scholarly journals Gross Output and Labour Productivity in the Timber Processing Complex of the USSR in 1927/1928–1937

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-316
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Zykin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Labour Productivity Growth ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Regional Forest ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. The forest industry played an important role in the economy of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union and took a significant place in the project of “socialist industrialization” of the late 1920s – early 1940s. One of the key indicators of the functioning of the industry is the cost of gross products, including per worker. The historiography of this topic consists mainly of studies of foreign and domestic scientists on the Soviet economy and works on the history of the regional forest industry. The idea of the dynamics of the cost of gross output of the forest industry during the period of “socialist industrialization” is not formed, which actualizes the analysis of its functioning during the years of active development. The chronological framework of the study is 1927/1928–1937, the period of implementation of the first and second five-year plans. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis is the concept of modernization. The peculiarities of statistical accounting of feasibility indicators in the forest industry, the application of “unchanged” prices 1926/1927 are justified. Results. The conclusion was made about the uneven dynamics of the cost of gross products (including per worker) among the components of the forest industry. At a faster pace, labour productivity increased in the forest chemical, furniture industries, the production of standard houses and building parts. The area of timber harvesting showed the slowest pace. According to the results of two five-year plans, the planned values of gross production and labour productivity in the timber industry were not achieved. Discussion and Conclusions. The first five-year plan outlined a significant increase in the cost of gross output of the forest industry and an increase in their share in the industry of the Soviet Union by this indicator. In the second five-year plan, the pace of development of the complex was assumed to be lower than in the country’s industry. With a significant overall increase in the cost of gross output in 1926–1934, labour productivity increased slowly. The use of data on the Ural Economic Region, one of the leading regional timber complexes in the country, demonstrated the preservation of low rates of labour productivity growth in 1935–1938.

scholarly journals Behind the Five-Year Plan: the Timber Processing Complex of the USSR in Annual Plans for 1935–1937

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Zykin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Target Values ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. The timber processing complex became an important component of the project of “socialist industrialization” of the late 1920s – early 1940s in the Soviet Union. The first five-year plan was not implemented by the industry, despite a significant increase in indicators compared to the period of the “new economic policy”. The development of the forest industry in the second five-year plan should have become more balanced and not lose dynamism. During this period, the economic structure of the industry was relatively homogeneous. An analysis of the indicators of annual national economic plans in the context of the second five-year plan becomes relevant. Historiography of the period of “socialist industrialization” and, in particular, 1933–1937 consists mainly of studies of foreign and domestic scientists on the Soviet economy and works on the history of the forest industry of certain regions. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the concept of modernization. Based on the information of the second five-year plan and annual plans, series of data on the development of the timber processing complex of the Soviet Union were formed. Results. At the beginning of the second five-year plan, the industry experienced stagnation of production and financial indicators, failure to fulfill annual plans. Then, as capital investments increased, the construction of enterprises was completed, capacities were developed, new forms of socialist competition developed, the timber processing complex demonstrated a significant improvement in the results of activities. Labor productivity increased at a relatively high rate in the fields of machining and deep processing of wood, but slowly grew in the field of timber harvesting. Unsatisfactory tasks were performed to reduce the cost of production. Conclusions. The main volumes of work in the timber processing complex were carried out by the Narkomles (People’s Committee of Forest Industry) of the USSR. In 1935–1936 it became possible to approach the target values of the second five-year plan, which, however, was not fully implemented due to the beginning of mass repressions and the transfer of part of the enterprises to forced labor camps. Summing up the planned and actual results of the timber processing complex for 1933–1937 showed that the industry fulfilled the five-year plan by 80–90 %, and in some areas surpassed it.

scholarly journals “Honeymoon” of the Russian Empire and the United States during WWI

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-292
Author(s):  
Victoria I. Zhuravleva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article focuses on the debatable issues of Russian-American relations from 1914 until the fall of Tsarism, such as the degree of the two countries’ rapprochement, ethnic questions, the positive dynamics of mutual images and the intensified process of Russians and Americans studying each other. Based on primary and secondary sources, this work intends to emphasize that the conflict element in bilateral relations did not hamper cooperation between the two states. The author’s multipronged and interdisciplinary approach allowed her to conclude that the United Sates was ready to engage in wide-ranging interaction with the Russian Empire regardless of their ideological differences. From the author’s point of view, it was the pragmatic agenda that aided the states’ mutual interest in destroying the stereotypes of their counterpart and stimulated Russian Studies in the US and American Studies in Russia. Therefore, the “honeymoon” between the two states had started long before the 1917 February Revolution. However, Wilson strove to turn Russia not so much into an object of US’ “dollar diplomacy”, but into a destination of its “crusade” for democracy. The collapse of the monarchy provided an additional impetus for liberal internationalism by integrating the Russian “Other” into US foreign policy. Ultimately, an ideological (value-based) approach emerged as a stable trend in structuring America’s attitude toward Russia (be it the Soviet Union or post-Soviet Russia).

ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE TIMBER PROCESSING COMPLEX OF THE URALS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
IVAN ZYKIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Industry Structure ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Cost

During the Great Patriotic War, the forest industry of the Urals played an important role in the economy of the region and the Soviet Union. Based on the statistical data put into circulation by researcher A.A. Antoufiev, an analysis of the dynamics of the cost of production fixed assets and gross products in the forest industry of the Urals, including per worker, was undertaken. Due to the enemy’s seizure of part of the western territories of the country, thanks to the availability of forests available for operation, enterprises built and reconstructed in the years of the first five-year plans, equipment evacuation, and the fulfillment of defense orders, the share of this sector of the Urals in the production and value of the country’s forest industry increased. However, in the cost of gross products of the region, the share of the forest industry decreased due to the active development of engineering, metallurgy, and arms production. In the forest industry structure, the higher values of production funds and products per worker were in the pulp and paper and plywood industries, the lowest in the field of forest resources. Conclusions were made about an increase in the cost of funds in the Ural forest industry, a slight decrease in the cost of gross products, a lag in the actual labor productivity of workers from the indicators of industry in the region and the Soviet Union.

Notes of The Tale of the Rout of Mamai in the Context of the Collective Imagery Concerning the Battle of Kulikovo

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-241
Author(s):  
Kati Parppei
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
External Threat ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Illustrative Case Study

Representations of military exploits are commonly used as “building material” in the post-Soviet reconstruction of collective identities. In the case of medieval battles, the scarcity of sources as well as temporal distance has allowed the production of relatively liberal representations, making them adjustable material for supporting contemporary ideas and power structures. The Battle of Kulikovo provides an illustrative case study. It took place in 1380 between troops commanded by Muscovite Grand Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich and Mongolian Emir Mamai. In Russian national historiography the battle has been considered as a major turning point. One of the most central sources used by national historians has been The Tale of the Rout of Mamai, presumably originally produced at the turn of the 16th century. In this article the text is examined as a reflection of certain contemporary religious-political developments. It can be claimed that the dualistic approach of the text, which emphasizes unified resistance against an external threat, has been applicable in strengthening ideas of internal cohesion in the Grand Duchy of Muscovy, the Russian empire and the Soviet Union, as well as post-Soviet Russia, creating an anachronistically toned basis for the collective imagery concerning the battle.

scholarly journals A GEOGRAPHICAL APPRAISAL OF THE SOVIET FOREST RESOURCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351
Author(s):  
Robert M. Bone
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Forest Resource ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Regional Problems

The presence of a vast forest represents a valuable natural asset to any nation. In the case of the Soviet Union, the harnessing of this resource greatly facilitated its economic development. The particular distribution of forest has resulted in certain regional problems and trends. Presently there is a shift of logging and a slow but gradual migration of associated processing industries northward and eastward from the traditional logging region of central European Soviet Russia. The new emphasis on expanding the wood and paper fabricating industries reflects the growing sophistication of this Soviet industry. Not withstanding the recognized potential of this segment of the Soviet forest industry, there are presently certain shortages of wood and paper products.

scholarly journals Ethnic Structure of St Petersburg – Petrograd – Leningrad in the Period of 1703-1991

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-105
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Garczyk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
National Capital ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

Abstract This article presents a multinational and multireligious character of St. Petersburg since the founding of the city to the collapse of the Soviet Union. An ethnic and cultural mosaic was also an important feature in other centers of Russia, including Moscow and Odessa, as well as forming part of the national capital of the Russian Empire in Warsaw, Riga and Tallinn. St. Petersburg is a city but of a symbolic and unique character. It is the subject of literary impressions and creative inspiration for generations of artists. In addition, St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad was the capital of a multinational and multireligious Russian Empire, Soviet Russia, and since 1918, it was the second most important city of the Soviet Union. The author’s intention is also to present the history of St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad, as seen through the prism of the history of national minorities living in it.

CINEMA IN TURKISH-SOVIET RELATIONS IN THE ATATURK PERIOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
TEKEREK MELTEM ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

Cinema had been found at the end of the 19th century. The first cinema shows in the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire had been held in 1896. Since the beginning of the 20th century, cinema, which was an effective tool in propaganda, had some experiences until the end of the First World War. After the war, developments in international relations brought Turkey and Soviet Russia closer together. Thus, good relations that started in 1919 will have been continued for a long time. During this period, cinema was used by the Bolsheviks in Russia about realizing the objectives of the regime, and this experience affected Turkey. Therefore, one of the issues which mentioned in the relations between the two countries was the cinema. Turkey wanted to benefit from propaganda and indoctrination power of cinema in Atatürk period dominated by the friendly relations between the two countries. This study aims to examine how cinema reflected on the relations between the two countries during the Atatürk period. It has been seen that cinema had an important status in relations between Turkey and Soviet Russia. The interaction on cinema started in the 1920s and continued in the 1930s. Although the cooperation continued between the two countries about the cinema, Turkey had been sensitive to any threat to the regime which could be coming from the Soviet Union in this process.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT NETWORK IN THE TIMBER INDUSTRY OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1930s

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-14
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Zykin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
European Part ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Timber Industry ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Status ◽  
Set Up

The period of "socialist industrialization" of the late 1920s - early 1940s in the Soviet Union was associated with active construction of a settlement network, including in the forest industry. Active development of resources in the northern and eastern regions and in the European part of the country and construction and reconstruction of enterprises gave rise to a large number of working villages, some of which were given the status of town. Extensive operations across forestry areas and crisis in the industry in the last decades of the 20th and early 21st century led to the shrinking of the settlement network, especially in the timber harvesting sector, and the cities and towns for which timber enterprises were or still are a mono-employer have slipped into depression. This calls for turning attention to the experience of locating, planning and building worker villages in the timber industry in the late 1920s and early 1940s. This study of the settlement network revealed that settlements were set up close to timber production sites, worker villages tended to grow into towns, and several attempts were made to construct "socialist cities". Settlements near medium and large timber enterprises and those lying close to transport routes formed the framework of the settlement network of the industry, while the number of timber-logging villages began to decline since the late 1930s.

Translation and Transformation: English-Language Children's Literature in (Soviet) Russian Guise

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Inggs
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
English Language ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Socialist Realism ◽  
The Political ◽  
Philosophy Of Action ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Free Translation ◽  
Soviet Russia

This article investigates the perceived image of English-language children's literature in Soviet Russia. Framed by Even-Zohar's polysystem theory and Bourdieu's philosophy of action, the discussion takes into account the ideological constraints of the practice of translation and the manipulation of texts. Several factors involved in creating the perceived character of a body of literature are identified, such as the requirements of socialist realism, publishing practices in the Soviet Union, the tradition of free translation and accessibility in the translation of children's literature. This study explores these factors and, with reference to selected examples, illustrates how the political and sociological climate of translation in the Soviet Union influenced the translation practices and the field of translated children's literature, creating a particular image of English-language children's literature in (Soviet) Russia.

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