Effect of current intensity and duration on the effectiveness of head-only electrical stunning in pigs under commercial conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Ákos Végh ◽  
Zsolt Abonyi-Tóth ◽  
Pál Rafai
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Current Intensity ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Work Duration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recovery Of Consciousness ◽  
Predominant Effect

After head-only electrical stunning of pigs sequential animal-based measurements were carried out right after stunning as well as before and after bleeding in order to analyse how unconsciousness is achieved and maintained in relation to recorded and calculated technical parameters such as electric current intensity, electric work, duration of stunning, and stun-to-bloodletting period. The measurements were performed at three different slaughterhouses on 9 different days under routine slaughtering conditions. The data of 405 pigs were analysed. The effectiveness of stunning was measured by the number of parameters at two (adequate and acceptable) levels. Current intensity had a predominant effect on the effectiveness of stunning and on the maintenance of unconsciousness. The duration of stunning played a role only as part of the electric work, which manifested itself in the maintenance of unconsciousness. Stunning proved acceptable in 99% of the cases, provided that the minimum current intensity of 1.02 Amp was secured. In 99% of the cases unconsciousness could be maintained at an acceptable level beyond bloodletting when the electric work was at least 8,089.38 Joules. Recovery of consciousness depends on the stun-to-stick period: the best time of bloodletting is less than 32 seconds from the end of stunning.

scholarly journals Assessment of risks in the field of safety, quality and environment in post-harvest line

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S26-S36 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Žitňák ◽  
K. Kollárová ◽  
M. Macák ◽  
M. Prístavková ◽  
M. Bošanský
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Before And After

The objective of this work is the evaluation of threats in the field of safety, fire safety, quality and environment in the post-harvest treatment of grain, with an emphasis put on pre-cleaning and drying of grain. The paper describes the technology of pre-cleaning and drying of grain. Risks for individual machines were evaluated using a failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), which is used to evaluate the threats in terms of fire risk, occupational safety, the effect of machine on the quality of final product, and effect on the environment. We have proposed measures and solutions to eliminate or minimise the consequences of threats. Risk rates are evaluated before and after measures adopted. It can be stated based on the results that risk was successfully reduced to an acceptable level after adopting measures.

Electrical Supercooling Mitigation in Erythritol

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Jankowski ◽  
F. Patrick McCluskey
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Crystallization Behavior ◽  
Supercooled Water ◽  
Heat Of Fusion ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Nucleation Behavior ◽  
Direct Electric Current ◽  
Surface Control ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Latent Heat

This report describes an experimental investigation into the effect of electric current in reducing the supercooling of erythritol. Previous studies have identified erythritol as a prime material candidate for moderate temperature thermal energy storage (TES) systems due to its high latent heat of fusion and melting temperature (118°C), but it has also shown excessive supercooling, sometimes exceeding 65°C [1]. Various methods for controlling or reducing supercooling are reviewed, including work by Shichiri and Hozumi showing that a small electric current passed through supercooled water is highly effective in initiating nucleation [2,3]. In the present study, the authors demonstrate a similar effect with erythritol by subjecting a sample to repeated thermal cycles with and without the application of a direct electric current. The control cases without electric current showed a highly variable recrystallization temperature ranging from 67°C to 109°C (or supercooling magnitudes from 9 to 51°C). Passing a direct current through the sample using silver wire electrodes significantly shifted the material’s nucleation behavior. The local nucleation temperature only varied from 108°C to 112°C (or 6–10°C of supercooling), and nucleation always occurred on the positive electrode surface. Control cases both before and after the electrical trials indicated no noticeable change in sample crystallization behavior.

scholarly journals Disinfection of drinking and bathing water with oxyl

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Marjana Simonic
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability

An electrolysed solution of sodium chloride was examined for its disinfection potential in drinking and bathing water. The electrolysis of NaCl ((=1%) in tap water was performed at room temperature using a 10 A electric current in an electrolysis apparatus. Some laboratory tests were made, initially to determine the stability and efficiency of the disinfectant. Chemical and microbiological measurements of the treated water (according to DIN 19643 for bathing water) were then carried out before and after addition of the disinfectant agent.

Fabrication of ultrafine fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene porous membranes by electrospinning

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 2755-2761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xiong ◽  
Pengfei Huo ◽  
Frank K. Ko
Keyword(s):  
Composite Nanofibers ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Porous Membranes ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Before And After

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) emulsion were blended with different mass concentrations and the blended spinning solutions were electrospun into composite nanofibers. The influence of the blend ratio of PVA to PTFE and electrospinning technical parameters on the morphology and diameter of the composite nanofibers were investigated. According to the result of thermogravimetric analyzer analysis, the composite membrane was sintered at 390 °C. The membranes were then characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The mechanical properties of the membranes before and after sintering were analyzed through tensile testing. The results show that the PTFE porous membranes could be electrospun effectively, thus demonstrating their potential application as filter media.

Drinking Water Disinfection with Electrolysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reimanis ◽  
L. Mezule ◽  
J. Ozolins ◽  
J. Malers ◽  
T. Juhna
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Current Intensity ◽  
Electrochemical Disinfection ◽  
Oxide Electrodes ◽  
Drinking Water Disinfection

Nowadays electrochemical disinfection has gained an increasing attention as an alternative to conventional drinking water disinfection, since it is regarded as environmentally friendly, amendable to automation, inexpensive, easily operated and is known to inactivate a wide variety of microorganisms from bacteria to viruses and algae. We found that along with increasing the number of electrodes in our equipment from 2 to 24, the resistance of chlorine-generating electrolytic cell and specific work of electric current decreased. During the electrolysis the amount of generated Cl2 increased along with the increase of chloride ion concentration in the solution and the intensity of electric current. The technological process parameters (flow rate, current intensity) have been established to obtain a predetermined amount of generated chlorine during the electrolysis process. A comparison of flow and circulating (3 times) regimes for electrolysis of tap water with chloride ion concentration below 10 mg/L showed that circulation is necessary to generate active chlorine (above 1 mg/L). At the same time, when no circulation was performed, even a 0.9 A treatment was not enough to generate detectable levels of free chlorine. Electrochemical disinfection of tap water with non-stoichiometric titanium oxide electrodes was effective enough to inactivate both metabolically active and cultivable bacteria E. coli to undetectable levels within 15 minutes at 0.5 A current intensity.

scholarly journals Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol and Cloud Using a Polarized Micropulse Lidar in Xi’an, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Chao Chen ◽  
Xiaoquan Song ◽  
Zhangjun Wang ◽  
Wenyan Wang ◽  
Xiufen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Aerosol Extinction ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
And Inversion

A polarized micropulse lidar (P-MPL) employing a pulsed laser at 532 nm was developed by the Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences). The optomechanical structure, technical parameters, detection principle, overlap factor calculation method, and inversion methods of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) depth and depolarization ratio (DR) were introduced. Continuous observations using the P-MPL were carried out at Xi’an Meteorological Bureau, and the observation data were analyzed. In this study, we gleaned much information on aerosols and clouds, including the temporal and spatial variation of aerosols and clouds, aerosol extinction coefficient, DR, and the structure of ABL were obtained by the P-MPL. The variation of aerosols and clouds before and after a short rainfall was analyzed by combining time-height-indication (THI) of range corrected signal (RCS) and DR was obtained by the P-MPL with profiles of potential temperature (PT) and relative humidity (RH) detected by GTS1 Digital Radiosonde. Then, the characteristics of tropopause cirrus cloud were discussed using the data of DR, PT, and RH. Finally, a haze process from January 1st to January 5th was studied by using aerosol extinction coefficients obtained by the P-MPL, PT, and RH profiles measured by GTS1 Digital Radiosonde and the time-varying of PM2.5 and PM10 observed by ambient air quality monitor. The source of the haze was simulated by using the NOAA HYSPLIT Trajectory Model.

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