Preparation of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films from In–Ga–Se precursors for high-efficiency solar cells

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 4514-4520 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nishiwaki ◽  
T. Satoh ◽  
S. Hayashi ◽  
Y. Hashimoto ◽  
T. Negami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Precursor Film ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Efficiency Solar Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron

Growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films from In–Ga–Se precursors was characterized by scanning Auger electron spectroscopy (SAES), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In–Ga–Se precursor layers were deposited on Mo-coated soda-lime glass, and then the layers were exposed to Cu and Se fluxes to form CIGS films. The SIMS and SAES analyses showed a homogeneous distribution of Cu throughout the CIGS films during the deposition of Cu and Se. The phase changes observed in the CIGS films during the deposition of Cu and Se on the In–Ga–Se precursor films were as follows: (In,Ga)2Se3 →[Cu(In,Ga)5Se8] →Cu(In,Ga)3Se5 →Cu(In,Ga)Se2. The grain size increased from the submicron grains of the (In,Ga)2Se3 precursor film to several micrometers in the stoichiometric Cu(In,Ga)Se2 film. A growth model of CIGS crystals is introduced on the basis of the results of TEM observations. CIGS crystals are mainly grown under (In,Ga)-rich conditions in the preparation from In–Ga–Se precursor films.

Characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2/Mo Interface in CIGS Solar Cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nishiwaki ◽  
N. Kohara ◽  
T. Negami ◽  
M. Nishitani ◽  
T. Wada
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Cigs Solar Cells

AbstractThe interface between a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and an underlying Mo layer was studied by X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The CIGS layer was deposited onto Mo coated soda-lime glass using the “3-stage” process. A MoSe2 layer found to form at the CIGS/Mo interface during the 2nd stage of the “3-stage” process. The thickness of the MoSe2 layer depended on the substrate temperature used for CIGS film deposition as well as the Na content of the CIGS and/or Mo layers. For higher substrate temperatures, thicker MoSe2 layers were observed. The Na in the CIGS and/or Mo layer is felt to assist in the formation of MoSe2. Current-Voltage measurements of the heterojunction formed by the CIGS/Mo interface were ohmic even at low temperature. The role of the MoSe2 layer in high efficiency CIGS solar cells is discussed.

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Visible-Light Responsive BiOBr/GO Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 751 ◽  
pp. 807-812
Author(s):  
Tuangphorn Prasitthikun ◽  
X. Wu ◽  
Tsugio Sato ◽  
Charusporn Mongkolkachit ◽  
Pornapa Sujaridworakun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Photocatalytic Activities

High efficiency BiOBr/GO composites photocatalyst were successfully synthesized via a facile precipitation method. The precursors were prepared by dissolving Bi (NO3)3.5H2O and KBr in glycerol and distilled water, respectively. Various amounts (0.1-2 wt%) of graphene oxide were added into the mixed solution precursors, and stirred at room temperature to get precipitated powder without further heat treatment. The obtained products were characterized for phase, morphology, optical properties and surface area by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), filed-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), respectively. The morphology and structure of as-synthesized samples were composed of numerous fine plates of BiOBr dispersed on the GO sheets. The photocatalytic activities of BiOBr/GO composites were evaluated by rhodamine B degradation under visible light irradiation. As the results, the significant increase in photodegradation of BiOBr/GO composite comparing with pure BiOBr was observed. Among all samples, the composite with 1 wt% of graphene oxide showed the highest photocatalytic performance.

Novel synthesis of AlN nanowires with controlled diameters

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 3133-3138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
Yingjiu Zhang ◽  
Rongrui He ◽  
Jing Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Synthesis Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Novel Synthesis ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Synthesis

A relatively low-cost, high-efficiency method is reported to synthesize AlN nanowires, using carbon nanotubes as templates. The AlN nanowires were fabricated at 1100 °C, for 60 min. The diameters of the product could be roughly controlled by the sizes of carbon nanotubes selected as starting materials. The AlN nanowires obtained were among the thinnest ever known. X-ray diffraction, selected-area diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, etc. were employed to characterize the products, which were found to be single crystals with some defects. The axes of the nanowires are normal to {1010} crystal planes. A new synthesis mechanism is proposed.

Piezoelectric Material for High Efficiency Ultrasonic Siren

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Elena Dimitriu ◽  
Alin Iuga
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Sintered Material ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Radial Mode ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Acoustical Emission ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dielectric And Piezoelectric Properties

A PZT-type material, doped with niobium and lithium was prepared by the ceramic technique. The microstructure of the sintered material at 1280oC was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties were measured. The good planar properties of the material made it possible to obtain ceramic disks with a strong radial mode. Two such disks, glued together, with opposed polarisation constitute a bimorf element, which successfully converts the radial mode into a flexural one. At the center of the bimorf a conical acoustical impedance adapter is fixed in order to increase the frontal acoustical emission of the device. This ultrasonic device provides a broad – band, high acoustical emission, and is suitable to work as a high efficiency ultrasonic siren. It can be used in intruder alarm devices, ultrasonic telemeters.

Evaluations of Microstructure and Hydrogenation Properties on Mg2NiHx Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys by Hydrogen Induced Mechanical Alloying

2007 ◽  
Vol 544-545 ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whan Gi Kim ◽  
Soon Chul Ur ◽  
Y.G. Lee ◽  
Young Jig Kim ◽  
Tae Whan Hong
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Misfit Strain ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Hydrogen Storage Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

In order to fabricate high efficiency, light-weight hydrogen storage materials in an economical way, we have been made to propose a new mechanical alloying process by high-pressure hydrogen induced planetary ball milling(HIMA) using Mg and Ni chips. Microstructural evaluations of the Mg-Ni-H systems synthesized were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis was also made to characterize the lattice constant, crystallite size and misfit strain. The hydrogenation properties of the particles synthesized were evaluated by automatic PCI (pressure-composition-isotherm). Adopting 66:1 BCR (ball to chips mass ratio) for HIMA process, fully hydrogenated alloys were obtained after 96 hrs of milling, resulting in total hydrogen content of 2.25 mass%.

In Situ Growth of Mesoporous NiO Nanoplates on Graphene Matrix as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

2014 ◽  
Vol 905 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Dan Feng Qiu ◽  
Yong Jun Xia ◽  
He Qing Ma ◽  
Gang Bu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Constant Current Charge

Graphene-NiO nanocomposites were prepared via a solvothermal method. The nanostructure and morphology of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM and TEM results indicated that NiO nanoplates distributed homogeneously on graphene sheets. The electrochemical properties of the samples as active anode materials for lithium-ion batteries were examined by constant current charge-discharge cycling. With graphene as conductive matrix, homogeneous distribution of NiO nanoplates can be ensured and volume changes of thenanocomposite during the charge and discharge processes can be accomodated effectively, which results in good electrochemical performance of the composites.

Growth of Nano-Needles of Manganese(IV) Oxide by Atomic Layer Deposition

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1003-1011
Author(s):  
Ola Nilsen ◽  
Steinar Foss ◽  
Arne Kjekshus ◽  
Helmer Fjellvåg
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Atomic Layer Deposition ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Deposition Technique ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Atomic Layer Deposition Technique

Needles of manganese(IV) oxide in the nanometer range have been synthesised using the atomic layer deposition technique. Traditionally the atomic layer deposition technique is used for the fabrication of thin films, however, we find that needles of β-MnO2 are formed when manganese(IV) oxide is deposited as relatively thick (ca. 800 nm) thin films on substrates of α-Al2O3 [(001) and (012) oriented]. There is no formation of needles when the film is deposited on substrates such as Si(100) or soda lime glass. The film is formed using Mn(thd)3 (Hthd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione) and ozone as precursors. While thin films (ca. 100 nm) consist of ε′-MnO2,22, 23 the same process applied to thicker films results in the formation of nano-needles of β-MnO2. These needles of β-MnO2 have dimensions ranging from approximately 1.5 μm at the base down to very sharp tips. The nano-needles and the bulk of the films have been analysed by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy.

scholarly journals Tailoring Upconversion and Morphology of Yb/Eu Doped Y2O3 Nanostructures by Acid Composition Mediation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Nunes ◽  
Ana Pimentel ◽  
Mariana Matias ◽  
Tomás Freire ◽  
A. Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Host Matrix ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Subsequent Calcination

The present study reports the production of upconverter nanostructures composed by a yttrium oxide host matrix co-doped with ytterbium and europium, i.e., Y2O3:Yb3+/Eu3+. These nanostructures were formed through the dissociation of yttrium, ytterbium and europium oxides using acetic, hydrochloric and nitric acids, followed by a fast hydrothermal method assisted by microwave irradiation and subsequent calcination process. Structural characterization has been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) both coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The acid used for dissociation of the primary oxides played a crucial role on the morphology of the nanostructures. The acetic-based nanostructures resulted in nanosheets in the micrometer range, with thickness of around 50 nm, while hydrochloric and nitric resulted in sphere-shaped nanostructures. The produced nanostructures revealed a homogeneous distribution of the doping elements. The thermal behaviour of the materials has been investigated with in situ X-Ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. Moreover, the optical band gaps of all materials were determined from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and their photoluminescence behaviour has been accessed showing significant differences depending on the acid used, which can directly influence their upconversion performance.

Hydrothermal synthesis of well-dispersed TiO2 nano-crystals

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 2197-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Yang ◽  
Sen Mei ◽  
José M.F. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Potential Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

Well-dispersed anatase and rutile nano-particles were prepared via hydrothermal treatment of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide-peptized and HNO3-peptized sols at 240 °C. A broad particle size distribution of anatase crystals was observed in the nonpeptized TiO2 species hydrothermally treated at 240 °C. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, as well as zeta potential measurement, were used to characterize the particles. The formation of the well-dispersed anatase and rutile particles from the peptized samples could be attributed to (i) homogeneous distribution of the component in the peptized sols, and (ii) the high long-range electrostatic forces between particles in the presence of both peptizers, which were not present in the nonpeptized samples. This work provided a new way to prepare nano-crystals of titania.

TEM Studies of High-Efficiency CdTe Solar Cells on Commercial SnO2/Soda-Lime Glass

2005 ◽  
Vol 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfa Yan ◽  
X. Wu ◽  
J. Zhou ◽  
M.M. Al-Jassim
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Cdte Solar Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Weak Diffusion

AbstractThe microstructure of high-efficiency CdTe solar cells on commercial SnO2/soda-lime glass was investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The CdTe solar cells have a structure of soda-lime glass/SnO2/ZTO/CdS:O/CdTe. We found no interdiffusion between the SnO2 layer and ZTO layer. Weak diffusion of Zn from the ZTO layer into the CdS:O layer was observed; however, the diffusion was not uniform. Interdiffusion also occurred at the CdTe/CdS:O interface. In the back-side of the CdTe, a thin layer of Te was found, which formed during the nitric-phosphoric etching. In addition, a very thin layer of CdHgTe was observed at the CdTe/Te interface.

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