scholarly journals Humid-Air and Aqueous Corrosion Models for Corrosion-allowance Barrier Material

1995 ◽  
Vol 412 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Lee ◽  
J. E. Atkins ◽  
R. W. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Aqueous Corrosion ◽  
Barrier Material ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Corrosion Data

AbstractHumid-air and aqueous general and pitting corrosion models (including their uncertainties) for the carbon steel outer containment barrier were developed using the corrosion data from literature for a suite of cast irons and carbon steels which have similar corrosion behaviors to the outer barrier material. The corrosion data include the potential effects of various chemical species present in the testing environments. The atmospheric corrosion data also embed any effects of cyclic wetting and drying and salts that may form on the corroding specimen surface. The humid-air and aqueous general corrosion models are consistent in that the predicted humid-air general corrosion rates at relative humidities between 85 and 100% RH are close to the predicted aqueous general corrosion rates. Using the expected values of the model parameters, the model predicts that aqueous pitting corrosion is the most likely failure mode for the carbon steel outer barrier, and an earliest failure (or initial pit penetration) of the 100-mm thick barrier may occur as early as about 500 years if it is exposed continuously to an aqueous condition at between 60 and 70°C.

Pitting Corrosion of a Low Carbon Steel in Corrosive Environments: Experiments and Models

2015 ◽  
Vol 1132 ◽  
pp. 349-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Kolawole ◽  
F.O. Kolawole ◽  
O.P. Enegela ◽  
O.O. Adewoye ◽  
A.B.O. Soboyejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Corrosion Pits ◽  
Corrosive Environments

This paper presents the results of the combined study of experiments and modeling of the pitting corrosion behavior of low carbon steel. The effects of pH are elucidated via experiments on low carbon steel exposed to various corrosive media. The corrosion rates for the steel samples immersed in various corrosive media were determined by polarization experiments via a gamry potentiostat. The microscopic observations of the surfaces reveal clear evidence of corrosion pits that increase in size with increasing exposure duration. The observed pit size distribution and the evolution of pit size are modeled using statistical models. The implications of the results are used for the application of low carbon steels in corrosive environment.

scholarly journals The effect of volatile organic acids and CO2 on the corrosion rate of carbon steel from a Top-of-Line-Corrosion (TLC) perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 1201 (1) ◽  
pp. 012079
Author(s):  
S B Gjertsen ◽  
A Palencsar ◽  
M Seiersten ◽  
T H Hemmingsen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Acid Corrosion ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Corrosion Rates

Abstract Models for predicting top-of-line corrosion (TLC) rates on carbon steels are important tools for cost-effectively designing and operating natural gas transportation pipelines. The work presented in this paper is aimed to investigate how the corrosion rates on carbon steel is affected by acids typically present in the transported pipeline fluids. This investigation may contribute to the development of improved models. In a series of experiments, the corrosion rate differences for pure CO2 (carbonic acid) corrosion and pure organic acid corrosion (acetic acid and formic acid) on X65 carbon steel were investigated at starting pH values; 4.5, 5.3, or 6.3. The experiments were conducted in deaerated low-salinity aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 65 °C. The corrosion rates were evaluated from linear polarization resistance data as well as mass loss and released iron concentration. A correlation between lower pH values and increased corrosion rates was found for the organic acid experiments. However, the pH was not the most critical factor for the rates of carbon steel corrosion in these experiments. The experimental results showed that the type of acid species involved and the concentration of the undissociated acid in the solution influenced the corrosion rates considerably.

A Laboratory Corrosion Inhibition Study of Carbon Steel Using 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) under Post-combustion CO2 Capture Conditions

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3663 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
James Landon ◽  
Dali Qian ◽  
Kunlei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Inhibition Study ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Organic Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Corrosion mitigation is an important aspect of amine-based post-combustion carbon dioxide (CO2) capture operations due to the desire to use less expensive but corrosion-vulnerable materials such as low carbon steels in the construction of a capture system. In this study, the corrosion behavior of A106 (grade B) carbon steel with an in-house proprietary amine-based solvent was investigated in a laboratory environment at 80 °C using an organic corrosion inhibitor, 2 Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT). The corrosion inhibition mechanism was interpreted by electrochemical methods and surface analyses. The results revealed that the corrosion rates of carbon steel were significantly retarded using MBT. The critical inhibitor concentration was determined to be lie between 10 to 50 ppm under the tested conditions.

Corrosion Behavior of Container Materials in Grande Ronde Basalt Groundwater

1986 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Anantatmula ◽  
R. L. Fish
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Speci Mens ◽  
Synthetic Groundwater ◽  
American Society ◽  
Average Size ◽  
High Level

AbstractThree candidate waste package container materials were tested for 5 mo at 200 °C in Hanford Site Grande Ronde Basalt groundwater (9.75 pH) under anoxic conditions (<0.1 mg/L dissolved oxygen in water). The materials were cast carbon steel (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A27), wrought carbon steel (American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 1020), cupro- nickel 90-10, and Fe9CrlMo steel. Testing was performed in 1-L titanium autoclaves at a pressure of 6.9 MPa and a flow rate of ∼O.02 mL/min. Anoxic conditions were achieved by constantly sparging the synthetic groundwater in the reservoir with argon. In addition, the groundwater was conditioned by placing a 2.54-cm layer of crushed basalt (∼O.635 cm average size) at the bottom of each autoclave. The average corrosion rates at 200 °C were 0.9 μm/yr for cupronickel 90-10 and Fe9CrlMo steel, 1.1 μm/yr for cast carbon steel, and 1.4 μm/yr for wrought carbon steel. Pitting was not detected in any of the specimens. Posttest analysis of the corrosion speci- mens indicated the formation of a thin film of iron smectite clay on the surface of all specimens. In addition, magnetite formation immediately adjacent to the specimen surface was observed in the iron-base alloys, consistent with previous investigations. Based on the present investiga- tions, all the materials exhibited significantly lower corrosion rates than were used in the Environmental Assessment (∼5 μm/yr) [1] for calculating acceptable container lifetimes. However, longer term general corrosion tests and tests to study the container materials susceptibility to other degradation modes are necessary prior to making a final evaluation of the suitability of these materials for use in fabricating high-level nuclear waste containers.

Corrosion of Carbon-Steel Containers for Heat-Generating Nuclear Waste in Brine Environments Relevant for A Rock-Salt Repository

1991 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Smailos ◽  
W. Schwarzkopf ◽  
B. Kienzler ◽  
R. KÖster
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Corrosion Studies ◽  
Salt Brine

ABSTRACTIn previous corrosion studies, carbon steels, especially the fine-grained steel TStE355, were identified as promising materials for heat-generating nuclear waste containers acting as a barrier in a rock-salt repository. In the present study detailed investigations have been performed on fine-grained steel to determine the influence of important parameters on its corrosion behaviour in disposal-relevant salt brines. These parameters are: brine composition (Mg Cl2-rich and NaCI-rich brines), temperature (90°C, 170°C), and salt impurities, such as H2S concentrations of 25 mg/I-200 mg/I salt brine.Under the conditions of the tests used here, carbon steel was subjected to general corrosion. Pitting and crevice corrosion or stress-corrosion cracking were not observed. The increase in temperature from 90°C to 170°C strongly enhanced the corrosion rate of the steel. In the MgCl2-rich brines, considerably higher rates (37-70 μm/a at 90°C, 200-300 °m/a at 170°C) were observed than in the NaCI-rich brine (5 μm/a at 90°C, 46 μm/a at 170°C). H2S concentrations in the MgCl2-rich Qbrine of up to 200 mg/l did not influence significantly the corrosion rate of the steel. The corrosion rates determined imply corrosion allowances that are technically acceptable for thick-walled containers. In view of these results, fine-grained steel continues to be considered as a promising material for long-lived HLW containers.

Investigation of Duplex Stainless Steels for Pipeline Repairs

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave Fetzner ◽  
Nate Ames ◽  
Greg Ruschau
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Elevation Changes ◽  
Reducing Costs

Hundreds of miles of production pipelines make up the network at the Prudhoe Bay oilfield in Northern Alaska, part of the vast petroleum reserves which feed one million barrels of crude oil per day to the 800-mile Trans Alaska Pipeline System. Part of the inevitable layout on a land-based pipeline of this size is the need to cross roads and undergo similar directional changes. When the pipeline was constructed this hurdle was overcome by burying the pipe for short sections. At present the system has hundreds of buried road crossings. One of the continued high-cost maintenance issues with the pipeline is the corrosion that occurs at the elbows used for direction and elevation changes. The pipelines are constructed primarily out of high tensile strength carbon steels. While carbon steel is sufficient for most of the pipeline, the elbows present new challenges such as the cumulative effects of erosion and pitting corrosion. One proposed solution was to replace the carbon steel with duplex stainless steel in these areas of higher susceptibility. Duplex stainless steel has a high general corrosion resistance and better velocity-assisted corrosion resistance than carbon steel. Coupled with its recent decrease in cost, this solution makes the use of duplex stainless steel a potential candidate for the above application, reducing costs of the repair and inspection for the entire pipeline. Technical issues which are significant in joining carbon steel to duplex stainless steel include the proper selection of the weld metal alloy, weld cooling rates, and corrosion of the carbon steel due to the joining of dissimilar alloys. This paper addresses these issues of welding and corrosion that were investigated for the use of duplex pipe and components in the carbon steel system.

scholarly journals In Situ Investigation of Under-Deposit Microbial Corrosion and its Inhibition Using a Multi-Electrode Array System

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika M. Suarez ◽  
Kateřina Lepková ◽  
Maria Forsyth ◽  
Mike Y. Tan ◽  
Brian Kinsella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Marine Bacterium ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Microbial Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
In Situ Investigation ◽  
Multi Electrode Array

Carbon steel pipelines used in the oil and gas industry can be susceptible to the combined presence of deposits and microorganisms, which can result in a complex phenomenon, recently termed under-deposit microbial corrosion (UDMC). UDMC and its inhibition in CO2 ambiance were investigated in real-time using a multi-electrode array (MEA) system and surface profilometry analysis. Maps from corrosion rates, galvanic currents, and corrosion potentials recorded at each microelectrode allowed the visualization of local corrosion events on the steel surface. A marine bacterium Enterobacter roggenkampii, an iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing microorganism, generated iron deposits on the surface that resulted in pitting corrosion under anaerobic conditions. Areas under deposits displayed anodic behavior, more negative potentials, higher corrosion rates, and pitting compared to areas outside deposits. In the presence of the organic film-forming corrosion inhibitor, 2-Mercaptopyrimidine, the marine bacterium induced local breakdown of the protective inhibitor film and subsequent pitting corrosion of carbon steel. The ability of the MEA system to locally measure self-corrosion processes, galvanic effects and, corrosion potentials across the surface demonstrated its suitability to detect, evaluate and monitor the UDMC process as well as the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors to prevent this corrosion phenomenon. This research highlights the importance of incorporating the microbial component to corrosion inhibitors evaluation to ensure chemical effectiveness in the likely scenario of deposit formation and microbial contamination in oil and gas production equipment.

UNS G10210

Alloy Digest ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
High Manganese ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Cold Worked ◽  
Good Workability ◽  
High Manganese Content

Abstract UNS G10210 is a carbon steel of relatively high manganese content which increases hardenability and hardness over that of carbon steels of lower manganese. It combines good machinability, good workability (hot or cold) and good weldability. It is used in the annealed, hot-worked, normalized, cold-worked or water-quenched-and-tempered condition for many applications. It may be used in uncarburized applications and for components case-hardened by carburizing. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-122. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

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