scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN DI DANAU GEGAS KABUPATEN MUSI RAWAS SUMATERA SELATAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Agus Djoko Utomo ◽  
Siti Nurul Aida ◽  
Taufiq Hidayah
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Artificial Lake ◽  
Lotic Ecosystems ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Irrigation Reservoir ◽  
Water Gate ◽  
Conservation Activity

Danau Gegas (500 ha) merupakan danau buatan (waduk) dari pembendungan sungai gegas, diresmikan oleh Menteri Pekerjaan Umum pada 1987. Perubahan ekosistem yang mengalir menjadi ekosistem tergenang tentunya akan mempunyai dampak terhadap sumber daya perikanan. Permasalahan utama Danau gegas yaitu yang semula tujuan utama pembuatan danau buatan tersebut untuk keperluan irigasi ternyata tidak dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya, pintu air tidak berfungsi sehingga sirkulasi air tidak berjalan dengan baik menyebabkan kualitas air menjadi jelek. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengoptimalkan peran perikanan di Danau gegas untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat yaitu dengan cara melakukan budidaya ikan yang sesuai dengan daya dukung perairan, penebaran ikan yang sesuai bagi jenis dan jumlah ikan yang ditebar, konservasi sumber daya ikan melalui penetapan suaka perikanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya dukung perairan untuk budidaya ikan pada keramba jaring apung adalah 20 ton/tahun, untuk jaring sekat 40 ton ikan/tahun, untuk penebaran benih ikan sebanyak 142.440 benih, penentuan suaka perikanan yang tepat adalah di inlet Gegas dan beberapa cekungan.Gegas Lake (500 ha) is an artificial lake (reservoir) from damming the gegas river, inaugurated by the Minister of Public Works in 1987. Changes in lotic ecosystems into lentic ecosystems will have an impact on fisheries resources. The main problem with the Gegas Lake is that it cannot function as an irrigation reservoir due to failure of water gate, so that the circulation of water does not work well causing worst water quality. The research objective is to optimize the fisheries function in Gegas Lake for the welfare of the community. For this reason, it is necessary to do fish culture in accordance with the carrying capacity of the waters and fish stocking and conservation through the establishment of fish reserves. The results showed that the carrying capacity of the waters for fish culture in floating cages and set net was 20 tons/year and 40 tons/year respectively. It was also suggested to conduct restocking as much as 120,000 juveniles. In addition, it was found that inlet and several concave areas were as correct places to conduct conservation activity.

First assessment of water quality of an artificial lake for fish culture and irrigation: A case study of water reuse in water shortage area across the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muna AbuDalo ◽  
Mohammad El‐khateeb ◽  
Habib Ayadi ◽  
Bashar Al‐Rahahleh ◽  
Azza Jaradat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Artificial Lake

scholarly journals Phosphorous Supply to a Eutrophic Artificial Lake: Sedimentary versus Groundwater Sources

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Wiebe Förster ◽  
Jan C. Scholten ◽  
Michael Schubert ◽  
Kay Knoeller ◽  
Nikolaus Classen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Stable Water Isotopes ◽  
Artificial Lake ◽  
Sediment Pore Water ◽  
Mass Balance Models

The eutrophic Lake Eichbaumsee, a ~1 km long and 280 m wide (maximum water depth 16 m) dredging lake southeast of Hamburg (Germany), has been treated for water quality improvements using various techniques (i.e., aeration plants, removal of dissolved phosphorous by aluminum phosphorous precipitation, and by Bentophos® (Phoslock Environmental Technologies, Sydney, Australia), adsorption) during the past ~15 years. Despite these treatments, no long-term improvement of the water quality has been observed and the lake water phosphorous content has continued to increase by e.g., ~670 kg phosphorous between autumn 2014 and autumn 2019. As no creeks or rivers drain into the lake and hydrological groundwater models do not suggest any major groundwater discharge into the lake, sources of phosphorous (and other nutrients) are unknown. We investigated the phosphorous fluxes from sediment pore water and from groundwater in the water body of the lake. Sediment pore water was extracted from sediment cores recovered by divers in August 2018 and February 2019. Diffusive phosphorous fluxes from pore water were calculated based on phosphorus gradients. Stable water isotopes (δ2H, δ18O) were measured in the lake water, in interstitial waters in the banks surrounding the lake, in the Elbe River, and in three groundwater wells close to the lake. Stable isotope (δ2H, δ18O) water mass balance models were used to compute water inflow/outflow to/from the lake. Our results revealed pore-water borne phosphorous fluxes between 0.2 mg/m2/d and 1.9 mg/m2/d. Assuming that the measured phosphorous fluxes are temporarily and spatially representative for the whole lake, about 11 kg/a to 110 kg/a of phosphorous is released from sediments. This amount is lower than the observed lake water phosphorous increase of ~344 kg between April 2018 and November 2018. Water stable isotope (δ2H, δ18O) compositions indicate a water exchange between an aquifer and the lake water. Based on stable isotope mass balances we estimated an inflow of phosphorous from the aquifer to the lake of between ~150 kg/a and ~390 kg/a. This result suggests that groundwater-borne phosphorous is a significant phosphorous source for the Eichbaumsee and highlights the importance of groundwater for lake water phosphorous balances.

Communications: Comparison of Two Methods of Oxygen Supplementation for Enhancing Water Quality in Fish Culture

1994 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Speros K. Doulos ◽  
Anthony J. Garland ◽  
John R. Marshall ◽  
Mark D. White
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Oxygen Supplementation

scholarly journals The Sustainable Treatment Effect of Constructed Wetland for the Aquaculture Effluents from Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) Farm

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3418
Author(s):  
Bing Li ◽  
Rui Jia ◽  
Yiran Hou ◽  
Chengfeng Zhang ◽  
Jian Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Megalobrama Amblycephala ◽  
Blunt Snout Bream ◽  
Aquaculture Effluents ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Microbial Contaminants

In aquaculture, constructed wetland (CW) has recently attracted attention for use in effluent purification due to its low running costs, high efficiency and convenient operation,. However, less data are available regarding the long-term efficiency of farm-scale CW for cleaning effluents from inland freshwater fish farms. This study investigated the effectiveness of CW for the removal of nutrients, organic matter, phytoplankton, heavy metals and microbial contaminants in effluents from a blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) farm during 2013–2018. In the study, we built a farm-scale vertical subsurface flow CW which connected with a fish pond, and its performance was evaluated during the later stage of fish farming. The results show that CW improved the water quality of the fish culture substantially. This system was effective in the removal of nutrients, with a removal rate of 21.43–47.19% for total phosphorus (TP), 17.66–53.54% for total nitrogen (TN), 32.85–53.36% for NH4+-N, 33.01–53.28% NH3-N, 30.32–56.01% for NO3−-N and 42.75–63.85% for NO2−-N. Meanwhile, the chlorophyll a (Chla) concentration was significantly reduced when the farming water flowed through the CW, with a 49.69–62.01% reduction during 2013–2018. However, the CW system only had a modest effect on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the aquaculture effluents. Furthermore, concentrations of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) were reduced by 39.85% and 55.91%, respectively. A microbial contaminants test showed that the counts of total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) were reduced by 55.93% and 48.35%, respectively. In addition, the fish in the CW-connected pond showed better growth performance than those in the control pond. These results indicate that CW can effectively reduce the loads of nutrients, phytoplankton, metals, and microbial contaminants in effluents, and improve the water quality of fish ponds. Therefore, the application of CW in intensive fish culture systems may provide an advantageous alternative for achieving environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KUALITAS PERAIRAN UNTUK PERIKANAN DI RAWA PENING JAWA TENGAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Siti Nurul Aida ◽  
Agus Djoko Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Trophic State ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Trophic State Index ◽  
State Index

Perairan Rawa Peningmerupakan tipe perairan yang tergenang dan mempunyai arti penting bagi perikanan. Masalah utama yang ada di Rawa Pening yaitu pendangkalan karena sedimentasi dan eutrofikasi yang disebabkan pencemaran air berasal dari limbah rumah tangga, pertanian dan budidaya perikanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui tingkat kesuburan perairan dan kualitas air di Rawa Pening. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei, Juni, Agustus dan Oktober 2013. Frekuensi pengambilan contoh dilakukan empat kali yaitu pada bulan Mei, Juni,Agustus dan Oktober. Stasiun pengamatan meliputi:A. Tengah (Puteran); B.Muara sungai (Torong); C.Area KJA; D. Pemotongan eceng Gondok (tengah 1); E. Sungai keluar (Tuntang); F. Muara sungai (Muncul); G. Tidak ada pemotongan eceng gondok (tengah 2). Data tingkat kesuburan perairan dianalisis dengan metode Carlon’s.Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa Rawa Pening termasuk katagori perairan dengan tingkat kesuburan tinggi, nilai Thropic State Index (TSI) pada semua stasiun pengamatan berkisar antara 57,22 - 68,06. Kondisi kualitas air yang kurang baik tersebut akanmerugikan perikanan, seperti kejadian kematian ikanmasal, lambatnya pertumbuhan ikan dan penurunan daya dukung perairan.The Rawa Pening waters is a lentic water and has significance for fishery. The main problems in Rawa Pening are silting due to sedimentation and eutrophication due to water pollution from household waste, agriculture and fisheries. The study aims to examine trophic level and water quality. The research conducted on May, June, August and October 2013. There was 7 stations i.e. A. middle (Puteran); B. inlet of Torong; C. Location of aquaculture;D. locations where harvesting of water hyacinth occurred (middle1); E. outlet (Tuntang); F. inlet (Muncul); G. location where no harvest of water hyacinth (middle 2). Trophic level were analyzed by Carlon’s method. The results showed that Rawa Pening waters categorized as the high eutrophication level where the Trophic State Index (TSI) was 57. 22 to 68. 06. The low water quality will be detrimentaled to fisheries, such as mass fish death, slow fish growth and also a decline of carrying capacity of ecosystem.

scholarly journals DAYA DUKUNG DAN PEMANFAATAN PERAIRAN DANAU TELUK KOTA JAMBI UNTUK BUDIDAYA IKAN DI KARAMBA JARING APUNG (KJA) BERBASIS MASYARAKAT - Carrying Capacity and Utilization of Teluk Lake, Jambi City for Community-based Fish Culture on Floating Net Cage

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janu Dwi Kristianto ◽  
Sunardi Sunardi ◽  
Johan Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Net Cage ◽  
Total P

AbstrakDanau merupakan salah satu bentuk ekosistem yang menempati daerah yang relatif kecil pada permukaan bumi dibandingkan dengan habitat laut dan daratan. Bagi manusia kepentingannya jauh lebih berarti dibandingkan dengan luas daerahnya. Sejak tahun 1985 Danau Teluk di Kota Jambi mulai digunakan sebagai lokasi budidaya ikan dengan karamba jaring apung (KJA) dengan jumlah KJA yang beroperasi pada tahun 2012 mencapai + 878 unit dari 64 pembudidaya ikan dan akan meningkat terkait penetapan Propinsi Jambi sebagai salah satu kawasan minapolitan perikanan budidaya guna peningkatan produksi perikanan. Pemanfaatan Danau Teluk sebagai media untuk budidaya ikan di KJA diperlukan upaya untuk mendorong pengelolaan terhadap sumberdaya milik umum ini agar terus bekelanjutan. Kajian mengenai dukung perairan dan pemanfaatan daya Danau Teluk Kota Jambi untuk budidaya ikan sistem KJA bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya dukung Danau Teluk yang digunakan untuk kegiatan budidaya ikan di KJA, bagaimana deskripsi pemanfaatan danau untuk budidaya ikan di KJAyang selama ini dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat sekitar dan merumuskan pola pemanfaatan Danau Teluk untuk budidaya ikan di KJA yang berbasis masyarakat secara berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan  bahwa  daya dukung perairan Danau Teluk Kota Jambi untuk budidaya ikan di KJA adalah sebesar 517,617 ton ikan  per tahun dengan estimasi jumlah pakan di KJA yang diberikan pada ikan sebanyak 931,710 ton pakan ikan per tahun dengan asumsi kadar total P yang masuk ke perairan danau melalui limbah ikan sebanyak 20 kg P/ ton ikan. Jumlah ideal unit KJA yang seharusnya beroperasi di Danau Teluk berdasarkan penghitungan daya dukung danau sebanyak 862, 695 unit ~ 862 unit. Saat ini jumlah KJA yang beroperasi adalah sebanyak 878 unit sehingga perlu dilakukan pengurangan jumlah sebanyak 16 unit. Pemanfaatan Danau Teluk untuk budidaya ikan oleh masyarakat dilakukan secara sederhana dan jumlah KJA yang terdapat ternyata sudah sedikit melebihi daya dukung perairan jika dilihat dari konsentasi Total P yang ada di perairan. Peningkatan jumlah KJA yang ada di danau perlu mendapat perhatian dari pemerintah dan masyarakat setempat. Pola pemanfaatan danau untuk budidaya ikan berbasis masyarakat yang direkomendasikan adalah dengan mengeluarkan ijin usaha budidaya ikan agar kegiatan budidaya ikan dapat terkendali dan tidak merusak lingkungan, menggunakan pola pemeliharaan ikan dengan jaring ganda sehingga biaya operasional lebih efisien dan produksi ikan dapat ditingkatkan, membuat manajemen pakan dalam penerapan budidaya ikan dalam KJA, meningkatkan SDM pembudidaya ikan dan mengaktifkan kembali kelompok pembudidaya ikan sehingga koordinasi antar pembudidaya, pemerintah dan stakeholder terkait dapat terjalin serta pengaturan tata ruang KJA.Kata Kunci : pemanfaatan danau, daya dukung, Danau Teluk, budidaya ikan KJA, berbasis masyarakatAbstracLake is one of ecosytem form than occupies a relative small area on the surface of the earth as compared to sea and land habitats. For humans, utilization  is more important than the expanse of lands. Since 1985, Teluk Lake began to be used as the location of fish cultivation with floating net cage culture (FNCC). The number of FNCC in 2012 reached ± 878 unit of 64 fish farmers and it will increase related to determination of Jambi Province as one of Minapolitan fishery cultivation in order to increase fish production. Utilization of Teluk Lake as media for fish cultivation on floating cage is necessary to encourage the management of common resources is to be kept sustainable.  Studies on carrying capacity and utilization of Teluk Lake Jambi City for community-based fish cultivation on FNCC aims to know how the use of this lake that have been implemented by the local community and to find out patterns of Teluk Lake utilization to fish culture in floating cage sustainable community-based  and to find out how the carrying capacity Teluk lake that used to fish farming activities in floating cage. Methods used in this study is qualitative and quantitative methods with a descriptive approach. 1Result showed that carrying capacity of Teluk lake for fish farming in FNCC is equal  517,617 tons of  fish per year with estimate amount of feed given to fish in floating cage is as many as  931,710 ton per year assuming total P were entered into the lake through fish waste as much 20 k P/ton of fish. Ideal number of floating cage based on lake  carrying capacity accounting should be 862,695 unit ~ 862 unit. Operating floating cage currently  is  878 unit so that it is necessary reduction in the amount of 16 unit and if they want to add a new one, it should be an improvement or replacement of existing floating cage at lake. Utilization of Teluk Lake for fish farming is done simple by local communities and number of existing floating cage already slightly exceed the carrying capacity of lake if related from existing concentration of total P in water. The increasing amount of floating cages in lake should be attend from goverment and local communities, so it is necessary to manage the use of lake for fish cultivation. Pattern of lake utilization for fish farming  based- community ist recommended to issue a business licence, in order to control fish farming activity, and not damage the environment, using growt out pattern by double nets so that more efficient operating cost and fish production can be increased, making management of feed in fish farming at floating cage, develop capability of human resouces, activate again POKDAKAN so coordination between farmers, goverment and stakeholder can be build and layout arrangement FNCC. Keywords : Lake utilization, carrying capacity,Teluk Lake, fish culture on floating cage,community based

scholarly journals Analisis Kondisi Kualitas Air Pada Budidaya Ikan Kerapu Tikus (Cromileptes altivelis) Di Situbondo [Analysis Of Water Quality Conditions On Humpback Grouper Culture (Cromileptes altivelis) In Situbondo]

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ervany Eshmat N, Abdul Manan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Descriptive Method

Abstract The humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) is one of the fishery commodities with high economic value in both local and international markets. The price of humpback grouper can reach Rp. 200,000 - Rp. 400,000 / kilogram in the local market. The humpback grouper is potentially to be developed in most coastal areas of Indonesia. The conditions of water quality have a very important role for the success of fish culture of humpback grouper. To that end, monitoring and management of water quality are necessary in fish culture. The purpose of this case study is to determine the water quality conditions on humpback grouper culture in BBAP, Situbondo. The study was conducted on 16 January until 16 February 2012. The study method use descriptive method. From the results of water quality analysis, the water in humpback grouper broodstock ponds (I1 and I2) is no smell, no colour water, temperature 26.1-30 oC, salinity 27-35 ppt, dissolved oxygen 3.3-3.9 ppm, ammonia levels <0.001-0.22 ppm, nitrite levels 0.0075-0.085 ppm, alkalinity 110-120 ppm and pH 7.94-8.18. The water in humpback grouper hatchery ponds (B1 and B2) is no smell, green colour water, temperature 26.7-29.3 oC, salinity 27-34 ppt, dissolved oxygen 2.7-3.7 ppm, ammonia levels 0.0781-0.28 ppm, nitrite levels 0.0225-3.3305 ppm, alkalinity 94-126 ppm, and pH 7.14-7.81.

scholarly journals PENDUGAAN DAYA DUKUNG PERAIRAN UNTUK BUDIDAYA IKAN DALAM KERAMBA JARING APUNG DI WADUK PONDOK, NGAWI JAWA TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Siti Nurul Aida ◽  
Agus Djoko Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Mass Balance Model ◽  
Phosphorus Mass Balance ◽  
Net Cage ◽  
Status Index ◽  
Total P ◽  
Multipurpose Reservoir

Waduk Pondok seluas 407 Ha berada di Ngawi Jawa Timur, beroperasi sejak 1995 dan merupakan waduk serbaguna. Kegiatan budidaya ikan dengan keramba jaring apung (KJA) di Waduk tersebut sudah berkembang, hingga mencapai 126 petak pada tahun 2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat kesuburan perairan, total fosfor yang terlepas dari KJA ke peraian dan mengestimasi daya dukung perairan untuk KJA. Tingkat kesuburan perairan dianalisa dengan nilai index status trofik (TSI). Estimasi daya dukung perairan untuk KJA menggunakan pendekatan model keseimbangan total fosfor (P) yang terlepas ke parairan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perairan waduk Pondok sudah termasuk dalam katagori perairan eutrofik dengan nilai TSI 62,1.Total P yang terlepas ke perairan sebesar 15,04 kg ton ikan. Daya dukung perairan untuk KJA adalah 195,2 ton /tahun (130 petak KJA). Jumlah KJA di Waduk Pondok ada 126 petak (189 ton) atau sudah mendekati daya dukung perairan, sehingga jumlahnya tidak dapat ditambah lagi.Pondok Reservoir as large as 407 hectares is located in Ngawi, East Java. The Reservoir was functionally started in 1995, is a multipurpose reservoir. Fish culture in Pondok Reservoir in 2016 reached 126 cages. The aim of this research is to evaluate the trophic status, the total of phosphorus released into the waters from floating net cage, and carrying capacity of the reservoir for fish culture. Trophic status of reservoir was analyzed trough calculating the TSI (Trophic Status Index). A phosphorus mass balance model was used in assessing the carrying capacity of the reservoir. Research hypotesis in this research is Pondok reservoir has reached eutrophic status, and cages number in Pondok reservoir has alreday exceeds carriying capacity. Pondok reservoir have been categorized as eutrophic status, with the value of TSI 62.1. Total P released to the waters is 15.04 kg P / ton of fish. The carrying capacity of Pondok Reservoir for fish culture is 195,2 ton / year (130 cages). The number fish culture in Pondok Reservoir is 126 cages (189 ton), has already approaching maximum number can not be added anymore.

scholarly journals Assessing carrying capacity of receiving water bodies – A case study in Southern waterways of Binh Duong province

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 84-97
Author(s):  
Le Ngoc Tuan ◽  
Tao Manh Quan ◽  
Tran Thi Thuy ◽  
Doan Thanh Huy ◽  
Tran Xuan Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
Surface Water Management ◽  
Receiving Water

The carrying capacity of receiving water bodies is one of the important data for water quality management, pollution source control towards harmonizing with the economic development and environment protection. Therefore, this research aimed atevaluating the carrying capacity of receiving water bodies in the south of Binh Duong province up to 2030. 06 key water quality indicators (COD, BOD, TSS, PO43--P, NO3--N, NH4+-N) were exmained with 02 wastewater treatment scenarios. Results showed the investigated area hardly had carrying capacity for NH4+-N and PO43--P, followed by TSS, BOD, and COD. In case of improving wastewater treatment status till 2030, the carrying capacity of receiving water bodies would be increased, but not significant. The carrying capacity of several basins needs to be paid special attention are: Suoi Con 1 basin (BOD, COD, NH4+-N), Suoi Cai basin (BOD, TSS and NH4+-N), the upstream of Cay Bang – Cau Dinh basin (BOD, COD, TSS, NH4+-N), the upstream of Chom Sao – Rach Bung basin (05 parameters, excepting NO3--N), the upstream of Binh Hoa – Vinh Binh basin (BOD, COD, PO43--P, NH4+-N). These findings are an important basis for formulating strategies and proposing measures for local pollution source control and surface water management.  

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