scholarly journals Spatial and temporal real-time ambient Carbon Monoxide ward–wise mapping for BENGALURU City

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Rajesh Gopinath ◽  
Monica Krishna G.M. ◽  
Pratik Kumar Sinha ◽  
Nitish Kumar ◽  
Deepak Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Reconnaissance Survey ◽  
Co Sensor

Longevity in life span of city dwellers depends upon the quality of ambient air, which is often compromised due to urbanization. In this context, since independence, Bengaluru has rampantly grown with elevated air and automobile pollution levels. Ambient Carbon Monoxide [CO], which is considered to be the most dangerous criteria air pollutant, however has insufficient research/literature for the city of Bengaluru. To plug this gap, the pre-sent study engages a detailed examination for Temporal and Spatial Map-ping variation of Ambient ‘CO’ concentration in different wards of Bengaluru using calibrated Digital ‘CO’ sensor. The methodology involved primarily an intensive literature review followed by reconnaissance survey for fixation of monitoring stations about each ‘ward’. Further at these observatories, extensive primary data collection was ensued at periodic and regular intervals. The objective serves to delineate the most critical and non-critical places in Bengaluru to incorporate remedial measures. Startling 400+ violations with potential of triggering congestive heart failure, impaired performance in time discrimination, shortened time to angina response and vigilance decrement were observed. Sustainability measures conclude the study.

scholarly journals Correlation Between Carbon Monoxide Level In Exhaled Air and Pulmonary Function On Grill Street-Vendors In Medan City

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Jery Chen ◽  
Noni Novisari Soeroso ◽  
Syamsul Bihar ◽  
Lambok Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Exhaled Air ◽  
Correlation Result

Background. Air pollution is the result of household waste responsible for 3.8 million death and 7.7% of all mortality over the world. One air pollutant which tends to increase year by year is carbon monoxide (CO). CO is produced as the result of the imperfect combustion of machines and the combustion of charcoal. The purpose of this study is to assess the correlation between CO level in exhaled air and pulmonary function on grill street-vendors in Medan city. Method: This study is an observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects were grill in Medan city who fulfilled certain inclusion and exclusion criteria with the consecutive sampling method. This study data is primary data which is collected using a questionnaire, smokerlyzer, and spirometry. Result: The subjects of this study are 25 grill street-vendors. Most subjects in this study have red (40%) and green (32%) zone in CO exhaled test and as in pulmonary function test, restrictive (56%) and mixed-type (40%) are the most. The Spearman correlation result between CO level in exhaled air and pulmonary function  FEV1 and FVC are not significant (p=0.068 and p=0.251). Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between CO levels in exhaled air and pulmonary function

scholarly journals Ambient air pollution and emergency department visits in Toronto, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieczysław Szyszkowicz ◽  
Nicholas de Angelis
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
A Value

AbstractTo investigate the acute impact of various air pollutants on various disease groups in the urban area of the city of Toronto, Canada. Statistical models were developed to estimate the relative risk of an emergency department visit associated with ambient air pollution concentration levels. These models were generated for 8 air pollutants (lagged from 0 to 14 days) and for 18 strata (based on sex, age group, and season). Twelve disease groups extracted from the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) were used as health classifications in the models. The qualitative results were collected in matrices composed of 18 rows (strata) and 15 columns (lags) for each air pollutant and the 12 health classifications. The matrix cells were assigned a value of 1 if the association was positively statistically significant; otherwise, they were assigned to a value of 0. The constructed matrices were totalized separately for each air pollutant. The resulting matrices show qualitative associations for grouped diseases, air pollutants, and their corresponding lagged concentrations and indicate the frequency of statistically significant positive associations. The results are presented in colour-gradient matrices with the number of associations for every combination of patient strata, pollutant, and lag in corresponding cells. The highest number of the associations was 8 (of 12 possible) obtained for the same day exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and days with elevated air quality health index (AQHI) values. For carbon monoxide, the number of the associations decreases with the increasing lags. For this air pollutant, there were almost no associations after 8 days of lag. In the case of nitrogen dioxide, the associations persist even for longer lags. The numerical values obtained from the models are provided for every pollutant. The constructed matrices are a useful tool to analyze the impact of ambient air pollution concentrations on public health.

scholarly journals Change Points Detection and Trend Analysis to Characterize Changes in Meteorologically Normalized Air Pollutant Concentrations

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Roberta Valentina Gagliardi ◽  
Claudio Andenna
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Change Points ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Pollution Levels

Identifying changes in ambient air pollution levels and establishing causation is a research area of strategic importance to assess the effectiveness of air quality interventions. A major challenge in pursuing these objectives is represented by the confounding effects of the meteorological conditions which easily mask or emphasize changes in pollutants concentrations. In this study, a methodological procedure to analyze changes in pollutants concentrations levels after accounting for changes in meteorology over time was developed. The procedure integrated several statistical tools, such as the change points detection and trend analysis that are applied to the pollutants concentrations meteorologically normalized using a machine learning model. Data of air pollutants and meteorological parameters, collected over the period 2013–2019 in a rural area affected by anthropic emissive sources, were used to test the procedure. The joint analysis of the obtained results with the available metadata allowed providing plausible explanations of the observed air pollutants behavior. Consequently, the procedure appears promising in elucidating those changes in the air pollutant levels not easily identifiable in the original data, supplying valuable information to identify an atmospheric response after an intervention or an unplanned event.

Ambient Air Pollution: Respiratory Hazards to Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1210-1213
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Clean Air Act ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Clean Air

Levels of many outdoor air pollutants decreased substantially after the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970; however, levels of ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter are still high enough to present hazards to children. Failure to meet the federal standards for these pollutants was a major force driving the adoption of the revised Clean Air Act of 1990. In addition, recent research indicates that acidic aerosols, for which there are no health-based standards, may be associated with adverse respiratory effects. As an ambient air pollutant, ozone is formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons (both of which are emitted by motor vehicles and industrial sources). Ozone levels therefore tend to be highest on warm, sunny days, which are conducive to outdoor activities. In many areas ozone concentrations peak in the midafternoon, when children are likely to be playing outside. It is important to distinguish ground-level ozone air pollution from stratospheric ozone depletion by chlorofluorocarbons. These issues are unrelated. Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion, is emitted mainly from cars and other mobile sources. Airborne particulate matter is a variable and complex mixture of natural materials and substances released from numerous industries, motor vehicles, residential wood burning, construction and demolition, and other sources. Acidic aerosols are traceable mainly to combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels and to reactions of photochemical free radicals with nitrogen dioxide. Exposure to ambient air pollution in North America has been clearly associated with acute and subacute effects in epidemiologic investigations and in controlled exposure studies in environmental chambers.

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19 on air pollution and respiratory viral infection of children in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Kyu Park ◽  
Jung Yeon Shim ◽  
Hye Lim Jung ◽  
Jae Won Shim ◽  
Deok Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infection

Background: Air pollution can be a risk factor for respiratory viral transmission and infection. The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 may have affected ambient air pollution levels. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate air pollution levels and respiratory virus infection rates before and after the COVID-19 pandemic as well as determine relationships between these factors. Methods: The daily mean temperature and concentrations of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2) in five metropolitan cities in South Korea were collected for the months of February to May from 2015 to 2020. Results of 14 respiratory viruses isolated using polymerase chain reaction in children with upper or lower respiratory tract infections were gathered during the same period. Trends of respiratory virus infection, temperature, and air pollutant level from February to May for six years were evaluated and possible relationships between respiratory virus infections and ambient air pollutant levels were assessed. Results: Most air pollutants exhibited significantly decreasing trends in 2020 compared to the years before COVID-19. There were no differences in temperature. Adenovirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus 3, and rhinovirus were the most frequently detected viruses from February to May from 2015 to 2019, and infection rates dropped significantly in 2020. The concentration of ambient O3 was associated with rhinovirus infection in hospitalized children (aOR [95% CI], 1.028 [1.002, 1.055]). Conclusions: After the COVID-19 outbreak, ambient air pollution levels and respiratory virus transmission decreased in the pediatric population of South Korea.

Environmental and Hygienic Assessment of Ambient Air Pollution in Oil-Producing and Oil-Refining Areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan and Population Health Status

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Z.B. Baktybaeva ◽  
R.A. Suleymanov ◽  
T.K. Valeev ◽  
N.R. Rahmatullin ◽  
E.G. Stepanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
Total Suspended Particles

Introduction. High density of oil-producing and refining facilities in certain areas of Bashkortostan significantly affects the environment including ambient air quality in residential areas. Materials and methods. We analyzed concentrations of airborne toxicants (sulfur and nitrogen oxides, nitrogen and carbon oxides, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, xylenes, toluene, phenol and total suspended particles) and population health status in the cities of Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Blagoveshchensk, and the Tuymazinsky District in 2007–2016. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were used to establish possible relationships between medico-demographic indicators and air pollution. Results. Republican fuel and energy enterprises contributed the most to local air pollution levels. Gross emissions from such enterprises as Bashneft-Ufaneftekhim and Bashneft-Navoil reached 43.69–49.77 thousand tons of pollutants per year. The levels of some air pollutants exceeded their maximum permissible concentrations. Elevated concentrations of ammonia, total suspended particles, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide were registered most frequently. High rates of congenital abnormalities, respiratory diseases in infants (aged 0-1), general mortality and morbidity of the population were observed in some oil-producing and refining areas. The correlation analysis proved the relationship between the concentration of carbon monoxide and general disease rates in adults based on hospital admissions (r = 0.898), general incidence rates in children (r = 0.957), and blood disease rates in infants (r = 0.821). Respiratory diseases in children correlated with nitrogen dioxide emission levels (r = 0.899). Conclusions. Further development of oil-producing, petrochemical and oil-refining industries should be carried out taking into account socio-economic living conditions of the population.

scholarly journals Deployment, Calibration, and Cross-Validation of Low-Cost Electrochemical Sensors for Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Ozone for an Epidemiological Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4214
Author(s):  
Christopher Zuidema ◽  
Cooper S. Schumacher ◽  
Elena Austin ◽  
Graeme Carvlin ◽  
Timothy V. Larson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Study Participants

We designed and built a network of monitors for ambient air pollution equipped with low-cost gas sensors to be used to supplement regulatory agency monitoring for exposure assessment within a large epidemiological study. This paper describes the development of a series of hourly and daily field calibration models for Alphasense sensors for carbon monoxide (CO; CO-B4), nitric oxide (NO; NO-B4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2; NO2-B43F), and oxidizing gases (OX-B431)—which refers to ozone (O3) and NO2. The monitor network was deployed in the Puget Sound region of Washington, USA, from May 2017 to March 2019. Monitors were rotated throughout the region, including at two Puget Sound Clean Air Agency monitoring sites for calibration purposes, and over 100 residences, including the homes of epidemiological study participants, with the goal of improving long-term pollutant exposure predictions at participant locations. Calibration models improved when accounting for individual sensor performance, ambient temperature and humidity, and concentrations of co-pollutants as measured by other low-cost sensors in the monitors. Predictions from the final daily models for CO and NO performed the best considering agreement with regulatory monitors in cross-validated root-mean-square error (RMSE) and R2 measures (CO: RMSE = 18 ppb, R2 = 0.97; NO: RMSE = 2 ppb, R2 = 0.97). Performance measures for NO2 and O3 were somewhat lower (NO2: RMSE = 3 ppb, R2 = 0.79; O3: RMSE = 4 ppb, R2 = 0.81). These high levels of calibration performance add confidence that low-cost sensor measurements collected at the homes of epidemiological study participants can be integrated into spatiotemporal models of pollutant concentrations, improving exposure assessment for epidemiological inference.

scholarly journals Ambient air pollutant exposure and in vitro fertilization treatment outcomes in Zhengzhou, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 112060
Author(s):  
Wei Dai ◽  
Hao Shi ◽  
Zhiqin Bu ◽  
Yiping Yu ◽  
Zhimin Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Vitro Fertilization

scholarly journals Relationship between Air Pollutant Exposure and Gynecologic Cancer Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5353
Author(s):  
Qiwei Yu ◽  
Liqiang Zhang ◽  
Kun Hou ◽  
Jingwen Li ◽  
Suhong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Increased Risk

Exposure to air pollution has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of women’s health disorders. However, it remains unknown to what extent changes in ambient air pollution affect gynecological cancer. In our case–control study, the logistic regression model was combined with the restricted cubic spline to examine the association of short-term exposure to air pollution with gynecological cancer events using the clinical data of 35,989 women in Beijing from December 2008 to December 2017. We assessed the women’s exposure to air pollutants using the monitor located nearest to each woman’s residence and working places, adjusting for age, occupation, ambient temperature, and ambient humidity. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were examined to evaluate gynecologic cancer risk in six time windows (Phase 1–Phase 6) of women’s exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) and the highest ORs were found in Phase 4 (240 days). Then, the higher adjusted ORs were found associated with the increased concentrations of each pollutant (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) in Phase 4. For instance, the adjusted OR of gynecological cancer risk for a 1.0-mg m−3 increase in CO exposures was 1.010 (95% CI: 0.881–1.139) below 0.8 mg m−3, 1.032 (95% CI: 0.871–1.194) at 0.8–1.0 mg m−3, 1.059 (95% CI: 0.973–1.145) at 1.0–1.4 mg m−3, and 1.120 (95% CI: 0.993–1.246) above 1.4 mg m−3. The ORs calculated in different air pollution levels accessed us to identify the nonlinear association between women’s exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, CO, O3, and SO2) and the gynecological cancer risk. This study supports that the gynecologic risks associated with air pollution should be considered in improved public health preventive measures and policymaking to minimize the dangerous effects of air pollution.

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