Utterance Final Position and Projection of Femininity in Japanese

The paper is aimed at describing a language variation, that is Ulakpatian Bonai isolect in Riau Province. This is a kind of historical linguistic study which is objected to describe a phonological inovation process of denasalisation among nasal phonemes at final positions or at close ultimate sillables in an isolect used by Bonai tribe in Ulakpatian, Rokan Hulu District, Riau Province. Analysis of inavation is based on protomalayic (PM) which is reconstructed by Adelaar.The research applicates top-down method of anaysis which are gaining the results by deductive process. Data of this research are oral speech of Bonai people based on 200 Swadesh words. The data are gathered by conversational and listening methods which applied several techniques. The results of the analysis are presented by formal and informal methods. The research findings reveal that the language of the tribe shows three kinds of denasalisation of phonological innovation at final position which have changed the nasal phonemes of *PM to unnasal ones in isolek Bonai Ulakpatian: (*PM > BU) , i.e. 1) PM *n/-# > []/-#, 2) PM *m/-# > [p]/-#, dan 3) PM * /-# > [g]/-#.Abstrak Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sebuah variasi bahasa, yaitu isolek Bonai Ulakpatian yang terdapat di Provinsi Riau. Kajian ini merupakan kajian linguistik historis yang memaparkan proses inovasi fonologis denasalisasi yang terjadi pada fonem-fonem nasal yang berada pada posisi akhir atau silabe ultima tertutup dalam sebuah isolek yang digunakan oleh suku Bonai di Desa Ulakpatian, Kabupaten Rokan Hulu. Analisis inovasi fonologis tersebut didasarkan pada protomalayik (PM) yang direkonstruksi oleh Adelaar. Kajian ini menerapkan mentode analisis top-down yang bersifat deduktif. Data penelitian merupakan data tuturan masyarakat suku Bonai yang mengacu pada 200 kosakata dasar yang dijadikan rujukan dalam penjaringan data kebahasaan. Data dikumpulkan dengan penerapan metode cakap dan metode simak dengan menggunakan teknik pancing dan teknik rekam. Data dideskripsikan secara fonetis dengan simbol IPA. Hasil penelitian disajikan dengan metode formal dan informal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolek Bonai Ulakpatian memiliki tiga bentuk inovasi fonologis denasalisasi pada posisi akhir beberapa fonem nasal *PM menjadi taknasal pada isolek BU (*PM > BU) , yaitu 1) PM *n/-# > []/-#, 2) PM *m/-# > [p]/-#, dan 3) PM * /-# > [g]/-#.

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Processing subject focus across two Spanish varieties

Probus ◽

10.1515/probus-2019-0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 93-127

Author(s):

Bradley Hoot ◽

Tania Leal

Keyword(s):

Language Processing ◽

Sentence Processing ◽

Word Order ◽

Judgment Task ◽

Spanish Speakers ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Final Position ◽

Reading Task ◽

New Information ◽

Basic Facts

AbstractLinguists have keenly studied the realization of focus – the part of the sentence introducing new information – because it involves the interaction of different linguistic modules. Syntacticians have argued that Spanish uses word order for information-structural purposes, marking focused constituents via rightmost movement. However, recent studies have challenged this claim. To contribute sentence-processing evidence, we conducted a self-paced reading task and a judgment task with Mexican and Catalonian Spanish speakers. We found that movement to final position can signal focus in Spanish, in contrast to the aforementioned work. We contextualize our results within the literature, identifying three basic facts that theories of Spanish focus and theories of language processing should explain, and advance a fourth: that mismatches in information-structural expectations can induce processing delays. Finally, we propose that some differences in the existing experimental results may stem from methodological differences.

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Deutsch als schwächere Sprache bei deutsch-polnisch bilingualen Kindern: Studie zur Negation- und Verbstellung

Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik ◽

10.1515/zgl-2020-2003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 269-297

Author(s):

Aldona Sopata ◽

Kamil Długosz

Keyword(s):

Second Language Acquisition ◽

Language Development ◽

Language Use ◽

The Other ◽

Bilingual Children ◽

Striking Difference ◽

Final Position ◽

Development Characteristic ◽

Processing Mechanisms ◽

Constrained Input

AbstractThis article examines the acquisition of German as the weaker language in the cases of German-Polish bilingual children. Focusing on negation and verb position, phenomena that have frequently been taken as diagnostic when distinguishing between the course of language development characteristic for first (L1) and second language acquisition (L2), we analyse experimental and productive data from six simultaneously bilingual children. Due to the constrained input, German is their weaker language. The results in Forced Choice and Grammaticality Judgements tasks are compared with the results of monolingual children. We show that in the area of negation the acquisition of German as the weaker language resembles L1, and in the area of inversion and verb final position the development of the weaker language is delayed. The striking difference between bilinguals’ results in the experimental vs. productive tasks points to specific processing mechanisms in bilingual language use. In narrative contexts of the production tasks the language of the performance is activated, while the other is inhibited, which leads to a target-like performance. Structural properties of the stronger language tend to be activated, however, in the experimental tasks involving the weaker language, resulting in non-target-like responses.

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Pacing Strategies of 1500 m Freestyle Swimmers in the World Championships According to Their Final Position

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18147559 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (14) ◽

pp. 7559

Author(s):

Beatriz Lara ◽

Juan Del Coso

Keyword(s):

Swimming Velocity ◽

Final Position ◽

Men And Women ◽

Elite Swimmers ◽

Pacing Strategies ◽

The World ◽

Total Data ◽

Fast Start ◽

Long Course ◽

Competitive Swimmers

In 1500 m freestyle swimming races, pacing is generally represented by a parabolic or U-shaped curve indicating that swimming velocity is greatest at the start and the last laps of the race while swimmers maintain an even pace through the middle section of the race. However, there is no information to determine if 1500 m race winners select pacing different to other, less successful swimmers within the same competition. Therefore, this investigation aimed to describe the pacing strategies adopted by 1500 m freestyle competitive swimmers in World Championships (long course), from 2003 to 2019 to determine the most effective pacing to obtain victory or a medal. The official overall and split times for 1500 m freestyle races of the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) were obtained from the website of this organization. In total, data of 143 swimming performances (71 male and 72 female) were extracted. With the split times, lap times, and position were calculated across the race. To determine differences in the pacing between best- and worst-ranked finalist, swimmers in each race were divided into four groups based on the final position (1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd vs. 4–8th). All the lap times of the winners of the race were faster than those of participants classified as 4–8th position for men and women races (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in lap velocity among the different positions achieved at the end of the race when it was normalized by average race velocity. Additionally, there were no differences in the lap-to-lap variability among swimmers with different positions at the end of the race. In summary, both men and women elite swimmers selected parabolic pacing consisting of a fast start in the first lap, an even pace close to their average race velocity in the mid-section of the race (from 50 to 1400 m), followed by an end spurt in the final lap(s). This pattern was very similar in all finalists irrespective of the final position in the race. Hence, the obtaining of a medal in the World Championships was associated to possessing a faster average race velocity rather than a specific pacing profile through the race.

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Evaluation of Multi-Sensor Fusion Methods for Ultrasonic Indoor Positioning

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11156805 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 6805

Author(s):

Khaoula Mannay ◽

Jesús Ureña ◽

Álvaro Hernández ◽

José M. Villadangos ◽

Mohsen Machhout ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kalman Filter ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Indoor Positioning ◽

Location Based Services ◽

Smart Devices ◽

Final Position ◽

Positioning Systems ◽

Local Positioning System ◽

Tightly Coupled ◽

Position Estimate

Indoor positioning systems have become a feasible solution for the current development of multiple location-based services and applications. They often consist of deploying a certain set of beacons in the environment to create a coverage volume, wherein some receivers, such as robots, drones or smart devices, can move while estimating their own position. Their final accuracy and performance mainly depend on several factors: the workspace size and its nature, the technologies involved (Wi-Fi, ultrasound, light, RF), etc. This work evaluates a 3D ultrasonic local positioning system (3D-ULPS) based on three independent ULPSs installed at specific positions to cover almost all the workspace and position mobile ultrasonic receivers in the environment. Because the proposal deals with numerous ultrasonic emitters, it is possible to determine different time differences of arrival (TDOA) between them and the receiver. In that context, the selection of a suitable fusion method to merge all this information into a final position estimate is a key aspect of the proposal. A linear Kalman filter (LKF) and an adaptive Kalman filter (AKF) are proposed in that regard for a loosely coupled approach, where the positions obtained from each ULPS are merged together. On the other hand, as a tightly coupled method, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is also applied to merge the raw measurements from all the ULPSs into a final position estimate. Simulations and experimental tests were carried out and validated both approaches, thus providing average errors in the centimetre range for the EKF version, in contrast to errors up to the meter range from the independent (not merged) ULPSs.

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The gradient nature ofs-lenition in Caleño Spanish

Language Variation and Change ◽

10.1017/s0954394511000056 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 223-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Richard J. File-Muriel ◽

Earl K. Brown

Keyword(s):

Symbolic Representation ◽

Speaking Rate ◽

Final Position ◽

Lexical Frequency ◽

Word Position ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Independent Variable ◽

Linear Regressions

AbstractWhereas previous studies of Spanishs-weakening have relied on impressionistic coding, the present study examines temporal and gradient acoustic details in the production of /s/ by eight females from Cali, Colombia, during sociolinguistic interviews. We propose a metric for quantifyings-realization by employing three scalar-dependent variables:s-duration, centroid, and voicelessness. The results of linear regressions indicate that the dependent variables are significantly conditioned by local speaking rate, word position, following and preceding phonological context, stress, and lexical frequency. This study sheds light on how each independent variable influencess-realization acoustically. For example, as local speaking rate increases, duration, centroid, and voicelessness decrease, which is indicative of lenition, and the same weakening tendency is observed when /s/ occurs in word-final position or is followed by a nonhigh vowel, whereas frequency contributes only tos-duration. We discuss the advantages of opting for instrumental measurements over symbolic representation.

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Defining the envelope of linguistic variation: The case of “don't count” forms in the copula analysis of African American Vernacular English

Language Variation and Change ◽

10.1017/s0954394500001794 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 57-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Renée Blake

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African American Vernacular English ◽

Linguistic Variation ◽

Final Position ◽

Vernacular English ◽

Quantitative Analyses ◽

American Vernacular ◽

Variable Analysis

ABSTRACTEver since Labov, Cohen, Robbins, and Lewis's (1968) pioneering study, it has been commonplace to set aside certain tokens in analyzing variability in the English copula as “don't count” (DC) forms. These cases are most often occurrences of the copula that exhibit categorical behavior (as with the full copula in clause-final position), as well as those that are ambiguous or indeterminate. In this article, I propose a set of copula forms that should be set aside from variable analysis as instances of DC forms to allow for systematic comparisons among studies. I review the major alternative descriptions of DC copula cases in the literature and analyze the behavior of the traditional DC categories. New data are presented to support the exclusion of particular DC cases from analyses of copula variability. Among the conclusions are that [was], [thas], and [is] should be excluded from quantitative analyses of variation in the copula because of their invariant status, and that a number of tokens commonly included (e.g., questions) should be excluded on various grounds.

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Non-optimal onsets in Chamicuro: an inventory maximised in coda position

Phonology ◽

10.1017/s0952675701004122 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 361-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Steve Parker

Keyword(s):

Side Effect ◽

Final Position ◽

Unusual Distribution ◽

Positional Markedness

The widely attested onset/coda asymmetry involves a situation in which the inventory of phonemes in syllable-final position in a particular language is a subset of those which contrast in onsets. The inverse of this pattern has been claimed to never occur (Goldsmith 1990, Beckman 1998). However, this prediction is falsified by Chamicuro, a Peruvian language in which /h/ and /[glottal plosive]/ are systematically restricted to coda position. Since no permutation of all known constraints can account for this unusual distribution, a new constraint is necessary. I propose that we invoke HAVEPLACE and subcategorise it for onsets. This positional markedness filter permits placeless (laryngeal) consonants to surface in codas, but blocks them in onsets. A beneficial side-effect of this analysis is that it preserves the onset/coda asymmetry while allowing /[glottal plosive]/ and /h/ to be the only principled exceptions to it.

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