Frequency and antibiotic resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in genital samples of sexually active individuals

Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis have important role among the causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and antibiotic resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in genital samples obtained from patients examined in the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Centre of the Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest between May 1, 2008 and July 31, 2010. Patients and methods: Samples were taken from the urethra in men and from the cervix and urethra in women by universal swab (Biolab®) into Urea-Myco DUO kit (Bio-Rad®) and were incubated for 48 hours at 37 C°. Antibiotic sensitivity of positive samples was determined in U9 bouillon using SIR Mycoplasma kit (Bio-Rad®). Results: Samples for 4154 patients aged 16-60 years were examined. In 247/4154 samples (6%) U. urealyticum and in 26/4154 samples (0.63%) M. hominis was isolated from the genital tract. Most U. urealyticum and M. hominis strains (75% and 77%, respectively) were cultured from cervix, while the remaining 25%, and 23% from the male and female urethra, respectively. U. urealyticum and M. hominis were most commonly detected in patients aged between 21 and 40 years. The majority of U. urealyticum strains were sensitive to tetracycline (94%), doxycycline (95%), azithromycin (88%) and josamycin (90%), but were resistant to ofloxacin (21%), erythromycin (85%) and clindamycin (79%). Seventy-seven percent of the U. urealyticum strains were simultaneously resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin, suggesting that ex iuvantibus therapies may select cross-resistant strains to both antibiotics. The resistance of M. hominis to clindamycin, doxycycline, ofloxacin and tetracycline varied between 4% and 12 %. Conclusions: Because none of the strains was sensitive to all examined antibiotics, the antibiotic sensitivity of U. urealyticum and M. hominis strains should be determined. The high rate of ofloxacin, erythromycin and clindamycin resistance should be considered in the therapy of U. urealyticum infections in Hungary. This is the firstsuch a clinical microbiological study in this topic in Hungary. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1698–1702.

Download Full-text

Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasms in nonconococcal urethirits in men

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns1002047v ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 63 (1-2) ◽

pp. 47-50

Author(s):

Sonja Vesic ◽

Jelica Vukicevic ◽

Eleonora Gvozdenovic ◽

Dusan Skiljevic ◽

Slobodanka Janosevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Nongonococcal Urethritis ◽

Etiological Agents ◽

The One

Introduction. Nongonococcal urethritis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in men, with vast majority of the etiological agents such as Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by urogenital mycoplasmas. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in nongonococcal urethritis in men, and to examine infections associated with these agents. Material and methods. 299 sexually active, heterosexual men with nongonococcal urethritis were included into the study. Urethral samples were taken with a dacron swab placed into the urethra up to 2-3 cm. The Direct immunojluorescence tehnique was performed for identification of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis were detected with Mycoplasma 1ST assay. Results. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 22.75%, Uraeplasma urealyticum in 21.08% and Mycoplasma hominis in 8.02% cases. We found no significant differences in prevalence between Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticym (p>0.05). Monoinjections were found in 51.85% with significantly higher rate (p<0.01) than associated infections (11.70%). Among associated infections, coinfection of Chlamydia trahomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum was predominant. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with urogenital mycoplasmas was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the one between Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. In 36.45% patients no patogenic microorganisms were detected. Conclusion. These results confirmed the etiological role of Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasmas in nongonococcal urethritis with prevalence of 51.85% in monoinfections and 11.70% in associated infections. In 36.45% of cases the etiology of urethritis was not elucidated. These results suggest that more sensitive diagnostic tool should be applied when searching for the detailed etiology of nongonococcal urethritis.

Download Full-text

Antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii as agent of surgery infection and approaches to its overcoming by means of deca-methoxinum antiseptic

Perioperaciina Medicina ◽

10.31636/prmd.v1i2.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 18-22

Author(s):

O A Nazarchuk ◽

V I Nahaichuk

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Clinical Strains ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Hospital Acquired Infections ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Burn Disease ◽

Hospital Acquired

Introduction. Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli are known as one of the most frequent causative agents of hospital-acquired infections. Acinetobacter baumannii, as causative agent of infection complications of different localization, has obtained recently high resistance to anti-biotics and has belonged to ESKAPE group of pathogens. Antimicrobials, recommended for the prophylaxis and therapy of hospital-acquired infections, have been failing in their effectiveness and lead to selection of antibiotic resistant strains of A. baumannii. The aim of this research was to substantiate the way of overcoming of resistance in clinical strains of A. baumannii, by means of synergic antimicrobial activity of antibiotics and antiseptic decamethoxinum®. Material and methods. The research was carried out on 190 clinical strains of A. baumannii, isolated from patients with burn disease during the period 2011–2015. The sensitivity of clinical strains of A. baumannii was determined to such antibiotics as ampicillin/sulbactam, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, meropenem, imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and antiseptic decamethoxinum® (DCM; Registration certificate No UA/14444/01/01 since 24.06.2015. Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No 373). The sensitivity of A. baumannii to antibiotics and DCM was determined by means of disk diffusion test and serial dilution (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No167 since 05.04.2007; EUCAST expert rules).The study of the influence of antiseptic DCM on the sensitivity of acinetobacteria to antibiotics was studied on 35 clinical strains of A. baumannii, drafted from the general number of isolates enrolled in the research. For this, the sensitivity of A. baumannii to antibiotics in the presence of sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (subMIC) of DCM was identified. The received experimental data were analyzed by “Statistica 6.0”. Results and discussion. The changes of antibiotic sensitivity profile of A. baumannii for five years were shown. It was found that the sensitivity of A. baumannii to majority of antibiotics, selected for study, decreased significantly. But the only ampicillin/sulbactam was found to have vice versa tendency. We found the rising quantity of antibiotic resistant strains of A. baumannii. At the same time, high resistance of acinetobacteria to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin– 96,1%; gatifloxacin– 95,8%) was found in 2015. The in vitro research of combined activity of DCM antiseptic remedy and early mentioned antibiotics against clinical strains of A. baumannii demonstrated the reveal antibiotic effectiveness. As follows, minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics decreased in 1.5–4 times in the mediums which contained subMIC of DCM. Especially this tendency was found in resistant clinical strains. Conclusion. Under selective influence of antibiotics protected by β-lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones aminoglycosides increase the antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii, causative agents of infectious complications in patients with burn disease. The antiseptic remedy decamethoxinum® helps to improve antibiotic sensitivity in resistant A. baumannii.

Download Full-text

Monitoring of the leading causative agents of osteomyelitis and their antibiotic resistance

Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-9-562-566 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (9) ◽

pp. 562-566

Author(s):

I. V. Shipitsyna ◽

E. V. Osipova ◽

O. A. Astashova ◽

D. S. Leonchuk

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Species Composition ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Bacterial Associations

The annual monitoring of the species composition of the causative agents of osteomyelitis, the identification of antibiotic-resistant strains, the study of the species composition of associations of microorganisms, their adhesive activity will prevent the spread of infection. Analyze the spectrum of the leading causative agents of osteomyelitis, their antibiotic sensitivity, and also the adhesive activity of the identified bacterial associations. A microbiological analysis of 2197 smears of adult patients with various etiological forms of osteomyelitis who were treated in the departments of the purulent center of the FSBI «NMRCTO» of the RF Ministry of Health in 2019. The spectrum of pathogenic microflora, sensitivity to standard antibacterial drugs used in the clinic was studied. The biofilm-forming ability of associations of microorganisms was investigated. According to the conducted microbiological monitoring for 2019, the microflora spectrum for osteomyelitis is diverse, the main pathogens are S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Enterococcus sp. A high percentage of isolation of microbial associations was noted, most often mix cultures of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial associations: S. aureus + P. aeruginosa, S. aureus + S. marcescens, S. aureus + A. baumannii, S. epidermidis + E. cloacae - actively formed a biofilm on the surface of polystyrene plates, and the adhesive potential depended on interstrain relations in the composition of the formed biofilm. Among Gram-negative microflora, multiresistant strains prevail, among Gram-positive microflora - a high percentage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci. When analyzing the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated microorganisms, a high percentage of resistant strains is noted. So, with respect to enterobacteria, β-lactam antibiotics, drugs from the group of aminoglycosides, turned out to be ineffective. Among non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria, A. baumannii strains had multiple antimicrobial resistance. Among gram-positive microorganisms, a high percentage of isolation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci was noted. The specificity of the course of the disease and measures aimed at eliminating the pathogen depend on the species composition in the focus of infection. The study of the etiological structure of osteomyelitis, the monitoring of the antibiotic resistance of pathogens and their persistent potential, makes it possible to adopt sound tactics of conservative and surgical treatment.

Download Full-text

Antibiotic resistance profiles from isolated bacteria in outpatient infertility clinic in Greece

Hellenic Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.33574/hjog.1516 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 23-30

Author(s):

D Karakalpakis ◽

K Kostaras ◽

K Asonitis ◽

D Dimitriadi ◽

T Pittaras ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Assisted Reproduction ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Sperm Quality ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Sensitivity Testing

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of common aerobic gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis in symptomatic and asymptomatic Greek patients and to determine antibiotic resistance profiles. Methods: This retrospective study included a total of 316 adult men examined at the Assisted Reproduction Department of IASO- Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic in Athens, Greece. Sperm have been collected and proceed to culture and antibiotic sensitivity at the Central Laboratories following a standard protocol. Results: Twelve inappropriate out of 316 samples were excluded from the study. Out of the remaining 304 sperm samples 111 (37.5 %) were positive. Antibiotic sensitivity testing detected resistances to some commonly used antibiotics such as b-lactams and the quinolones. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis were the most frequently isolated bacteria (45%), followed by Enterobacteriaceae (40%) and Enterococci 12.6%. The majority of 45 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, were Escherichia coli (31 strains/68%) corresponding to 27.9% of the total number of positive cultures. One infection to Chlamydia trachomatis was detected by an immunochromatic rapid test, one Candida sp, one Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two M. hominis and three Streptococcus group B. Escherichia coli were resistant to b lactams in about 38.7% due to b-lactamase, and 22.5%, 9.6%, 6.4%, were resistant to nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin respectively. Enterococci have shown resistance due to b-lactamase and PBP 5 alteration/hyperproduction. Ureaplasmas were resistant to the fluoroquinolones tested ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, at 72.2% and 62.3% respectively. Conclusion: Carriage of bacteria in sperm is controversial for its contribution in sperm quality and fertility. In our IVF unit, we follow a protocol of isolation and antibiotic profiling of bacteria from sperm culture regardless of their concentration in sperm and giving the numbers/ml. This helps doctors to distinguish carriage or infection and to decide about potential therapy. Given the antibiotic resistances shown by this study, the importance of culture against empiric therapy in assisted reproduction patients is also clearly demonstrated.

Download Full-text

Distribution of sexually transmitted diseases in a group of symptomatic male patients using urine samples and PCR technique / Distribuția bolilor cu transmitere sexuală într-un grup de barbați simptomatici utilizand probe de urina si tehnica PCR

Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator ◽

10.1515/rrlm-2015-0029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 323-331

Author(s):

Mihaela Laura Vica ◽

Lia Monica Junie ◽

Alecsandra Iulia Grad ◽

Alexandru Tataru ◽

Horea Vladi Matei

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Simultaneous Detection ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Multiple Infections ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Wide Scale

Abstract Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a very important cause of illness worldwide and prolonged, untreated infections with STD pathogens may have serious consequences. Our study aims to evaluate the distribution of six different STDs (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium) in male urine samples. First void urine samples from 52 symptomatic patients were collected between April 2014 and April 2015. DNA was extracted, purified and amplified via multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the six STD pathogens, further identified using a 2% agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide as staining agent. STD frequency in the study group was 53.84 % (28 patients), mostly in the 20-29 years age group. Among positive patients, six presented multiple infections. 35 positive DNA samples were identified in the study: 17 of C. trachomatis, 9 of U. urealyticum, 7 of N. gonorrhoeae and 2 of M. genitalium. Wide scale application of the system based on the simultaneous detection of these six pathogens inducing STD may facilitate diagnosis, especially in multiple infections.

Download Full-text

The revealing of some of causative microorganisms for sexually-transmitted diseases in chronic salpingoophoritis, bacterial vaginosis and nonspecific bacterial vaginitis

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd88931 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

S. V. Ryshuk ◽

D. F. Kostucheck ◽

A. G. Boitsov

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Vaginal Smears ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Pathologic Processes

The data on frequent combination of chronic inflammatory diseases of vagina and adnex can give the evidence for connection betzveen these pathologic processes. The frequency of Mycoplasma hominis findings in patients with bacterial vaginosis points to their possible ethioloic role in the pathology. At the same time, vaginal smears presenting Ureaplasma urealyticum in patients zvith bacterial vaginosis indicates their role in formation of pathology. One can suggest ethiologic mean of U.urealyticum in nonspecific bacterial vaginitis patients.

Download Full-text

Perceptions of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers

Curationis ◽

10.4102/curationis.v23i4.772 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

DM Diale ◽

SD Roos

Keyword(s):

Health Services ◽

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Health Service Delivery ◽

High Rate ◽

Care Community ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Intensive Training ◽

Service Training ◽

Black Area

An ex p lo ra to ry d e sc rip tiv e study was u n d e rtak en , focussing on sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among teenagers. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the possible reasons for the high rate of sexually transmitted diseases in teenagers. The perceptions of teenagers and community nurses regarding sexually transmitted disease among teenagers involved in the teenage clinic in a specific predominantly black area were assessed. Twenty teenagers and five community nurses were participants in the study. Two focus group interviews were conducted with teenagers and community nurses. It can be concluded that the attitudes of community nurses may have an influence on the high rate of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers. The knowledge o f the teenagers about sexually transmitted diseases is often based on myths and misconceptions which could be intensified by the community nurse. The recommendations made are that the education standards of all community nurses should be reviewed and adapted to meet the needs of teenagers attending the teenage health services. The policy on in-service training must be reviewed and monitored. Community nurses’ intensive training on teenage health service delivery and sexually transmitted diseases services should be in accordance with the principles of Primary Health Care. Community nurses need to attend intensive courses on interpersonal skills specifically related to teenagers. Selection procedures for recruiting community nurses to attend to teenagers specifically should be researched. Teenagers should be involved in planning programs and the teenage clinic should be evaluated frequently to improve the standards. The availability of adequate teenage health services can result in a decrease in sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers.

Download Full-text

Molecular epidemiology of non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the central Alpine province of Bolzano, northern Italy from April 2016 to March 2017

Microbiologia Medica ◽

10.4081/mm.2018.7852 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Richard Aschbacher ◽

Francesca Romagnoli ◽

Elisa Masi ◽

Valentina Pasquetto ◽

Franco Perino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Ureaplasma Parvum ◽

One Year ◽

The One

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium are established or presumed as (??) STI pathogens. The present study aims at ng describing the one-year molecular epidemiology of these seven pathogens in the Province of Bolzano, Northern Italy. From April 2016 to March 2017, a total of 2,949 patients, mainly females, were enrolled and 3,427 urine, vaginal, endocervical and/or urethral samples were subjected to simultaneous analysis of the seven pathogens by means of Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (AnyplexTM II STI-7 Detection Kit Seegene, Seoul, Korea). At least one of the seven microorganisms was detected in 40.7% of patients, with an uneven distribution: 43.1% in females (F) and 29.8% (p<0.001) in males (M). The prevalence of microorganisms was as follows: 30.3% U. parvum (F: 35.6%, M: 8.3%), 6.9% U. urealyticum (F: 6.8%, M: 7.0%), 4.9% M. hominis (F: 5.4%, M: 2.3%), 4.9% C. trachomatis (F: 3.4%, M: 11.4%), 1.1% M. genitalium (F: 1.0%, M: 1.2%), 1.2% N. gonorrhoeae (F: 0.17%, M: 5.6%) and 0.40% T. vaginalis (F: 0.38%, M: 0.53%). Mixed infections were detected in 7.4% of patients. The highest prevalence was observed for U. parvum, followed by U. urealyticum and M. hominis and a significant presence of multi-pathogen infections was registered.

Download Full-text

Chlamydia trachomatis : probable cause of prostatitis

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/0956462981922395 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 350-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Iwona Ostaszewska ◽

Bozena Zdrodowska-Stefanow ◽

Jerzy Badyda ◽

Katarzyna Pucilo ◽

Jadwiga Trybula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Group I ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Group Ii

Summary: Seventy-eight men with symptoms of chronic or subacute prostatitis were enrolled. Investigations for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in urethral swabs were carried out. The expressed prostatic secretions were additionally examined for Mycoplasma hominis , Ureaplasma urealyticum , Gardnerella vaginalis , other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, Trichomonas vaginalis , yeast-like fungi and leucocyte count. Furthermore, all patients were evaluated for the presence of serum anti-chlamydial IgG antibodies. Signs of inflammation on the basis of the count of leucocytes per hpf in the prostatic secretions were detected in 42 patients (group I). Prostatodynia was found in the remaining 36 men (group II). In group I, chlamydial antigen was detected in the urethra and expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) in 6 (14.3%) and 9 (21.4%) patients, respectively. No evidence of current chlamydial infection was found in group II. The presence of serum anti-chlamydial IgG antibodies was demonstrated in 13/42 (30.9%) patients with prostatitis and in 3/36 (8.3%) patients with prostatodynia ( P 0.01). The results suggest that chlamydia may be one of the causative agents of chronic prostatitis. <

Download Full-text

Ureaplasma urealyticumandU. parvumin sexually active women attending public health clinics in Brazil

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268817001145 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (11) ◽

pp. 2341-2351 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

T. N. LOBÃO ◽

G. B. CAMPOS ◽

N. N. SELIS ◽

A. T. AMORIM ◽

S. G. SOUZA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Family Health ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Health Clinics ◽

Public Health Clinics

SUMMARYUreaplasma urealyticumandU. parvumhave been associated with genital infections. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of ureaplasmas and other sexually transmitted infections in sexually active women from Brazil and relate these data to demographic and sexual health, and cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. Samples of cervical swab of 302 women were examined at the Family Health Units in Vitória da Conquista. The frequency of detection by conventional PCR was 76·2% forMollicutes. In qPCR, the frequency found was 16·6% forU. urealyticumand 60·6%U. parvumand the bacterial load of these microorganisms was not significantly associated with signs and symptoms of genital infection. The frequency found forTrichomonas vaginalis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Gardnerella vaginalisandChlamydia trachomatiswas 3·0%, 21·5%, 42·4% and 1·7%, respectively. Higher levels of IL-1βwere associated with control women colonized byU. urealyticumandU. parvum. Increased levels of IL-6 were associated with women who exhibitedU. parvum. Sexually active women, with more than one sexual partner in the last 3 months, living in a rural area were associated with increased odds of certainU. parvumserovar infection.

Download Full-text