Thermophysical Properties of Fluids Measured Under Microgravity Conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-J. Fecht ◽  
R.K. Wunderlich
Keyword(s):  
Thermophysical Property ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Flights ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Property Data ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Key Industries ◽  
Sufficient Precision

AbstractThe analysis of nucleation and growth processes relies mostly on circular arguments since basic thermophysical properties necessary, such as the Gibbs free energy (enthalpy of crystallization, specific heat), the density, emissivity, thermal conductivity (diffusivity), diffusion coefficients, surface tension, viscosity, interfacial crystal / liquid tension, etc. are generally unknown with sufficient precision and therefore often deduced from insufficient linear interpolations from the elements. The paucity of thermophysical property data for commercial materials as well as research materials is mostly a result of the experimental difficulties arising from the unwanted convection and reactions of melts with containers at high temperatures. An overview will be given on the results of thermophysical property measurements during several different space flights using containerless processing methods. Furthermore, a perspective on a future measurement program of thermophysical properties supported by the European Space Agency is described. In this regard, the International Space Station is considered as the ideal laboratory for high precision measurements of thermophysical properties of fluids which help to improve manufacturing processes for a number of key industries.

scholarly journals DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) used to follow the evolution of W/O emulsions versus time on ground and in space in the ISS

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Drelich ◽  
Christine Dalmazzone ◽  
Isabelle Pezron ◽  
Libero Liggieri ◽  
Danièle Clausse
Keyword(s):  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
Flight Model

The evolution of W/O emulsion versus time in microgravity conditions has been studied in the framework of the FASES (Fundamental and Applied Studies on Emulsion Stability) project sponsored by the European Space Agency (ESA). The objective of this study was to investigate the evolution of W/O emulsions made of water + paraffin oil + SPAN 80® under purely diffusive conditions (no gravity driven effects) and to compare with evolution of similar emulsions observed on ground. A correlation between the state of dispersion of water and either the freezing temperature during cooling, or the freezing time at a fixed temperature was used to follow the emulsion evolution versus time. For that purpose, two identical calorimeters were built by Airbus (formerly EADS) with the support of the French company SETARAM: The Flight Model (FM) located onboard the International Space Station (ISS) and the Engineering Model (EM) located at the TELESPAZIO Centre in Naples. Dedicated cells were filled on ground with different formulations of W/O emulsions and identical experiments were performed with the FM and the EM models in order to highlight the differences in emulsion evolution. On ground, the experiments were performed by cooling and heating the calorimeter between 40 °C and −60 °C but due to technical constraints in the FM, the experiments performed in the FSL (Fluid Science Laboratory) of the ISS were limited to a lowest temperature of −22 °C. The results obtained with the FM confirmed the formation of emulsions in the dedicated cell with the selected stirring system in space. These results also demonstrated that it is possible to detect the freezing and the melting of the water droplets with the designed calorimeter either during cooling and heating phases or versus time during a temperature holding period at −22 °C. Furthermore, the comparison between both results obtained with the EM on ground and with the FM in space revealed distinct behaviours. This study drove us to focus on other mechanisms than sedimentation and convection to account for the destabilization of these kinds of emulsions.

A Framework for Multinational Medical Support for the International Space Station: A Model for Exploration

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Charles R. Doarn ◽  
James D. Polk ◽  
Anatoli Grigoriev ◽  
Jean-Marc Comtois ◽  
Kazuhito Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Medical Certification

INTRODUCTION: In the 1990s, Canada, member states of the European Space Agency, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States entered into an international agreement Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station. Among the many unique infrastructure challenges, partners were to develop a comprehensive international medical system and related processes to enable crew medical certification and medical support for all phases of missions, in a framework to support a multilateral space program of unprecedented size, scope, and degree of integration. During the Shuttle/Mir Program, physicians and specialized experts from the United States and Russia studied prototype systems and developed and operated collaborative mechanisms. The 1998 NASA Memoranda of Understanding with each of the other four partners established the Multilateral Medial Policy Board, the Multilateral Space Medicine Board, and the Multilateral Medical Operations Panel as medical authority bodies to ensure International Space Station (ISS) crew health and performance. Since 1998, the medical system of the ISS Program has ensured health and excellent performance of the international crewsan essential prerequisite for the construction and operation of the ISSand prevented mission-impacting medical events and adverse health outcomes. As the ISS is completing its second decade of crewed operation, it is prudent to appraise its established medical framework for its utility moving forward in new space exploration initiatives. Not only the ISS Program participants, but other nations and space agencies as well, concomitant with commercial endeavors in human spaceflight, can benefit from this evidence for future human exploration programs.Doarn CR, Polk JD, Grigoriev A, Comtois J-M, Shimada K, Weerts G, Dervay JP, Taddeo TA, Sargsyan A. A framework for multinational medical support for the International Space Station: a model for exploration. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):129134.

Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in SOLidification Processing (CETSOL): A Project of the European Space Agency (ESA) - Microgravity Applications Promotion (MAP) Programme

2006 ◽  
Vol 508 ◽  
pp. 393-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles-André Gandin ◽  
Bernard Billia ◽  
Gerhard Zimmermann ◽  
David J. Browne ◽  
M.D. Dupouy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Integrated Modelling ◽  
Solidification Processing ◽  
Benchmark Data ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Columnar To Equiaxed Transition

The main objective of the research project of the European Space Agency (ESA) - Microgravity Application Promotion (MAP) programme entitled Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in SOLidification Processing (CETSOL) is the investigation of the formation of the transition from columnar to equiaxed macrostructure that takes place in casting. Indeed, grain structures observed in most casting processes of metallic alloys are the result of a competition between the growth of several arrays of dendrites that develop under constrained and unconstrained conditions, leading to the CET. A dramatic effect of buoyancy-driven flow on the transport of equiaxed crystals on earth is acknowledged. This leads to difficulties in conducting precise investigations of the origin of the formation of the equiaxed crystals and their interaction with the development of the columnar grain structure. Consequently, critical benchmark data to test fundamental theories of grain structure formation are required, that would benefit from microgravity investigations. Accordingly, the ESA-MAP CETSOL project has gathered together European groups with complementary skills to carry out experiments and to model the processes, in particular with a view to utilization of the reduced-gravity environment that will be afforded by the International Space Station (ISS) to get benchmark data. The ultimate objective of the research program is to significantly contribute to the improvement of integrated modelling of grain structure in industrially important castings. To reach this goal, the approach is devised to deepen the quantitative understanding of the basic physical principles that, from the microscopic to the macroscopic scales, govern microstructure formation in solidification processing under diffusive conditions and with fluid flow in the melt. Pertinent questions are attacked by well-defined model experiments on technical alloys and/or on model transparent systems, physical modelling at microstructure and mesoscopic scales (e.g. large columnar front or equiaxed crystals) and numerical simulation at all scales, up to the macroscopic scales of casting with integrated numerical models.

FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS ACTIVITIES IN THE HME DIRECTORATE OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (12a) ◽  
pp. 1957-1966
Author(s):  
LUIGI CACCIAPUOTI ◽  
OLIVIER MINSTER
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Matter Wave ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Atomic Clocks ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Space Agency

The Human Spaceflight, Microgravity, and Exploration (HME) Directorate of the European Space Agency is strongly involved in fundamental physics research. One of the major activities in this field is represented by the ACES (Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space) mission. ACES will demonstrate the high performances of a new generation of atomic clocks in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station (ISS). Following ACES, a vigorous research program has been recently approved to develop a second generation of atomic quantum sensors for space applications: atomic clocks in the optical domain, aiming at fractional frequency stability and accuracy in the low 10-18 regime; inertial sensors based on matter-wave interferometry for the detection of tiny accelerations and rotations; a facility to study degenerate Bose gases in space. Tests of quantum physics on large distance scales represent another important issue addressed in the HME program. A quantum communication optical terminal has been proposed to perform a test of Bell's inequalities on pairs of entangled photons emitted by a source located on the ISS and detected by two ground stations. In this paper, present activities and future plans will be described and discussed.

scholarly journals Portable Haptic Arm Exoskeleton

Robotics ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 559-581
Author(s):  
Pierre Letier ◽  
André Preumont
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Zero Gravity ◽  
Robotic Arms ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Human Arm ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
Master Device

This chapter describes a seven degree of freedom force-reflective device able to produce haptic rendering on the human arm, either as master for teleoperation of a slave robot, or in interaction with a virtual reality. This project was conducted on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA) as a prototype of the master device used for teleoperation of future anthropomorphic space robotic arms on the International Space Station (ISS). The motivation is to decrease the number of extravehicular activities of the astronauts, even for complex situations. The structure of portable anthropomorphic exoskeleton of 7 degrees of freedom has been selected by ESA because it allows a more intuitive control of anthropomorphic slave arms; it also allows multiple contact points, offers a larger workspace (comparable to the human arm). Besides, being attached on the astronaut, the system involves only internal forces (it is self-equilibrated) and can be used in zero-gravity.

Activities of the International Space Organization and Station

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-152
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Intergovernmental Organization ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Space Organization

This chapter describes the establishment process, purpose of establishment, mission, exploration plan, activities of the European Space Agency (ESA) and International Space Station (ISS), and an explanation of the contents of the treaty that is legal basis for its establishment. The European Space Agency (ESA) is an intergovernmental organization of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about € 6.68 billion (US $ 7.43 billion) in 2020. ESA also works closely with space organizations outside Europe. ESA has missions planned for Jupiter (JUICE, 2022) and others that will seek dark matter (Euclid, 2020) and observe the energetic universe (Athena, 2028). The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit. The ISS programme is a joint project between five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscomos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).

Portable Haptic Arm Exoskeleton

2012 ◽  
pp. 122-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Letier ◽  
André Preumont
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Zero Gravity ◽  
Robotic Arms ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Human Arm ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
Master Device

This chapter describes a seven degree of freedom force-reflective device able to produce haptic rendering on the human arm, either as master for teleoperation of a slave robot, or in interaction with a virtual reality. This project was conducted on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA) as a prototype of the master device used for teleoperation of future anthropomorphic space robotic arms on the International Space Station (ISS). The motivation is to decrease the number of extravehicular activities of the astronauts, even for complex situations. The structure of portable anthropomorphic exoskeleton of 7 degrees of freedom has been selected by ESA because it allows a more intuitive control of anthropomorphic slave arms; it also allows multiple contact points, offers a larger workspace (comparable to the human arm). Besides, being attached on the astronaut, the system involves only internal forces (it is self-equilibrated) and can be used in zero-gravity.

scholarly journals The PUR Experiment on the EXPOSE-R facility: biological dosimetry of solar extraterrestrial UV radiation

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bérces ◽  
M. Egyeki ◽  
A. Fekete ◽  
G. Horneck ◽  
G. Kovács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
Effect Relation ◽  
Uv Dose ◽  
Radiation Conditions

AbstractThe aim of our experiment Phage and Uracil Response was to extend the use of bacteriophage T7 and uracil biological dosimeters for measuring the biologically effective ultraviolet (UV) dose in the harsh extraterrestrial radiation conditions. The biological detectors were exposed in vacuum-tightly cases in the European Space Agency (ESA) astrobiological exposure facility attached to the external platform of Zvezda (EXPOSE-R). EXPOSE-R took off to the International Space Station (ISS) in November 2008 and was installed on the External platform of the Russian module Zvezda of the ISS in March 2009. Our goal was to determine the dose–effect relation for the formation of photoproducts (i.e. damage to phage DNA and uracil, respectively). The extraterrestrial solar UV radiation ranges over the whole spectrum from vacuum-UV (λ<200 nm) to UVA (315 nm<λ<400 nm), which causes photolesions (photoproducts) in the nucleic acids/their components either by photoionization or excitation. However, these wavelengths cause not only photolesions but in a wavelength-dependent efficiency the reversion of some photolesions, too. Our biological detectors measured in situ conditions the resultant of both reactions induced by the extraterrestrial UV radiation. From this aspect the role of the photoreversion in the extension of the biological UV dosimetry are discussed.

scholarly journals Green STEM to Improve Mathematics Proficiency: ESA Mission Space Lab

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 2066
Author(s):  
Manuel Garcia-Piqueras ◽  
José-Reyes Ruiz-Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Problem ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Mathematics Proficiency ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Final Exams ◽  
Green Stem

The main goal of this study was to improve students’ outcomes and perception in Mathematics. For this, 12 out of 34 voluntary students were involved in an international contest: European Space Agency (ESA) Mission Space Lab. The experience was organized as STEM, under a guided PjBL. Students identified an environmental problem, executed a way to monitor it from the International Space Station (ISS) and interpreted the data received. Students’ final report was awarded by ESA. Additionally, participants increased their performance in their math final exams compared to the control group. Furthermore, the perception of students and their families about the usefulness of mathematics was very positive. The only drawback detected was the increase of workload. Thus, Green STEM, using direct instruction and guide in PjBL, may be a good tool to improve students’ grades and opinion about the importance of mathematics.

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