scholarly journals Resisting the 19th Century Colonial Politics of Exile: The Study of Kiai Ahmad Arrifai Kalisalak and Kiai Hasan Maolani Kuningan Letters

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
M. Adib Misbachul Islam ◽  
Muhammad Nida Fadlan ◽  
Abdullah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Public Order ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This article aims to reveal the discourse on the resistance of two Javanese ulama who were victims of the Dutch colonial politics of exile in the 19th Century. This study uses several letter manuscripts written by Kiai Ahmad Arrifai Kalisalak and Kiai Hasan Maolani Kuningan from their exile as primary sources. The letters addressed to his family and followers in Java were written in Javanese with the Pegon script. Through historical studies and discourse analysis, this study finds that the Dutch colonial politics of exile was not able to dampen the resistance of the ulama. The writing of letters from exile by Kiai Ahmad Arrifai Kalisalak and Kiai Hasan Maolani was intended to compete with the colonial powers, producing heretical discourses and disturbing public order as a pretext to banish them. Thus, this article concludes that the two ulama did from their exile was a new mode of resistance against colonialism.

Sasak People’s Resistance Against Mataram-Karangasem and Dutch Colonial Rulers: The Role of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tohri ◽  
H. Habibuddin ◽  
Abdul Rasyad
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

Getuigen van de Arubaanse geschiedenis en identiteit

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
ROMY VAN VOREN
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Residential Culture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Special Meaning ◽  
Dutch Colonial

Testimonials of Aruban history and heritage: the kunuku houses and cas floria On the island of Aruba, traditional houses are often decorated with unique symbols. Houses with these decorations are called ‘cas floria’, meaning decorated house. The origin for this style of building and the meaning of the symbols presumably stem from the culture of the native inhabitants of Aruba (Indians). Over the course of time, the Dutch colonial power had influence on the residential culture on Aruba. They introduced stone houses and building materials such as roof tiles and cement. The native population gradually started replacing their loam houses for stone versions. In the 19th century, the building style of cas floria arose. These houses were found mostly in the historic native settlements. For the colonial settlers, these symbols had no special meaning and so they did not live in decorated houses. Nowadays, a lot of cas floria and traditional kunuku houses have become ruins. However, many of those historic houses have remained and are still inhabited to this day. The Monumentenbureau Aruba has been lobbying with the Aruban Government to grant the traditional kunuku houses and cas floria a protected monumental status, so that this part of Aruban heritage and identity will be preserved for future generations.

The Battle of Maiwand and the Taliban’s Tarani

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-247
Author(s):  
Roshan Noorzai
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post September 11 ◽  
Peacekeeping Missions ◽  
The 19Th Century

This study analyzes the post-September 11 Taliban’s discourse, exploring particularly the sujet of the battle of Maiwand (July 27, 1880) in the Taliban’s tarani (pl. of tarana “chant, song”). After providing a brief history of the post-September 11 conflict in Afghanistan, the paper examines Afghanistan’s experience of colonialism in the 19th century by discussing the Anglo-Afghan wars, with a focus on the battle of Maiwand and its importance in the modern history of Afghanistan. This study takes a postcolonial and postmodernist approach to discourse analysis. Using a postmodernist approach, the author tried to understand how the Taliban saw the post-September 11, 2001 conflict, and how they legitimized their actions. This study concludes that the Taliban used Afghanistan’s past experience of colonialism in their discourse. In fact, they refer to the historical events and personalities, those led resistance against colonial powers in the 19th century, for propaganda purposes. In addition, the paper shows that the colonial past is an important factor in the success or failure of interventions and peacekeeping missions, particularly in Afghanistan.

scholarly journals The African slave population of Portuguese India

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo C. Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
African Population ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Population Displacement ◽  
Social Scale ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Slave Population

This article is primarily concerned with quantifying the African(-born) population in the early Portuguese settlements in India and defining its linguistic profile, as a means to understand the extent and limitations of its impact on the emerging Indo-Portuguese creoles. Apart from long-established commercial links (including the slave trade) between East Africa and India, which could have facilitated linguistic interchange between the two regions, Smith (1984) and Clements (2000) also consider that the long African sojourn of all those travelling the Cape Route may have transported an African-developed pidgin to Asia. In this article, I concentrate on population displacement brought about by the slave trade. Published sources and data uncovered during archival research permit a characterisation of the African population in terms of (a) their numbers (relative to the overall population), (b) their origin, and (c) their position within the colonial social scale. The scenario that emerges for most territories of Portuguese India is that of a significant slave population distributed over the colonial households in small numbers, in what is best described as a ‘homestead society’ (Chaudenson 1992, 2001). It is also made evident that there was a steady influx of slave imports well into the 19th century, and that the Bantu-speaking regions of modern-day Mozambique were the primary sources of slaves for the trade with Portuguese India.

scholarly journals Tarekat Naqsabandiyah di Indonesia Abad 19 dari Ortodoksi ke Politisasi

Intizar ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Muhammad Noupal
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Harsh Criticism ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dutch Colonial

Setidaknya ada beberapa hal penting dalam tulisan ini; pertama, perkembangan tarekat Naqsabandiyah pada abad 19 terjadi secara luas. Tidak hanya di Indonesia tetapi di hampir seluruh wilayah muslim. Hal ini disebabkan karena dominasi faham wujudiyah (tasawuf falsafi) yang melekat pada tarekat Syattariyah mulai ditinggalkan oleh masyarakat muslim akibat serangan gencar kaum tradisionalis (tasawuf sunni). Proses peralihan dalam kurun ini menyebabkan tarekat Naqsabandiyah menjadi diminati. Kedua, kritik pedas kaum tradisionalis juga dilakukan oleh para ulama fikih kepada bid’ah tarekat. Kesesuaian dengan al-Quran dan sunnah seperti yang menjadi landasan tasawuf sunni akhirnya membuat tarekat Naqsabandiyah (dan terekat non faham wujudiyah) diminati oleh masyarakat muslim. Ketiga, kekhawatiran pemerintah kolonial Belanda terhadap tarekat, terutama Naqsabandiyah saat itu, diarahkan kepada tarekat dalam arti politik, termasuk di dalamnya gerakan Pan-Islamisme. Tetapi sepanjang tidak berpolitik, pihak konial tidak membatasi tarekat.At least there are some important things in this article; First, the development of widespread Naqsabandiyah congregation in the 19th century. It happens not only in Indonesia but also in almost all Muslim lands. This is due to the dominance of ideology Wujudiyah (Sufism philosophical) attached to Syattariyah congregation begins to be abandoned by the Muslim community as a result of the onslaught of the traditionalists (Sufism of Sunni). The process of transition in this period leads Naqsabandiyah to be desirable. Second, harsh criticism of the traditionalists is also done by the jurists to heretical congregation. Compliance with the Quran and the Sunnah as the basis of Sufism Sunni finally made Naqsabandiyah congregation (and congregation of non wujudiyah’s thought) demand by the Muslim community. Thirdly, the Dutch colonial government fears the congregation, especially Naqsabandiyah. Then, it is directed to the congregation in a political sense, including the movement of Pan-Islamism. But as long as there are no politics, colonial party does not restrict the congregation.

CONSUMPTION AND LIVING STANDARDS IN BUENOS AIRES. CONSUMER BASKETS AND INCOME BETWEEN THE LATE COLONIAL AGE AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-342
Author(s):  
Daniel Santilli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Western World ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACTBased on primary sources, baskets of consumption for Buenos Aires are reconstructed for the 1780-1820 period, applying current international methodologies. They build on previous work based on 1835 data. It can be seen that the consumption pattern did not vary substantially in the period and, considering the salary of both urban and rural workers, we are able to establish that standards of living were high and experienced a significant increase after 1835, especially during the 1840s. This placed Buenos Aires among the cities of the Western world with highest welfare ratio levels.

scholarly journals Islam als Problem: Celal Nuri und Ahmed Hilmis (Filibeli) spätosmanischer Materialismusstreit

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Enur Imeri
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
Epistemological Tradition ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Late Ottoman

AbstractThe so-called Materialismusstreit evolved in the second half of the 19th century as a new genre of popular literature and was carried out as a public debate mainly by German popularisers. In the Ottoman context, however, the reception of the Materialismusstreit demonstrates how a universalised perception of the West had already become the main frame of reference among secularly educated Ottoman intelligentsia in the course of late Ottoman modernity. This fact not only constitutively shaped their modern discourse on Islam. Moreover, it brought about at the same time fundamental semantic shifts in concepts holding a prominent role within the Islamicate epistemological tradition. Consequently, the entanglement between this abovementioned frame of reference and concepts inherited from a traditional knowledge order resulted in a conceptual rupture with the traditional epistemologies. In an attempt to exemplify the argument, this paper builds on a less-known dispute on materialism between Celal Nuri and Ahmed Hilmi (Filibeli), and shows the transformation in their usage of epistemic concepts such as ʿilm, fenn, and dīn, as well as their reception of the Orientalist Islam discourse. Prior to the analysis of two core primary sources, the first part of this paper elaborates on the theoretical and methodological modalities of making fruitful the intellectual output of late Ottoman modernity for a globally entangled intellectual history.

scholarly journals Trading in Air Bangis in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Junaidi Junaidi ◽  
Ratna Ratna
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This study aims to explain trading activities at the Air Bangis harbor during the Dutch Colonial Government. Since the early 19th century, the Dutch Colonial Government had been more ambitious than before to utilize as much forest and agricultural products as possible in the hinterland of the West Coast of Sumatra. This intention was also supported by the improvement of the functions of harbor cities along the West Coast of Sumatra, including Air Bangis. The improvement per se had allowed a small-scale trade to be upgraded to export-oriented free harbors. The high level of trading activity in the Air Bangis harbor was made possible by its hinterland which is rich in export commodities. Among the types of the export commodities were gold, camphor, myrrh, rattan, dammar, coffee and pepper. The Air Bangis harbor had a role in lifting the spirits of the foreign nations, such as Aceh, VOC, English, and the Dutch Colonial Government, to build their influences in the harbor. The competition often caused friction which resulted in a conflict and power overtaking. The winners would take over the power from the losers, established their hegemony and monopolized the trade in the area of Air Bangis. The prosperity of the maritime activities in Air Bangis reached its peak in the first quarter of the 19th century, but it did not last long. In the last quarter of the 19th century, maritime activities in Air Bangis harbor started to decline. Nevertheless, sea voyage and trading activities in Air Bangis harbor had given a specific color to the maritime world in the West Sumatera Coast.

scholarly journals Jejak Perlawanan dalam Novel Bumi Manusia dan De Stille Kracht

ATAVISME ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-242
Author(s):  
Christina Dewi Tri Murwani
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Pramoedya Ananta Toer ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dutch Colonial

Menerapkan teori poskolonial pada dua karya sastra yang ditulis oleh dua pengarang yang berbeda nasionalitasnya dan ditulis dalam kurun waktu yang berlainan tetapi merepresentasikan kehidupan masa kolonial Hindia Belanda adalah hal yang menarik. Bumi Manusia (BM, 1980) karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan De Stille Kracht (DSK, 1900) karya Louis Couperus menghadirkan kehidupan pejabat/pegawai Hindia Belanda, pribumi, dan nonpribumi, antara akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20: BM memandang dan mengritik pendidikan dan hukum kolonial Belanda, sedangkan DSK memandang dan mengritik perilaku pejabat pribumi yang dipenuhi pemikiran mistik dan pelanggaran tugas. Kedua novel yang berakhir dengan kehancuran keluarga tokoh mengungkapkan pendapat bahwa hubungan yang tak setara, penjajahan, sampai kapan pun hanya menghadirkan perlawanan dan kesengsaraan. Abstract: Applying the postcolonial theory towards two novels, which were written by two authors from different nationalities and periods, representing the life of Dutch colonial period, is an interesting work. Bumi Manusia (1980) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesian author, and De Stille Kracht (1900) by Louis Couperus, Dutch author, tell about the life of Dutch government officials ( indigenous and non-indigenous ) on the end of the 19th century until the early of the 20th. Bumi Manusia views and criticizes education and the Dutch colonial law; De Stille kracht views and criticizes indigenous government officials with their mystic thought and violation of duty. Both novels, which end with broken families of the main characters, reveal the opinion that the non-equal connection, colonization just brings struggle and suffering forever. Key Words: postcolonialism, representation of colonial periode, mystic and education, laws and violation

30. Abortion and the fall of midwifery in 19th Century North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
C. Schram
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Views ◽  
The 19Th Century

The 19th Century in North America was a time of many social and scientific changes that impacted the field of medicine. A result of one such change was the medicalization of childbirth, as the primary care of women during labour shifted from midwives to physicians. While there is ample discourse on the many factors that contributed to this shift, there is very little discussion on the role played by abortion. Studying abortion in the 19th Century is often limited by a paucity of primary sources from the physicians who performed abortions and women who obtained them. Although most authors who discuss the midwifery shift do not make any mention of a role played by the issue of abortion, it has been addressed and supported by primary sources. This raises the question, why is abortion not discussed in histories on the medicalization of childbirth by other authors? The objectives of this paper are historical and histographic. First, it will present the evidence on the use of abortion as a political tool employed by some policy makers, physicians and the media to discourage women from choosing midwives for their childbirth care. Second, it will analyze possible reasons why this topic is not addressed by the majority of historians of childbirth in 19th Century North America. Are the authors concerned about the varying social views of abortion, the associated politics, the lack of primary sources, or are they personally uncomfortable with the subject? Only the authors themselves can truly know their reasons for neglecting the subject of abortion in their work, but this analysis will show how issues that influence historians determine the version of the past that is produced and propagated into the present and the future. Borst CG. Catching Babies: the Professionalization of Childbirth, 1870-1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995. Bourgeault B, Davis-Floyd R, eds. Reconceiving Midwifery. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004. Dodd DE, Gorham D, eds. Caring and Curing: Historical Perspectives on Women and Healing in Canada. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1994. Wertz DC, Wertz RW. Lying In; a History of Childbirth in America (expanded edition published 1989 by Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz) New York: Free Press; London: Macmillan, 1977. Reagan LJ. Linking midwives and abortion in the Progressive Era. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1995; 69(4):569-98. Reagan LJ. When Abortion Was a Crime, Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973. London: University of California Press, 1997.

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