Actors and dynamics of a policy transfer network

Based on the discussions of Role Theory and policy transfer, this paper analyzes how the transfer of food and nutritional security policies to the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries relates to Brazil´s performance as a “developer”. We demonstrate how a transnational policy transfer network congregating several cooperation modalities was constructed as a status-seeking strategy grounded on projecting domestic policies. Therefore, the policy transfer case study, was carried out, through interviews and document analysis, in order to observing the cooperative dynamic by mapping the effects that the contacts established between several actors had in the long term. The temporal scope of the analysis begins with the arrival of Lula da Silva to the Presidency in 2003, and extends until the II Extraordinary Meeting of the CPLP Council of Food and Nutritional Security, in June 2017. For conducting an operational analysis, social participation and inter-sectorial work were selected as representatives of the conceptual framework related to the Human Right to Adequate Food, since they are two central ideas for the policies that are the object of experience-sharing in South-South cooperation on food and nutritional security.

The gamification in Diplomacy studies as an effective tool in knowledge transfer. Case study: simulating a diplomatic organisation (Preprint)

UNSTRUCTURED The paper contributes to understanding how innovations in International Relations role play learning are critical for building competencies to students. Modern diplomacy challenges require a bunch of competencies that have to be developed even before joining the diplomatic service. The research explores the interactions between real policy, diplomacy and international relations and students’ capabilities. The paper proposes a role play game developed by the author to simulate a part of the activities of a typical Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Is transferable the knowledge through role play simulations in terms of competencies enhancement? The data was collected between 2016 and 2020, using a voluntary, anonymous questionnaire and focus groups discussions. Data shows that the experiential learning is able to form or to enhance a series of competencies in International Relations and Diplomacy field. Implications are discussed for enhancing the learning process in International Relations and Diplomacy master programs.

Experimental Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient on Impingement Cooled Gear Flanks: Validation of the Evaluation Method

Understanding the heat transfer characteristics of impingement cooling of high-speed high-power gears is essential to design a reliable gearbox for a new generation of jet engines. However, experimental data on the impingement cooling of gears is limited in the literature. The experimental setup at the Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery aims at closing this gap. It includes a rotating gear instrumented with thermocouples. The measured temperatures are used to determine a spatially resolved heat transfer coefficient distribution on the gear tooth. The iterative evaluation approach applied in the post-processing of the experimental data is validated with two reference cases. First, it is shown that the interpolation of temperature data between thermocouple locations leads to inaccurate results and would not be valid for the evaluation of the experiments, even if the number of thermocouples were increased. The iterative evaluation approach can reproduce the reference heat transfer coefficient distributions very accurately even with a low spatial resolution of temperature data. A new iterative method based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is implemented within this study. The new method generally converges faster than the existing method. The difference in required computational time is negligible in the easy to evaluate high heat transfer case, whereas a speed-up of up to three times is observed in the relatively cumbersome evaluation of the low heat transfer case.

Transfer Case Clutch Torque Modeling and Validation Under Slip and Overtaken Conditions

The vehicle transfer case clutch plays an important role for four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles since the torque transmitted through the clutch determines the amount of traction torque on tires, which is important for vehicle performance. However, the clutch torque measurement is usually unavailable on production vehicles and needs to be estimated accurately to improve vehicle performance. This paper proposes a unified scheme to model clutch output torque under all three conditions: open (no torque output), slipping, and overtaken. Specifically, the clutch torque model under clutch overtaken condition is first investigated using the vehicle longitudinal and tire dynamics. It was found that effective radius of front tires, powered by the transfer case clutch torque, cannot be assumed as constant and should be compensated by vehicle acceleration, while the effective radius of rear tires connected directly to the propulsion system does not need to be compensated. In addition, it was found that torque model under clutch overtaken condition cannot be used under slip condition. As a result, a general clutch torque model is developed for both slip and overtaken conditions with a clutch slip speed compensation, resulting a root-mean-square error percentage (RMSE%) of 6.8% comparing with the experimental measurement data. Note that overtaken torque model is a special case of the general torque model by setting slip speed equal to zero. The general clutch torque model is able to calculate clutch output torque accurately under both slip and overtaken conditions.

Analysis of The Influence of The Critical Speed of Thermoelastic Instability of Transfer Case on The Torque Transmission

Based on the thermoelastic instability theory, the variation trend of film thickness on the surface of transfer case friction pair is studied, and the basic process in which the thickness of lubricating oil film changes due to thermoelastic instability was obtained. According to this process, the critical speed of transfer case friction pair is used to reflect transfer torque stability. Based on above, firstly, the dynamic simulation model of the transfer case is established from which the dynamic characteristic equation of the transfer case under the combined action of asperity torque and viscous torque is obtained. Secondly, according to the result that the thickness of the transfer case lubricating oil film is affected by the joint action of lubricating oil pressure, contact pressure and thermal expansion, the condition of thermoelastic instability of the transfer case torque transmission is discussed. The result shows that the critical speed of the thermoelastic instability increases correspondingly with the increase of the thickness of the oil film. The critical curve divides the engagement process into the stable region at the upper part of the curve and the unstable region at the lower part of the curve, so as to calculate the thermoelastic instability region of the torque transfer of the transfer case. Finally, in order to further analyze the influence of thermoelastic instability on the characteristics of the transfer case, three factors, namely the surface roughness of the friction plate, the lubricating oil viscosity and the thermal conductivity of the dual steel disc, are mainly selected for analysis, and the thermoelastic instability is taken into account. The conclusion is expected to be used in the engineering practice of torque distribution control of the transfer case.

Recent progress in battery electric vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness

As battery electric vehicle (BEV) market share grows so must our understanding of the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) phenomenon found inside the BEVs which makes this technological revolution possible. Similar to the conventional vehicle having encountered numerous NVH issues until today, BEV has to face many new and tough NVH issues. For example, conventional vehicles are powered by the internal combustion engine (ICE) which is the dominant noise source. The noises from other sources were generally masked by the combustion engine, thus the research focus was on the reduction of combustion engine while less attention was paid to noises from other sources. A BEV does not have ICE, automatic transmission, transfer case, fuel tank, air intake, or exhaust systems. In their place, there is more than enough space to accommodate the electric drive unit and battery pack. BEV is quieter without a combustion engine, however, the research on vehicle NVH is even more significant since the elimination of the combustion engine would expose many noise behaviors of BEV that were previously ignored but would now seem clearly audible and annoying. Researches have recently been conducted on the NVH of BEV mainly emphasis on the reduction of noise induced by powertrain, tire, wind and ancillary system and the improvement of sound quality. This review paper will focus on recent progress in BEV NVH research to advance the BEV systems in the future. It is a review for theoretical, computational, and experimental work conducted by both academia and industry in the past few years.

Selection of Transmission and Electrical Motor Parts for ATVs

The article presents the results of calculations to justify the choice of transmission components and traction electric drive. The choice of the parameters of the gearing of the transfer case and differential has been substantiated. The choice of bearings is substantiated from the conditions of ensuring the given resource and strength for the transfer case and main gear.

Manufacturability of the design of the transfer case of the truck MZKT-500200

A kinematic calculation of technological design transfer case changes gear of the truck MZKT-500200 was carried out. The disadvantage of this design is the need to completely stop the car to lock the differential, which is eliminated by installing a friction clutch on the output shaft.