The Materials Science of Bone: Lessons from Nature for Biomimetic Materials Synthesis

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Oyen
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Recent Effort ◽  
Bone Augmentation ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Bone Research ◽  
Structure Properties

AbstractThere has been considerable recent interest in natural bone as a material, due in part to its interesting combination of mechanical properties: bone is stiff and tough but lightweight. This unusual combination of properties results from a nanocomposite structure of approximately equal volumes of mineral and hydrated organic matter. Much recent effort has been focused on the structure, properties, and performance at different length scales relative to the hierarchical organization of bone. Historically, such bone research has emphasized clinical and medical aspects, including engineering materials for bone augmentation or replacement, bone–biomaterial interactions and interfaces, and more recently, scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. However, within the fast-growing biomimetics field, the bone extracellular matrix is taken as a model for materials development. Efforts have been made both to mimic the bony material itself as well as to mimic the process by which bone forms.

Trace nanoanalysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 940-941
Author(s):  
D. E. Newbury ◽  
R. D. Leapman
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trace Constituents ◽  
Secondary Ion ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Structure Properties

Trace constituents, which can be very loosely defined as those present at concentration levels below 1 percent, often exert influence on structure, properties, and performance far greater than what might be estimated from their proportion alone. Defining the role of trace constituents in the microstructure, or indeed even determining their location, makes great demands on the available array of microanalytical tools. These demands become increasingly more challenging as the dimensions of the volume element to be probed become smaller. For example, a cubic volume element of silicon with an edge dimension of 1 micrometer contains approximately 5×1010 atoms. High performance secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to measure trace constituents to levels of hundreds of parts per billion from such a volume element (e. g., detection of at least 100 atoms to give 10% reproducibility with an overall detection efficiency of 1%, considering ionization, transmission, and counting).

scholarly journals Nanocarbon from Rocket Fuel Waste: The Case of Furfuryl Alcohol-Fuming Nitric Acid Hypergolic Pair

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Chalmpes ◽  
Athanasios B. Bourlinos ◽  
Smita Talande ◽  
Aristides Bakandritsos ◽  
Dimitrios Moschovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Rocket Fuel ◽  
Carbon Nanosheets ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid ◽  
Liquid Rocket

In hypergolics two substances ignite spontaneously upon contact without external aid. Although the concept mostly applies to rocket fuels and propellants, it is only recently that hypergolics has been recognized from our group as a radically new methodology towards carbon materials synthesis. Comparatively to other preparative methods, hypergolics allows the rapid and spontaneous formation of carbon at ambient conditions in an exothermic manner (e.g., the method releases both carbon and energy at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). In an effort to further build upon the idea of hypergolic synthesis, herein we exploit a classic liquid rocket bipropellant composed of furfuryl alcohol and fuming nitric acid to prepare carbon nanosheets by simply mixing the two reagents at ambient conditions. Furfuryl alcohol served as the carbon source while fuming nitric acid as a strong oxidizer. On ignition the temperature is raised high enough to induce carbonization in a sort of in-situ pyrolytic process. Simultaneously, the released energy was directly converted into useful work, such as heating a liquid to boiling or placing Crookes radiometer into motion. Apart from its value as a new synthesis approach in materials science, carbon from rocket fuel additionally provides a practical way in processing rocket fuel waste or disposed rocket fuels.

The Effectiveness of Multimedia and Activity-Based Supplemental Teaching Resources in Materials Science Education

2012 ◽  
Vol 1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Day ◽  
Eeman Abbasi ◽  
Brian Liang ◽  
Satish Bhat ◽  
Scott DeMeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Teaching Resources ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
Digital Stories ◽  
Educational Videos ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Science Classes

ABSTRACTA comparative study investigating the integration of supplemental teaching resources in materials science education was developed for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of teaching strategies. Digital stories created by students, excerpts from the Nova Making Stuff documentaries, YouTube educational videos and student generated demo-kits were used as part of the investigation whereby two 9th grade science classes (n~26) were evaluated. Each participant in the study received one period (40-min) of a traditional lesson on Materials Science including specific content, vocabulary, and a pre- and post- lesson assessment. Additionally, the students in each class participated in a 30-min supplemental component, e.g. video or activity-based demonstration using aforementioned kits or video compilation. Pre- and post- evaluations (e.g. open-ended and likert questions) were administered to all of the participants. As hypothesized, the students’ feedback and performance on assessment activities reveal that the use of multimedia and activity-based resources may be equally effective teaching methods as traditional methods.

scholarly journals Hydropower, Geothermal, and Ocean Energy

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E.H. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Ocean Energy ◽  
Improve Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Improve Reliability

AbstractSome forms of renewable energy have long contributed to electricity generation, whereas others are just emerging. For example, large-scale hydropower is a mature technology generating about 16% of global electricity, and many smaller scale systems are also being installed worldwide. Future opportunities to improve the technology are limited but include upgrading of existing plants to gain greater performance efficiencies and reduced maintenance. Geothermal energy, widely used for power generation and direct heat applications, is also mature, but new technologies could improve plant designs, extend their lifetimes, and improve reliability. By contrast, ocean energy is an emerging renewable energy technology. Design, development, and testing of a myriad of devices remain mainly in the research and development stage, with many opportunities for materials science to improve design and performance, reduce costly maintenance procedures, and extend plant operating lifetimes under the harsh marine environment.

From Concept to Commerce: The Challenge of Technology Transfer in Materials

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry L. Hench
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
University Policy ◽  
Transfer Case ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
The Government

Many millions of dollars are invested annually in materials science research and development in U.S. universities. Both the universities and the sponsors, either government or private industry, have enormous incentives for the R&D efforts to become commercial. For private industry a successful development means new or improved products or processes and ultimately more profits. For the government, successful materials development can lead to improved hardware or operations efficiency and lower costs. For a university the payoff can be more than economic.Ideally, successful commercial development leads to royalties paid to the universities in the form of the most precious of assets — Unrestricted or flexible income. Students and faculty can benefit from the additional income, both privately, depending on university policy, and through their departments. However, benefits can also accrue in the form of experience and knowledge gained while participating in the technology transfer process from university to corporation. Students who take part in such efforts gain invaluable experience in preparing and defending patent applications, designing and developing prototypes, and they are exposed to economic and legal issues that are seldom taught in the classroom. They become more valuable graduates. Taking part in a technology transfer case history is a far more effective form of learning than reading about it.These benefits to a university are offset by a number of potentially negative factors. The space, time, personnel, equipment, and deadline pressures involved in commercialization are often beyond the capabilities of a university program. However, these limitations may not be realized until the effort has begun, and it is costly to stop in midstream, as is discussed below.

scholarly journals Bio-Templating: An Emerging Synthetic Technique for Catalysts. A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1364
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Herrera-Beurnio ◽  
Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo ◽  
Francisco J. López-Tenllado ◽  
Juan Martin-Gómez ◽  
Rafael C. Estévez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Energy Capture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mineralization Processes ◽  
And Storage

In the last few years, researchers have focused their attention on the synthesis of new catalyst structures based on or inspired by nature. Biotemplating involves the transfer of biological structures to inorganic materials through artificial mineralization processes. This approach offers the main advantage of allowing morphological control of the product, as a template with the desired morphology can be pre-determined, as long as it is found in nature. This way, natural evolution through millions of years can provide us with new synthetic pathways to develop some novel functional materials with advantageous properties, such as sophistication, miniaturization, hybridization, hierarchical organization, resistance, and adaptability to the required need. The field of application of these materials is very wide, covering nanomedicine, energy capture and storage, sensors, biocompatible materials, adsorbents, and catalysis. In the latter case, bio-inspired materials can be applied as catalysts requiring different types of active sites (i.e., redox, acidic, basic sites, or a combination of them) to a wide range of processes, including conventional thermal catalysis, photocatalysis, or electrocatalysis, among others. This review aims to cover current experimental studies in the field of biotemplating materials synthesis and their characterization, focusing on their application in heterogeneous catalysis.

An Overview of Aircraft Accident Investigation and Component Failures

2021 ◽  
pp. 778-786
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Wright ◽  
Suzanne F. Uchneat
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
System Level ◽  
Accident Investigation ◽  
Materials Engineering ◽  
Aircraft Component ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aircraft Accident ◽  
Component Failures ◽  
Structure Properties

Abstract This article focuses on failure analyses of aircraft components from a metallurgical and materials engineering standpoint, which considers the interdependence of processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. It discusses methodologies for conducting aircraft investigations and inspections and emphasizes cases where metallurgical or materials contributions were causal to an accident event. The article highlights how the failure of a component or system can affect the associated systems and the overall aircraft. The case studies in this article provide examples of aircraft component and system-level failures that resulted from various factors, including operational stresses, environmental effects, improper maintenance/inspection/repair, construction and installation issues, manufacturing issues, and inadequate design.

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