scholarly journals Taxing impact of terrorism on global economic openness of developed and developing countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-335
Author(s):  
Abubakr Saeed ◽  
Yuhua Ding ◽  
Shawkat Hammoudeh ◽  
Ishtiaq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Military Expenditures ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between terrorism and economic openness that takes into account both the number and intensity of terrorist incidents and the impact of government military expenditures on trade-GDP and foreign direct investment-GDP ratios for both developed and developing countries. It uses the dynamic GMM method to account for endogeneity in the variables. Deaths caused by terrorism have a significant negative impact on FDI flows, and the number of terrorist attacks is also found to be significant in hampering the countries’ ability to trade with other nations. The study also demonstrates that the developing countries exhibit almost similar results to our main analysis. The developed countries exhibit a negative impact of terrorism, but the regression results are not significant.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Financial Markets: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries` Stock Markets Indexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-377
Author(s):  
Suadiq Mehammed Hailu ◽  
Gamze Vural
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Stock Index ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
The Impact

In this study, we investigate the stock markets’ reaction to the COVID-19 outbreak. For this purpose, we collected daily cumulative confirmed cases, cumulative deaths, and stock index price data from Australia, Germany, Japan, UK, USA, Brazil, China, Malaysia, South Africa, and Turkey over the period from March 11, 2020, to December 31, 2020, and examined using multiple and panel data regression. Findings reveal that the cumulative daily infection cases have a significant negative impact on the entire and first sub-period covering from March 11 to June 30, 2020. However, this negative impact of cumulative infection cases on the stock market was significant only among developed countries. In contrast, the cumulative death rate was not a fundamental factor that explains stock market price changes. The result also indicated that exchange rate has a significant negative impact on both developed and developing countries’ stock markets. The overall findings of the study indicated that COVID-19 outbreak has a negative significant impact on stock markets and this impact continue until the end of the 2020 second quarter and then the impact became insignificant. Besides, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was different in developed and developing countries and even different from country to country.

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

The Impact of Corruption on Entrepreneurship

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gil Avnimelech ◽  
Yaron Zelekha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

There is a consensus that corruption may result in high societal costs. A growing body of research reveals the negative effects of corruption on a variety of economic indicators. This chapter presents a literature review on the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship. It allows us to suggest that one of the transition channels through which corruption has impacted growth is entrepreneurship. The main channels in which corruption impacts entrepreneurship is through reduced incentives for entrepreneurial activity and reduced trust within the system. The authors present evidence that the negative impact of an incremental increase in the level of corruption on entrepreneurship is more harmful in developed countries than in developing countries. Thus, they stress the need for more research in this area with the aim of establishing appropriate frameworks for the fight of corruption in both developing and developed countries and suggest significant gains from anti-corruption efforts, especially in developed countries.

scholarly journals The Trade Effect of the EU’s Preference Margins and Non-Tariff Barriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Maria Cipollina ◽  
Federica Demaria
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Trade Effect ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact

Nowadays, trade negotiations afford both liberalism- and protectionism-oriented policies. Indeed, in recent decades, the developed countries have been actively engaged in negotiating many preferential agreements to integrate developing countries (DCs) into world trade and encourage their economic growth, but many of these schemes contrast with the complex rules, often imposed on international markets, that still are an obstacle for exporters. Their presence and related costs reduce the importance of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in increasing trade flows. This article attempts to assess the impact of preferential trade policies on trade flows controlling for different non-tariff barriers (NTBs), using a structural gravity model. The analysis uses disaggregated data, registered in the year 2017, on EU imports (defined at level HS-6 digit) from a large number of exporters (187 developed and developing countries) and also includes the intra-EU trade. Our results show robust and positive estimates for the impact of preferences on bilateral trade flows, however, higher non-tariff barriers are likely to play a role in reducing both the extensive margins of trade, and so tariff preferences alone are not sufficient to access international markets. The impact of NTBs on the intensive margin of trade is ambiguous; some measures may act as catalysts and therefore increase trade, and others may act as an additional cost of trade and thus hinder trade.

scholarly journals The Impact of OFDI on the Technical Complexity of High-tech Industry Export in Home Country

2020 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 02012
Author(s):  
Chunxiang Liu ◽  
Yalan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
High Tech ◽  
High Tech Industry ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
D Investment

This paper calculates the technical complexity of high-tech industry export in 38 countries from 1997 to 2017, discusses the mechanism of OFDI on the technical complexity of high-tech industry export in the home country, and empirically tests the impact of OFDI on the technical complexity of high-tech industry export in the home country by using the System GMM method of dynamic panel data model. The results show that OFDI can improve the technical complexity of high-tech industry export in the home country. After further analysis, it is found that OFDI can only significantly improve the technical complexity of high-tech industry exports from developing countries, but to a certain extent inhibit the developed countries. In addition, FDI, R & D investment, human capital, openness to the outside world and self owned technology can promote the export technology complexity of a country’s high-tech industry, while the impact of capital endowment on the export technology complexity of developed and developing countries’ high-tech industry is different.

scholarly journals Pandemic in the network society: Network readiness increases population vulnerability to COVID-19 in less developed countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (S1) ◽  
pp. 187-203
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper examines the factors which determine the impact of network communication and network connections on the likelihood of contracting the new coronavirus in the European and Latin American countries. The author presents several data sets to prove the following suggestions: 1) The generalized indicators of economic development and society’s globalization are not indicators of how vulnerable a country’s population may be in a pandemic; 2) Not the economy as such, but the conventional way of life of people, their daily behaviour and habits have a decisive influence on the disease spread; 3) Factors of prevention of illness and health promotion such as the habit of exercise, distance, and network communications use modern online services to become protective factors against the risk of infection only at a certain level of development of the country; 4) In the developed countries, a much broader set of factors than in the developing countries determine protection against disease risk; 5) The evolution of a networked society opens up significant opportunities for the developing countries to improve the quality of life, and the emergence of new, progressive traditions.

scholarly journals Effects of the age-education structure of female workers on male earnings in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Mariana E Almeida ◽  
Eduardo L G Rios-Neto ◽  
Joseph E Potter
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The main concern of this study is the impact that an increase in female participation within the labor force has on the earnings of males in Brazil. Previous research considered these transitions for male workers, but did not include female workers when estimating various effects on earnings. The 1970, 1980, 1991, and 2000 Brazilian Demographic Censuses were used for this analysis. Results suggest a significant negative impact on male earnings in 1970 as a result of the share of female workers. This effect has been decreasing over time, as the coefficients from more recent years are positive. Changes in age and educational composition make a substantial difference on the estimation of male earnings in Brazil. The method developed in this study is not infallible, but it improves previous estimates by including the relationship among compositional changes, female labor force participation, and earnings, thus going beyond the direct impact of age and education.

The Impact of Corruption on Entrepreneurship

2015 ◽  
pp. 282-294
Author(s):  
Gil Avnimelech ◽  
Yaron Zelekha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

There is a consensus that corruption may result in high societal costs. A growing body of research reveals the negative effects of corruption on a variety of economic indicators. This chapter presents a literature review on the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship. It allows us to suggest that one of the transition channels through which corruption has impacted growth is entrepreneurship. The main channels in which corruption impacts entrepreneurship is through reduced incentives for entrepreneurial activity and reduced trust within the system. The authors present evidence that the negative impact of an incremental increase in the level of corruption on entrepreneurship is more harmful in developed countries than in developing countries. Thus, they stress the need for more research in this area with the aim of establishing appropriate frameworks for the fight of corruption in both developing and developed countries and suggest significant gains from anti-corruption efforts, especially in developed countries.

scholarly journals The Impact of Ride-Hailing Services on Private Car Use in Urban Areas: An Examination in Chinese Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jun Zhong ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Siqi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Car Use ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Private Car ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The rapid development of internet-based ride-hailing services has contributed to transportation in cities and, at the same time, has significantly impacted existing travel modes in cities. A question has emerged as to whether and to what extent ride-hailing services replace private car use. Although the private car is convenient, comfortable, and flexible, it has low utilization rate and high maintenance and parking costs. Better understanding of the relationship between ride-hailing services and the use of private cars has been brought to the forefront for auto dealers and urban transportation policymakers. However, controversies remain regarding how ride-hailing services will impact the use of private cars in cities. Given this setting, our study applied a difference-in-differences method to analyze the impact of ride-hailing services on the use of private cars with balanced panel data from 109 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2016. Moreover, we employed some methods to verify the robustness of the preliminary results. The empirical results show that ride-hailing services had a negative impact on the use of private cars in urban areas. Over time, the negative impact initially strengthened and then weakened. Further studies showed that ride-hailing services had a more significant negative impact on private car use in eastern cities than in western cities. The results showed that the influence of ride-hailing services on private car use in urban areas is heterogeneous across time and cities.

scholarly journals Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: The GOOD, the BAD and the UGLY

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5302
Author(s):  
Samuel Abalansa ◽  
Badr El Mahrad ◽  
John Icely ◽  
Alice Newton
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
The Impact

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a rapidly developing environmental problem particularly for the most developed countries. There are technological solutions for processing it, but these are costly, and the cheaper option for most developed countries has been to export most of the waste to less developed countries. There are various laws and policies for regulating the processing of e-waste at different governance scales such as the international Basel Convention, the regional Bamoko Convention, and various national laws. However, many of the regulations are not fully implemented and there is substantial financial pressure to maintain the jobs created for processing e-waste. Mexico, Brazil, Ghana Nigeria, India, and China have been selected for a more detailed study of the transboundary movements of e-waste. This includes a systematic review of existing literature, the application of the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework for analysing complex problems associated with social ecological systems, and the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluating the environmental impact of electronic devices from their manufacture through to their final disposal. Japan, Italy, Switzerland, and Norway have been selected for the LCA to show how e-waste is diverted to developing countries, as there is not sufficient data available for the assessment from the selected developing countries. GOOD, BAD and UGLY outcomes have been identified from this study: the GOOD is the creation of jobs and the use of e-waste as a source of raw materials; the BAD is the exacerbation of the already poor environmental conditions in developing countries; the UGLY is the negative impact on the health of workers processing e-waste due to a wide range of toxic components in this waste. There are a number of management options that are available to reduce the impact of the BAD and the UGLY, such as adopting the concept of a circular economy, urban mining, reducing loopholes and improving existing policies and regulations, as well as reducing the disparity in income between the top and bottom of the management hierarchy for e-waste disposal. The overarching message is a request for developed countries to help developing countries in the fight against e-waste, rather than exporting their environmental problems to these poorer regions.

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