eugenie Kayitesi ◽

Bhekisisa C. Dlamini

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Amylose Content ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Sem Images ◽

Banana Flour ◽

Green Banana

This study aimed to investigate the proximate composition, mineral content, functional properties, molecular structure, in vitro starch digestibility, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP) of green banana flour (GBF) cultivars grown in South Africa. With proximate composition, Finger Rose and Pisang Awak had the highest protein (4.33 g/100 g) and fat (0.85 g/100 g) content, respectively. The highest ash content (3.50 g/100 g) occurred with both Grand Naine and FHIA-01 cultivars. Potassium and copper were the most abundant and least minerals, respectively. Pisang Awak cultivar had the highest water absorption capacity (67.11%), while Du Roi had the highest swelling power (0.83 g/g) at 90 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that starch granules from all GBF cultivars were irregular in shape and they had dense surfaces with debris. All the GBF cultivars had similar diffraction patterns with prominent peaks from 15°–24° diffraction angles. The resistant starch (RS) and amylose content of the FHIA-01 cultivar indicates that the GBF has the potential to lower risks of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The highest TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity occurred with the Grande Naine cultivar. Based on their functional characteristics, the Grand Naine and FHIA-01 GBF cultivars could potentially be used as raw materials for bakery products as well as for the fortification of snacks.

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Ukraine’s foreign trade in meat and meat products: trends and geographical aspects

Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine ◽

10.36818/2071-4653-2020-3-7 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

Olena Lyakhovska

Keyword(s):

Small Businesses ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Meat Products ◽

World Market ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Positive Development ◽

Meat Production ◽

Meat Industry ◽

Geographical Structure

Current trends in meat and meat products exports are considered. The dynamics and structural changes in meat exports by types and degree of processing (beef and veal, pork, poultry, finished meat products) are analyzed. The paper proves that in recent years, only meat and edible poultry by-products have taken a competitive position in the world market. Accordingly, the dynamics of exports of this type of meat is positive, and the share of these products in the structure of exported meat is the largest (86.09%). Possible threats to the growth of import dependence on certain types of meat products, in particular, chilled and frozen beef and veal, pork, are indicated. The rating of the largest countries-importers of meat and meat products (by types) from Ukraine is built, their share in the structure of meat exports is determined. Changes in the geographical structure of exports have been studied, which indicate a low level of diversification of the geography of exports of certain types of meat (pork, beef). At the same time, a positive development of the geographical structure of poultry meat exports (exported to more than 100 countries) was revealed. Problems of the export potential development in the meat industry of Ukraine are revealed. In particular, the problems of livestock development (outdated technologies and production techniques that reduce the efficiency and productivity; inefficiency of the organization of purchase and processing of meat, which leads to reduced breeding in small businesses and households; inefficiency of state incentives, etc.) and industrial meat production (lack of raw materials, obsolescence of fixed assets and production technologies, poorly developed logistics, etc.). The solution of these problems requires: a systematic approach, which will encourage the cooperation of agricultural and industrial production, cooperation with importers of meat products and protection of domestic producers in the domestic and international markets, creating a favorable investment and information environment that will promote the meat industry development.

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Waste and Solar Energy: An Eco-Friendly Way for Glass Melting

ChemEngineering ◽

10.3390/chemengineering5020016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Isabel Padilla ◽

Maximina Romero ◽

José I. Robla ◽

Aurora López-Delgado

Keyword(s):

Solar Energy ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Glass Melting ◽

Glass Network ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Concentrated Solar Energy ◽

Calcium Source ◽

The Aluminum Industry

In this work, concentrated solar energy (CSE) was applied to an energy-intensive process such as the vitrification of waste with the aim of manufacturing glasses. Different types of waste were used as raw materials: a hazardous waste from the aluminum industry as aluminum source; two residues from the food industry (eggshell and mussel shell) and dolomite ore as calcium source; quartz sand was also employed as glass network former. The use of CSE allowed obtaining glasses in the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO system at exposure time as short as 15 min. The raw materials, their mixtures, and the resulting glasses were characterized by means of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. The feasibility of combining a renewable energy, as solar energy and different waste for the manufacture of glasses, would highly contribute to circular economy and environmental sustainability.

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