scholarly journals Daily life of the population of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: based on the materials of the Atyashevsky district of the Mordovian ASSR

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Oleg I. Mariskin

Introduction. The article explores the daily life of the rear region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The workers of the Atyashevsky district of the Mordovian ASSR, like all Soviet people, stood up for the Fatherland. The Great Patriotic war made fundamental changes in the way of life of the home front. Women, children, and old men who replaced men gone to the front often worked around the clock and slept in their workplaces. Results and Discussion. During the war, many types of agricultural work were performed manually. In the rear, food shortages caused difficulties in supplying the population with food. It was no better to provide food for the families of front-line soldiers. Collective farmers and sole peasants began to pay personal land, since then the main source of food. The villagers grew many of the crops that were previously produced by farmers on arable land, but in much smaller amounts. Workers of the district led to the construction of fortifications – the Sursky defense line. Conclusion. The war is leaving the past, its participants, soldiers’ widows and mothers are still less alive, but the feat accomplished by the soldiers and workers of the rear during the years of the Great Patriotic War is immortal.

Author(s):  
M. SH. Knopov ◽  
V. K. Taranukha

Success in the treatment of wounded and patients in the medical and sanitary battalions, army and front-line base hospitals as well as on the home front was secured by realization of the system of step-by-step treatment with evacuation when indicated. Creation and application of that principally new advanced system of treatment-and-evacuation provision for combat operations was the great achievement of native public health and military medical service. Studies of many talented scientists in the field of treatment of gunshot wound, penetrating wounds, gunshot fractures of the extremities, wound complications as well as elaboration of diagnostic and treatment methods for wounded played an important role in the creation of the system for rendering adequate medical care.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 620-638
Author(s):  
Alim Tetuev

The article examines the memory of the Great Patriotic War in letters, memoirs and literary sources of front-line soldiers and workers of the rear of Kabardino-Balkaria. The state of historiography and sources of the studied problem is analyzed, its relevance is substantiated. The experience of party political and propaganda work of the Main Political Administration of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and local party and Soviet bodies for educating the Red Army and home front workers in the spirit of Soviet patriotism, national unity, hatred of the German occupiers and belief in victory will be summarized.  The letters and addresses of front-line soldiers to relatives and friends, home front workers, and local party and Soviet authorities were identified and investigated.  The letters and appeals of relatives and friends, home front workers, and local party and Soviet government bodies to front-line soldiers are examined. The reflection of war in the literary sources of the front-line soldiers, which are dedicated to the people of the front and rear, is considered. The analysis of the problem under study showed that the tasks of rallying and mobilizing all forces to achieve victory were characteristic of the consciousness of front-line soldiers and rear in an extreme situation.    


2020 ◽  
pp. 308-321
Author(s):  
I. V. Skipina ◽  
E. I. Dubnitskaya

The 1941—1945 correspondence between servicemen and fellow countrymen, kept in the State Archives of the Tyumen Region is examined in the article. Letters are considered as documents with high information potential, giving new knowledge about the war, obtained on the basis of studying the communications of ordinary participants in the events. The purpose of the publication is to show letters from the front as a source on the history of everyday life, filled with communication of close people on issues important to them, allowing them to reconstruct their life activities, analyze the experience of the past, and use the results of research in modern reality. Correspondence allows us to consider military everyday life as part of big politics and as a personal experience, to expand the source component of the discourse on the history of the Great Patriotic War, contributing to a scientific assessment of the experience and understanding of its historical significance. It is proved that collective and personal letters, appeals “to power” testify that the war, having become a time of difficult trials, stimulated the formation of an identity characterized by the unity of the state and society with the prevalence of socially significant values over individual ones.


2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
ANASTASIA S. KOPTELOVA ◽  

Today, the study of the history of the Great Patriotic War is of interest both for professional historians and for those interested in Patriotic history, which, in turn, is due to a number of socio-political factors. At the same time, despite the wide interest of modern Russian society and a narrow circle of specialists in this period, there is a problem of subjective perception of the history of the Great Patriotic War. The purpose of the study is the Arkhangelsk district of the Voronezh region during the Great Patriotic War as a rear area. The scientific novelty of this article lies primarily in the fact that for the first time a description of the daily life of the Arkhangelsk district of the Voronezh region and its inhabitants during the Great Patriotic War is given. There are analyzed the activity and work of both enterprises and organizations and individual citizens in the rear. Brief biographical data of the workers of the rear of the Great Patriotic War, natives of the Arkhangelsk district of the Voronezh region are investigated, their memories are given. The article also mentions the situation of underage home front workers, their contribution to harvesting and digging trenches. The results of the study provide a broad insight into everyday life in the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic Warю


2021 ◽  
pp. 218-231
Author(s):  
Butit Ts. Zhalsanova ◽  
◽  
Leonid V. Kuras ◽  

Military diaries of the Great Patriotic War are a rare type of sources that requires detailed study. The diary entries of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Commander of the 7th Guards Tank Destroyer Artillery Brigade, Colonel Borsoev Vladimir Buzinaevich, published in this article, are to introduce new documents into scientific use and to expand the research field. The archaeographic method of research has made it possible to compile a short historical description of the diary and to publish three diary entries for July 5 – August 13, 1943, that describe author’s participation in the famous Battle of Kursk; the Kursk Bulge was the game changer of the Great Patriotic War. The diary is stored in the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia; it is of great interest to researchers, since it reflects events of the war and front-line everyday life from the perspective of a Soviet officer all through war. Its entries begin on July 10, 1941 and end on March 7, 1945 (with the author’s death from a fatal wound). There are 274 entries in the diary, which are unevenly distributed over the years. For five and a half months of 1941 V. B. Borsoev made 116 records, while for three full years from 1942 to 1944 he made 152 entries. The records for 1941 are distinctive in completeness of description of military operations, as well as in analysis of artillery battles. The scenes of hostilities give way to worries about his family. In the records for 1942, military events alternate with description of the military officer’s daily life, which consisted of reading and analyzing books, for example, L. Tolstoy's “War and Peace,” of watching movies, playing chess, etc. 1943–44 are represented by records stating confidence in victory and describing offensive operations in which the author took part. For more than two months of 1945 there are only six short entries. The diary of V. B. Borsoev is a unique source that includes different information layers from description of hostilities to front-line daily life. Thus, the diary deserves serious scientific research and publication.


2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
M. SH Knopov ◽  
V. K Taranukha

Success in the treatment of wounded and patients in the medical and sanitary battalions, army and front-line base hospitals as well as on the home front was secured by realization of the system of step-by-step treatment with evacuation when indicated. Creation and application of that principally new advanced system of treatment-and-evacuation provision for combat operations was the great achievement of native public health and military medical service. Studies of many talented scientists in the field of treatment of gunshot wound, penetrating wounds, gunshot fractures of the extremities, wound complications as well as elaboration of diagnostic and treatment methods for wounded played an important role in the creation of the system for rendering adequate medical care.


2020 ◽  
pp. 62-99
Author(s):  
Виктор Lisyunin

В статье анализируются материалы семейного архива Гроздовых, позволяющие проследить преемственную связь между четырьмя поколениями родственников, которые на протяжении всего трагического и противоречивого XX в. бережно сохраняли свои духовные традиции. Благодаря переданным М. В. Ганеевой (Гроздовой) в музейные собрания г. Тамбова фотографиям, рисункам, письмам, документам, дневникам открывается многоцветная эпическая картина, передающая весь спектр духовного мира интеллигенции времён Великой Отечественной войны в городе-госпитале Тамбове. Из этой коллекции наиболее информативным документом, особенно красноречиво свидетельствующим о Великой Отечественной войне, является дневник Вячеслава Тихоновича Гроздова, внука протоиерея Митрофана Гроздова и сына известного хирурга Тихона Митрофановича Гроздова, который и работал совместно со святителем Лукой (ВойноЯсенецким) в годы войны. На страницах дневника запечатлены истории повседневной жизни прифронтового города Тамбова, в который 19 февраля 1944 г. и приехал святитель-хирург Лука. Вячеслав Гроздов зафиксировал факты общения своего отца и святителя Луки, сделал записи об их совместных операциях и выступлениях на конференциях. Сам Вячеслав неоднократно присутствовал на операциях святителя и, будучи искусным в рисовании, помогал ему в подготовке рисунков и таблиц для докладов на медицинских конференциях. Благодаря записям дневника стало известно, что именно Вячеслав Гроздов выполнил карандашный портрет профессора, доктора медицины архиепископа Луки (В. Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого), датируемый 25 марта 1944 г. Дневники Вячеслава - это свидетельство о каждодневном подвиге врачей тамбовских эвакогоспиталей, о том, с какой человеческой болью приходилось сталкиваться. Помогая отцу в госпитале в качестве санитара, а также ведя зарисовки операций и госпитального быта, Вячеслав запечатлел картины, характеризующие события жизни архиепископа-хирурга в городе Тамбове. Кроме прямых указаний на факты общения Гроздовых с архиепископом Лукой, дневник содержит информацию, дающую необходимый контекст для понимания многих ситуаций тамбовского периода служения святителя Луки, а также - в целом - жизни города Тамбова в военные годы. Анализируя информацию из дневника, можно реконструировать и характеризовать духовно-нравственную среду города Тамбова во время архипастырских трудов святителя Луки по возрождению Тамбовской епархии в годы Великой Отечественной войны. The article analyzes the evidence from the Grozdov family archive which allows one to trace the continuity between four generations of relatives who carefully preserved their spiritual traditions throughout the tragic and contradictory 20th century. Thanks to the photographs, drawings, letters, documents, diaries transferred by M. V. Ganeyeva (Grozdova) to the museum collections of Tambov, we can see a multicoloured epic picture conveying the entire spectrum of the spiritual world of the intelligentsia during the Great Patriotic War in the hospital city of Tambov. The most informative document of this collection, especially eloquently testifying to the Great Patriotic War, is the diary of Vyacheslav Tikhonovich Grozdov, the grandson of Archpriest Mitrofan Grozdov and the son of the famous surgeon Tikhon Mitrofanovich Grozdov who worked together with St. Luke (Voyno-Yasenetsky) during the war. The pages of the diary depict the stories of the daily life of the front-line city of Tambov where Holy Hierarch-Surgeon Luke arrived on February 19, 1944. Vyacheslav Grozdov recorded the facts of communication between his father and Saint Luke, made notes about their joint operations and speeches at conferences. Vyacheslav himself was repeatedly present at the operations conducted by the Holy Hierarch and, being skilled in drawing, helped him by preparation of figures and tables for his reports at medical conferences. The diary entries reveal that it was Vyacheslav Grozdov who was the author of the pencil portrait of Professor, Doctor of Medicine Archbishop Luke (V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky), which dates from March 25, 1944. Vyacheslav’s diary entries reveal the everyday self-sacrificial heroism (Russ.: podvig) of the doctors working in Tambov’s evacuation hospitals, and the enormous human pain he had to face. While helping his father in the hospital as an attendant, as well as making sketches of operations and hospital life, Vyacheslav captured pictures characterizing the events of the life of the Archbishop-Surgeon in the city of Tambov. In addition to directly indicating the facts of communication between the Grozdovs and Archbishop Luke, the diary provides the necessary context for understanding many situations throughout the Tambov period of St. Luke's ministry, as well as the wartime life of Tambov in general. Analyzing the evidence from the diary, one can reconstruct and characterize the spiritual and moral environment of the city of Tambov during the archpastoral labours of Saint Luke for the revival of the Tambov diocese during the Great Patriotic War.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR KSENOFONTOV ◽  

The article reveals the essence and specificity of culture as an important component of the spiritual factor of victory. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of fiction. The article substantiates the moral and aesthetic impact on the consciousness of defenders of the Motherland, such works of art as“They fought for the Motherland”,“Leningrad poem”,“Russian character”,“Invasion”, etc. The article describes the significant role of theatrical art, which reveals the moral values of the people and Soviet soldiers. This is reflected in such plays as: “the Front”; “the Guy from our city”; “Once upon a time”, etc. The article substantiates the important role of the spiritual influence of cinema on Soviet people. This influence was realized through artistic images of selfless service to the Motherland, loyalty to military duty. Among these films: “Two fighters”, “Wait for me”, “Front-line friends”. During the war, as the article emphasizes, an important component of the spiritual factor of victory was the musical art. Activities in this area of culture famous musicians:B. Astafiev, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Alexandrov, V. Soloviev-Sedoy, and others, was implemented in operas, symphonies, cantatas and songs, which by their nature emotional expression differed Patriotic and epic strength. The purpose of the research : to reveal the axiological components, culture of the Russian world, as important components, spiritual factor during the great Patriotic war. Conclusions : the culture of the Russian world at various stages of the great Patriotic War, through a variety of means and forms, actively mobilized all Soviet people to defend the Motherland and defeat Nazi Germany. The spiritual culture of our country and its types, in the course of functioning, during the war, clearly and expressively revealed the idea of patriotism, courage, bravery and heroism, and encouraged the Soviet people, the soldiers of the red Army, to achieve a great Victory.


2020 ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Elena M. Burova ◽  

The article covers the issues of initiative acquisition of archives in the documents of personal origin during the Great Patriotic War, the organization of work to identify and collect the wartime documents. Collecting documents of ordinary citizens, in particular letters from the front and to the front is analyzed. Proposals to create the specialized archives of documents on the history of the war were never implemented. Quite a lot of the actions, search operations and expeditions were conducted in the country, for example, the “Chronicle of the Great Patriotic War”, the “Frontline letter”, the “Search”, the “Memory”, etc., during which a significant number of documents of war participants and home front workers were collected and stored. Not so much of the documents of personal origin of the war participants are concentrated in the archives. In general, there prevails the collection type of organization for storing documents from the period of the Great Patriotic War. With reference to the corpus of documents of personal origin of the war period the research literature pays its attention mostly to correspondence and diaries, memoirs. Historians and archivists, analyzing wartime letters, offer different classifications depending on the authors, recipients, subjects, etc. The article provides a generalized classification of letters based on their inherent similarities. The author also analyzes the reasons for a small number of extant diaries and memoirs, and provides examples of their classification. Likewise the article describes current approaches to the collection of personal papers within the frames of the Moscow Glavarkhiv project “Moscow – with care for history” and the Ministry of Defense project “The Memory Road”.


Author(s):  
Daiva Milinkevičiūtė

The Age of Enlightenment is defined as the period when the universal ideas of progress, deism, humanism, naturalism and others were materialized and became a golden age for freemasons. It is wrong to assume that old and conservative Christian ideas were rejected. Conversely, freemasons put them into new general shapes and expressed them with the help of symbols in their daily routine. Symbols of freemasons had close ties with the past and gave them, on the one hand, a visible instrument, such as rituals and ideas to sense the transcendental, and on the other, intense gnostic aspirations. Freemasons put in a great amount of effort to improve themselves and to create their identity with the help of myths and symbols. It traces its origins to the biblical builders of King Solomon’s Temple, the posterity of the Templar Knights, and associations of the medieval craft guilds, which were also symbolical and became their link not only to each other but also to the secular world. In this work we analysed codified masonic symbols used in their rituals. The subject of our research is the universal Masonic idea and its aspects through the symbols in the daily life of the freemasons in Vilnius. Thanks to freemasons’ signets, we could find continuity, reception, and transformation of universal masonic ideas in the Lithuanian freemasonry and national characteristics of lodges. Taking everything into account, our article shows how the universal idea of freemasonry spread among Lithuanian freemasonry, and which forms and meanings it incorporated in its symbols. The objective of this research is to find a universal Masonic idea throughout their visual and oral symbols and see its impact on the daily life of the masons in Vilnius. Keywords: Freemasonry, Bible, lodge, symbols, rituals, freemasons’ signets.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document