Ochratoxin A contamination of cereal grains and coffee in Hungary in the year 2001

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fazekas ◽  
A. K. Tar ◽  
Melinda Zomborszky-Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
High Prevalence

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, a secondary metabolite produced by mould fungi belonging to several Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is formed during the storage of cereal grains and other plant-derived products. OTA ingested by humans and animals with the food or feed may exert deleterious effects on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ochratoxin contamination of the most important potential sources of OTA. The OTA content of cereal samples for human consumption (36 baking wheat, 16 wheat flour and 6 maize coarse meal samples) and feed grain samples (30 feeding wheat, 32 feeding maize and 20 feeding barley samples) collected in the mid-phase or at the end of the storage period and of 50 commercial coffee samples was determined. The analyses were performed by immunoaffinity column - high-performance liquid chromatography (IAC-HPLC). The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 ng/g. Of the wheat samples intended for human consumption, 8.3% contained OTA at 0.29 ng/g on the average (OTA ranges: 0.12-0.5 ng/g; Table 2). The OTA contamination of wheat flour and maize meal samples for human consumption was similar to that of the baking wheat samples. OTA contamination was found in 26.7% of the feeding wheat, 15.6% of the feeding maize and 35% of the feeding barley samples. The average values and the ranges of OTA levels found in the above samples were 12.2 and 0.3-62.8 ng/g, 4.9 and 1.9-8.3 ng/g, and 72 and 0.14-212 ng/g, respectively (Table 3). Sixty-six percent of the coffee samples were contaminated with OA (average level: 0.57 ng/g, ranges: 0.17-1.3 ng/g; Table 4). OTA contamination of baking wheat samples was found to be relatively low, presumably as a result of the favourable weather at harvest and the optimal storage conditions. Calculations made on the basis of the obtained results show that the daily OTA intake of an adult human from edible cereals is only 6.7 ng, while the amount taken up with coffee is 4.1 ng daily. The high prevalence and high levels of OTA contamination in feed grains can be explained by the unfavourable storage conditions, and this finding suggests that OA-related health problems may arise in animals, and that foods of animal origin may be contaminated with this mycotoxin.

ADRENALINE AMPOULES QUALITY ASSESSMENT–THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 144-146
Author(s):  
MEITAL ZUR ◽  
DAVID STEPENSKY ◽  
PAVEL GORENBEIN
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Chiral Hplc ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Variable Content ◽  
Israel Defense Forces ◽  
Israeli Experience

Objective: To characterize the differences in stability of L-adrenaline in adrenaline ampoules from different manufacturers that are used by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Methods: Adrenaline ampoules from three different vendors (Products A, B and C; 52, 13, and 19 batches, respectively) were purchased by the IDF and were stored under the recommended storage conditions (room temperature) for different time periods. The content of L-adrenaline in these samples was determined using a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with UV detection. Results: The three analyzed drug products showed very dissimilar patterns of L-adrenaline degradation. The content of L-adrenaline in Product C was variable and declined below the 85% threshold much earlier than at the end of the 24-months storage period. Products A and B had less variable content of L-adrenaline and were more stable. Conclusion: L-adrenaline is prone to degradation in solution. Its content in adrenaline ampoules from certain vendors can decline rapidly, below the stipulated threshold, and compromise their clinical effectiveness (e. g., during resuscitation). Stability of adrenaline ampoules from individual vendors should be analyzed at different storage conditions, using a chiral HPLC-based assay, to define the shelf-life period that can differ substantially between the vendors.

Effect of Processing and Storage Conditions on the Generation of Acrylamide in Precooked Breaded Chicken Products

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 466-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. PALEOLOGOS ◽  
M. G. KONTOMINAS
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Identity Verification ◽  
Dual Identity ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Processing And Storage

The generation of acrylamide was determined during frying and cold storage of breaded chicken products. The role of the batter crust on acrylamide formation also was evaluated. The effect of storage under a modified atmosphere on the fate of acrylamide was investigated during a 23-day storage period under refrigeration. Acrylamide was analyzed by using normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography according to a previously developed methodology that allows for dual identity verification as acrylamide and acrylic acid and determination of concentrations as low as 10 μg liter−1, which corresponds to 20 μgkg−1 of solid sample. For the total 28 commercial precooked samples analyzed, initial acrylamide concentrations ranged between 0.91 and 0.97 mg kg−1 and were attributed to the combined effect of batter and meat. In all cases, acrylamide concentrations increased during storage, attaining a maximum (1.36 to 1.80 mg kg−1) between day 15 and day 19. The maximum value was observed in samples packaged under air, and the minimum value was observed under a modified atmosphere mixture of 60% CO2–40% N2. In this group, the maximum acrylamide concentration was reached after 19 days of storage. These data indicate that there is a high concentration of acrylamide in precooked, battered protein foods and that the concentration changes considerably during storage, which may lead to almost twice the initial amounts when air is present within the package.

Survey of Ochratoxin A in Freshly Harvested Durum and Hard Red Spring Wheat in the United States, 2011 and 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIE A. KURUC ◽  
FRANK MANTHEY ◽  
SENAY SIMSEK ◽  
CHARLENE WOLF-HALL
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
The World ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The U.S

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxin produced by some Penicillium and Aspergillus species around the world in a variety of food and feed, especially cereal grains, before harvest but primarily during storage. Durum and hard red spring (HRS) wheat samples were collected right after harvest as part of the U.S. regional crop quality survey in both 2011 (n = 560) and 2012 (n = 654) from the upper Great Plains. All samples were analyzed for OTA contamination using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Overall, 2.1% of the samples were positive for OTA. In 2011, OTA was detected in 1.0% of the durum wheat samples but was not found in HRS wheat. In 2012, 8.3 and 1.4% of the durum and HRS wheat samples, respectively, were positive for OTA. Of the 25 samples that had detectable OTA, 3 samples (12%), all of which were durum wheat, had OTA that exceeded 5 ng/g.

scholarly journals Development and validation of a SPE-UHPLC-fluorescence method for the analysis of ochratoxin-a in certain Turkish wines

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Elif Mine Oncu Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Fluorescence Method ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Development And Validation

A sensitive Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)-fluorescence method was developed and validated for the determination of ochratoxin-A (OTA) in Turkish wine samples. Naphthalene was used as an internal standard in this study. OTA was separated on a C18 (3.0 mm × 100 mm × 1.8 µm) column and analyses were run under isocratic conditions, with a mobile phase consisting of water/acetonitrile/acetic acid (50:50:1, v/v/v). The flow rate and injection volume were 0.5 ml min−1 and 10 μl, respectively. The excitation and emission wavelengths were 330 nm and 460 nm for OTA, respectively, and 220 nm and 325 nm for internal standard, respectively. A solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up procedure on a C18 cartridge was used prior to the analysis of the wine samples by UHPLC. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), stability and robustness. The method presented good RSD (< 4 %) and recovery (102.6–105.2 %) values. The LOD and LOQ values were 0.01 ng ml–1 and 0.05 ng ml–1, respectively. All other parameters were acceptable. OTA amounts were found in the range of 2.72‒7.40 µg kg‒1 in the Turkish wine samples.

scholarly journals In-house validation of a method for determining aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in wheat and wheat by-products

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Machado Trombete ◽  
Thaís Barbosa Santos ◽  
Glória Maria Direito ◽  
Marcelo Elias Fraga ◽  
Tatiana Saldanha
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Brazilian Legislation ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Carcinogenic Substances ◽  
By Products

Aflatoxins are naturally occurring carcinogenic substances, extremely toxic to humans, which have been identified in wheat and wheat by-products. The use of reliable analytical methods to evaluate and monitor such contaminants is extremely important. This study aimed to in-house validate a methodology to determine aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in wheat grains using pre-column derivatization and quantification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Three methods were evaluated and the most suitable one was the method based on the extraction with chloroform, removal of interfering chemicals by filtration, liquid-liquid partition with hexane-methanol-water and methanol-water-chloroform and pre-column derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. The method showed a Relative Standard Deviation lower than 15% and recovery values in the 70-110% range, with limits of detection and quantification (0.6 µg kg-1 and 1.2 µg kg-1, respectively) below the maximum level of aflatoxins allowed in wheat and wheat by-products by the European Commission (4.0 µg kg-1) and by the Brazilian legislation (5.0 µg kg-1). Using the validated method, aflatoxins were quantified in 20 commercial samples of wheat grains, wheat bran, whole wheat flour and refined wheat flour intended for direct human consumption. Six samples (30%) were positive for aflatoxins and all samples presented levels below the maximum limit stipulated by the Brazilian legislation.

scholarly journals Changes in the Physicochemical Quality Characteristics of Cabbage Kimchi with respect to Storage Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Yeon You ◽  
Ji-Su Yang ◽  
Sung Hyun Kim ◽  
In Min Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Organic Acid Content

In this study, the changes in pH, organic acid content, acidity, and salinity of kimchi prepared at 0 days, stored 1–8 weeks at 4 and 10°C, and stored at room temperature for two days were analyzed. Organic acids content was analyzed by using analytical technique of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This method was also validated using quality assurance parameters of linearity, limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ), precision, and spike recovery experiments. In the analysis of organic acids content (mg/kg), it was found that the kimchi stored for 1–8 weeks at 4 and 10°C showed gradual increase in the organic acids content during storage period. The order of organic acids was lactic acid > acetic acid > citric acid > malic acid > succinic acid > oxalic acid > fumaric acid. The pH values of kimchi stored at 4°C, 10°C, and 25°C were 4.1, 3.6–3.7, and 4.1, respectively.

Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi on cereal grains in western Canada

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 982-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Aspergillus Versicolor ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Aurantiogriseum

Toxins occasionally present on cereal grains in the field in western Canada include ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea and trichothecenes produced by Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum. HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and deoxynivalenol are the main trichothecenes encountered. During storage of cereals, the predominant toxins and toxigenic fungi are ochratoxin A and citrinin produced by Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, and P. verrucosum and sterigmatocystin produced by Aspergillus versicolor. The incidence of toxin-contaminated grains is extremely low relative to the volume of grains produced. Occurrence of toxins is influenced by field moisture, temperature, and bin storage conditions of a particular year. The risk of toxin production is highest in durum wheat and lowest in oats.Key words: ochratoxin A, citrinin, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, ergot alkaloids.

Determination of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in organic wheat flour under different storage conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Annunziata ◽  
Maria Schirone ◽  
Pierina Visciano ◽  
Guido Campana ◽  
Maria Rosaria De Massis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Storage Conditions

scholarly journals Determination and Survey of Ochratoxin A in Wheat, Barley, and Coffee—1997

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary W Trucksess ◽  
John Giler ◽  
Kathryn Young ◽  
Kevin D White ◽  
Samuel W Page
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Green Coffee ◽  
Roasted Coffee ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Penicillium Species

Abstract Ochratoxin A (OA) is a nephrotoxic and nephrocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It has been found mainly in cereal grains and coffee beans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of OA in cereal grains and in coffee imported to the United States. A modified liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining OA in green coffee was applied to wheat, barley, green coffee, and roasted coffee. The test sample was extracted with methanol–1% NaHCO3 (7 + 3), and the extract was filtered. The filtrate was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), filtered, and passed through an immunoaffinity column. After the column was washed with PBS and then with water, OA was eluted with methanol. The eluate was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile–water (1 +1). OA was separated on a reversed-phase C18 LC column with acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (55 + 45 + 1) as eluant and quantitated with a fluorescence detector. Recoveries of OA from the 4 commodities spiked over the range 1–4 ng/g were 71–96%. The limit of detection was about 0.03 ng/g. OA contamination at &gt;0.03 ng/g was found in 56 of 383 wheat samples, 11 of 103 barley samples, 9 of 19 green coffee samples, and 9 of 13 roasted coffee samples. None of the coffee samples contained OA at &gt;5 ng/g; only 4 samples of wheat and 1 sample of barley were contaminated above this level.

An HPLC-FLD method to measure ochratoxin A in teff (Eragrostis tef) and wheat (Triticum spp.) destined for the local Ethiopian market

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Geremew ◽  
G. Haesaert ◽  
D. Abate ◽  
K. Audenaert
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Triticum Spp ◽  
Wheat Flours ◽  
Insight Into

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is among the top cereal grains in terms of production and consumption in Ethiopia. It can be typically infected with ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi both in the field and during storage resulting in animal and human health problems. While there is a wealth of information on the presence of OTA in wheat, the incidence of OTA in teff (Eragrostis tef), a cereal grain produced and consumed traditionally in Ethiopia and Eretria, remains insufficient. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for OTA analysis in teff and wheat flours and to analyse the characteristic distribution of OTA in teff and wheat flours samples destined for local consumption in Ethiopia using a survey-approach. Wheat and teff flour samples were examined for OTA contamination. OTA was detected in 20% of the teff flour samples and in 50% of the wheat flour samples with median contamination levels of 1.04 μg/kg (limit of detection (LOD) = 0.78 μg/kg) and 7.23 μg/kg (LOD = 0.58 μg/kg) respectively. The validated method for OTA detection and quantification in teff and wheat using HPLC meets the European Union performance criteria for OTA (EC 2006/401) and the Eurachem Guideline validation requirements. An insight into the occurrence of OTA in teff is very valuable because the cereal might provide a lower OTA risk alternative for wheat in Ethiopia. In addition, for the world market, an insight into the occurrence of OTA in teff is important in the light of an increasing interest in teff as a gluten free cereal.

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