scholarly journals Egészségbiztonsági kihívások a XXI. században – dohányipari befolyásolási technikák és a hevített dohánytermékekkel kapcsolatos aggodalmak

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
Tamás Joó ◽  
Zsuzsa Cselkó ◽  
Melinda Pénzes ◽  
Viktória Szerencsés ◽  
József Bodrogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products

Összefoglaló. A dohányzás hazai viszonylatban és globálisan is óriási terheket ró a társadalomra, a gazdaságra és az egyénekre. A COVID–19 járványhelyzetben fontos kiemelni, hogy a jelenleg rendelkezésre álló tudásunk alapján a dohányzás is azon rizikótényezők közé tartozik, melyek növelik a súlyos lefolyású koronavírus-fertőzés kockázatát. Óriási mértékű lobbitevékenység veszi körül a dohányzás területét. A dohányipar a rendelkezésre álló és nyilvánvaló tudományos bizonyítékok ellenére is mindent elkövet annak érdekében, hogy nehezítse a dohányzás leküzdését célzó népegészségügyi intézkedések és törekvések bevezetését és végrehajtását. A dohányipar már a 20. század közepétől kísérletezik alternatív dohánytermékek kifejlesztésével, amellyel ellensúlyozhatja a klasszikus dohánytermékek fogyasztásának visszaesését. Különböző taktikai megoldásokkal, folyamatos innovációval és új típusú dohánytermékek piacra dobásával (pl. hevített) a dohányipar próbálja a hagyományos dohánytermékek csökkenéséből eredő problémáit ellensúlyozni, valamint – a fogyasztókat, döntéshozókat gyakran megtévesztve – a piacukat és az addikciót meg-, illetve fenntartani. Tanulmányunk célja a dohányipari befolyásolási technikákkal összefüggő legfrissebb információk áttekintése mellett a hevített dohánytermékekkel kapcsolatban elérhető tudományos bizonyítékok összefoglalása, valamint a COVID–19 és a dohányzás közötti kapcsolat ismertetése. Jelen áttekintés a PubMed adatbázisban elérhető publikációkon, valamint hazai és nemzetközi tudományos intézetek honlapján közölt összefoglalókon és felméréseken alapul. Summary. Smoking causes a huge burden on society, economy and individuals, both domestically and globally. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to highlight that, to the best of our current knowledge, smoking is also one of the risk factors that increases the risk of severe coronavirus infection. There are enormous lobbying efforts surrounding the tobacco area. Despite the available and clear scientific evidence, the tobacco industry is doing its utmost to make it more difficult to introduce and implement public health measures and efforts to combat smoking. The tobacco industry has been experimenting with the development of alternative tobacco products since the mid-20th century to offset the decline in consumption of classic tobacco products. Therefore, by using different tactics, the tobacco industry applies continuous innovation and launches new types of tobacco products (e.g. heated), to countervail its problems arising from the decrease of traditional tobacco products, to retain their markets, and to maintain addiction by often misleading consumers and decision-makers. The aims of our study are to review the most recent knowledge about the tobacco industry interference, to summarize available scientific evidence related to heated tobacco products, and to present the current association between COVID-19 and smoking. This review summarizes the existing knowledge based on publications in the PubMed database and on reviews and research data published by national and international scientific institutions.

What is the real impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 on stroke: Do we more have to learn?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Luiz Severo Bem Junior ◽  
Pedro Lukas do Rêgo Aquino ◽  
Andrey Maia Silva Diniz ◽  
Luís Felipe Gonçalves de Lima ◽  
Júlio Cesár Tavares Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Complication ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Full Text Review ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Conference Papers

Objectives: Coronaviruses are an infectious disease with a considerable spectrum of clinical presentation. Neurologic symptoms related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have been described recently in the literature. Among a wide variety of neurological symptoms, acute cerebrovascular disease is one of the most serious complications. This review aimed to reveal the current knowledge regarding stroke in new coronavirus infection as a way to improve its diagnosis and treatments. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out to identify the particularities of SARSCoV-2 in patients with stroke. An electronic search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed database between December 1, 2019, and June 11, 2020. A total of 693 articles were extracted. We included articles in all languages and conference papers, reviews, published letters, and editorials were excluded from the study. Results: Out of the 693 screened articles, 39 were selected for full-text review. Twenty-nine studies were excluded because they did not report stroke in COVID-19 patients. Thus, 10 papers were included in this review with a total of 22 patients. Conclusion: A vascular (ischemic or hemorrhagic) neurological complication is a real event that may occur in patients with COVID-19. There is strong evidence that vascular complications may arise for the most part due to the well-recognized potentially fatal inflammatory storm, which reflects a hyperactivation of inflammatory factors and dysfunction of the coagulation system, especially D-dimer and platelet abnormalities.

The taste of smoke: tobacco industry strategies to prevent the prohibition of additives in tobacco products in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (e2) ◽  
pp. e92-e101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Luiz Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Stella Aguinaga Bialous ◽  
Patrícia Gonçalves Duarte Albertassi ◽  
Daniela Aparecida dos Reis Arquete ◽  
Ana Marcia Messeder Sebrao Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
The World ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
Smoke Tobacco

BackgroundThe tobacco industry (TI) uses several strategies to attract new consumers, including using additives in tobacco products, which makes tobacco especially attractive to youth. Based on scientific evidence and the principles of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA, for the name in Portuguese), published the Collegiate Board Resolution (RDC, for the name in Portuguese) 14/2012 in 2012, prohibiting the addition of substances that enhance the flavour and taste of tobacco products in order to make them more attractive. In response, the TI used various strategies to prevent RDC 14/2012 from entering into force. At the time, the Brazilian additive ban was the most comprehensive in the world as it included a ban on menthol.ObjectivesThis paper analyses the arguments and strategies used by the TI to prevent the implementation of the additives ban.MethodsReview of published articles, reports, legislation and legislative activity, internal TI documents, media stories and other documents to describe TI’s reaction to the ban.ResultsThe results show that the TI used some well-known strategies to delay or cancel the entering into force of the resolution. For example, the TI attempted political interference, used litigation and commissioned studies with findings that questioned the resolution’s rationale. The TI strategies used in Brazil are similar to those used at the global level to oppose other tobacco control measures.ConclusionsTI successfully delayed the most comprehensive additive ban in the world using its usual tactics, despite the fact that none of the arguments presented by the TI had an acceptable scientific basis or evidence.

Cardiovascular Risk in Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Bobrus- Chociej ◽  
Natalia Wasilewska ◽  
Marta Flisiak- Jackiewicz ◽  
Dariusz Lebensztejn
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Multisystem Disorder ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a main cause of chronic liver disease in children. With the global obesity epidemic, the prevalence of NAFLD is increasing both in industrialized and developing countries. NAFLD is a multisystem disorder and a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Growing scientific evidence suggests that NAFLD is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This paper briefly describes the current knowledge concerning the association between NAFLD and cardiac dysfunction in children.

scholarly journals Effects of the Marine Biotoxins Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins on Fish

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Mauro Corriere ◽  
Lucía Soliño ◽  
Pedro Reis Costa
Keyword(s):  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dsp Toxins

Natural high proliferations of toxin-producing microorganisms in marine and freshwater environments result in dreadful consequences at the socioeconomically and environmental level due to water and seafood contamination. Monitoring programs and scientific evidence point to harmful algal blooms (HABs) increasing in frequency and intensity as a result of global climate alterations. Among marine toxins, the okadaic acid (OA) and the related dinophysistoxins (DTX) are the most frequently reported in EU waters, mainly in shellfish species. These toxins are responsible for human syndrome diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Fish, like other marine species, are also exposed to HABs and their toxins. However, reduced attention has been given to exposure, accumulation, and effects on fish of DSP toxins, such as OA. The present review intends to summarize the current knowledge of the impact of DSP toxins and to identify the main issues needing further research. From data reviewed in this work, it is clear that exposure of fish to DSP toxins causes a range of negative effects, from behavioral and morphological alterations to death. However, there is still much to be investigated about the ecological and food safety risks related to contamination of fish with DSP toxins.

scholarly journals Meteorite Orbits from Observations by Camera Networks

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Halliday ◽  
Arthur A. Griffin ◽  
Alan T. Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Camera Networks ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Lost City ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Physically Identical ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Visual Observations

Camera networks for the study of bright fireballs now have a history approaching two decades• It was hoped that the networks would produce a statistically significant group of recovered meteorites with accurate orbits. Due to the great difficulty in locating the meteorites from a photographed event, there are still only three meteorites with orbits determined from suitable photographs; Pribram, Lost City and Innisfree (Ceplecha I96I, McCrosky et al. 1971, Halliday et al. 1978, respectively). Networks do, however, provide an alternative approach to the problem. Instead of determining approximate orbits from visual observations of recovered meteorite falls, it is now preferable to use reliable orbits from the camera networks for fireballs which are believed to have dropped meteorites that could not be located, or, that are believed to have been physically identical to meteorites, although no appreciable mass survived the atmospheric flight. This paper will review current knowledge based on this approach to the problem.

scholarly journals Introduction of standardised packaging and availability of illicit cigarettes: a difference-in-difference analysis of European Union survey data 2015–2018

Thorax ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
Nicholas S Hopkinson ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Difference Analysis ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk

Standardised packaging of tobacco products is intended to reduce the appeal of smoking, but the tobacco industry claims this increases illicit trade. We examined the percentage of people reporting being offered illicit cigarettes before and after full implementation of standardised packaging in the UK, Ireland and France and compared this to other European Union countries. Reported ever illicit cigarette exposure fell from 19.8% to 18.1% between 2015 and 2018 in the three countries fully implementing the policy, and from 19.6% to 17.0% in control countries (p for difference=0.320). Standardised packaging does not appear to increase the availability of illicit cigarettes.

FDA’s reduced exposure marketing order for IQOS: why it is not a reliable global model

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056316
Author(s):  
Lauren Kass Lempert ◽  
Stella Bialous ◽  
Stanton Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Sales And Marketing ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued orders in July 2020 authorising Philip Morris Products S.A. to market its heated tobacco product (HTP) IQOS inside the USA with claims that it reduces exposure to some dangerous substances. FDA’s ‘reduced-exposure’ orders explicitly prohibit the marketing of IQOS with claims that IQOS will reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related diseases. Under US law, FDA’s IQOS orders are problematic because FDA disregarded valid scientific evidence that IQOS increases exposure to other dangerous toxins and that Philip Morris Products S.A. failed to demonstrate that consumers understand the difference between reduced-exposure and reduced-harm claims. Unfortunately, both ‘reduced-exposure’ and ‘reduced-harm’ are classified as ‘modified risk tobacco products’ under US law. Exploiting this confusion, Philip Morris International used the FDA decision as the basis for marketing and public relations campaigns outside the USA to press governments to reverse policies that ban or regulate the sales and marketing of HTPs, including IQOS. Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should reject tobacco companies’ unsubstantiated explicit or implied claims of reduced harm associated with HTPs and resist Philip Morris International’s and other companies’ calls to relax HTP regulations based on the FDA’s actions. Instead, parties should adopt policies aligned with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control when dealing with HTPs and other novel tobacco products.

scholarly journals Analysis of the tobacco industry’s interference in the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl 3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina de Abreu Perez ◽  
Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva ◽  
Stella Aguinaga Bialous
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Original Information ◽  
Regulatory Measure

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the relationship between the Brazilian government’s adoption of a regulatory measure with a strong impact on the population and the opposition by invested interest groups. The methodology involves the analysis of official documents on the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products sold in Brazil. In parallel, a search was conducted for publicly available tobacco industry documents resulting from lawsuits, with the aim of identifying the industry’s reactions to this process. The findings suggest that various government acts were affected by direct interference from the tobacco industry. In some cases the interventions were explicit and in others they were indirect or difficult to identify. In light of the study’s theoretical framework, the article provides original information on the Brazilian process that can be useful for government policymakers in the strategic identification of tobacco control policies.

scholarly journals Do Emotions Spark Interest in Alternative Tobacco Products?

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Popova ◽  
Jiyeon So ◽  
Angeline Sangalang ◽  
Torsten B. Neilands ◽  
Pamela M. Ling
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Free Sample ◽  
Moist Snuff ◽  
Background Exposure ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products ◽  
A Current

Background. Exposure to advertisements for tobacco products and tobacco warning labels evokes emotions. This study evaluated the association of discrete positive and negative emotions with interest in alternative tobacco products. Method. In 2013, 1,226 U.S. adult nonsmokers and current smokers viewed advertisements for moist snuff, snus, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) with various warning labels and then indicated their emotional responses in terms of anger, anxiety, sadness, guilt, disgust, discouragement, hope, and contentment. Outcomes were openness to using moist snuff, snus, and e-cigarettes in the future and interest in a free sample of each product. Data were analyzed in 2016. Results. Hope was positively associated with openness and interest across all alternative tobacco products as was contentment for moist snuff and snus. Anger was negatively associated with openness to moist snuff and e-cigarettes, disgust negatively to moist snuff and snus, and anxiety negatively to e-cigarettes. Being a current smoker, ever trying a corresponding product, being male, and younger age were associated with greater openness to and interest in moist snuff and snus. For e-cigarettes, being a current smoker, ever trying e-cigarettes, and being female were associated with greater openness, and being a current smoker was associated with greater odds of selecting a free sample. Conclusions. Positive emotions, particularly hope, were consistently positively associated with interest in alternative tobacco products. Hope is widely used by tobacco and e-cigarette companies to advertise their products. Antitobacco messages should aim to lower hope associated with tobacco products but increase hope for cessation or life without tobacco.

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