scholarly journals Dyplomata. Żołnierz. Literat. Hrabia Franciszek Xawery Pusłowski w świetle dokumentów komunistycznego aparatu represji

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-92
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Machniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Vice President ◽  
District Court ◽  
World War ◽  
Society Of Friends ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Post War

Count Franciszek Xawery Pusłowski was born in France on June 16, 1875. He studied law, philosophy and art history. He was fluent in six languages. During World War I, he was arrested in Russia. As a result of efforts made by influential friends in 1918, he was released from captivity after the personal decision of Feliks Dzerzhinsky, the head of the Cheka. After the end of World War I, he participated in the Versailles peace conference. Until 1923, he served in the diplomatic corps. He was an opponent of Józef Piłsudski and his political camp. After being released from military and diplomatic service, he was active as a writer, publicist and social activist. He also led an intense social life. During World War II, he lived in Krakow. After the war, in 1945-1950, he was the vice-president of the Society of Friends of Fine Arts. He also worked as a sworn translator at the District Court in Krakow and as a lecturer at the AGH University of Science and Technology, the Jagiellonian University and the Krakow University of Technology. Despite the politically uncertain times, Pusłowski ran his salon in Kraków after 1945, where Kraków artists, journalists, sportsmen, soldiers and his students from Kraków universities used to visit. Count Pusłowski was famous for the fact that, thanks to his relatives living abroad, he had at his home excellent coffee and curiosities, rare for the post-war years, such as figs and pineapples. He remained under the interest of the communist security authorities, inter alia, due to international contacts and the art collection.

Mun Sen, Yong (1896–1962)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin Chuah
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Vice President ◽  
The State ◽  
Chinese Art ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Gallery ◽  
State Museum

Yong Mun Sen was a prominent watercolorist born in Sarawak, Malaysia, and is acknowledged as one of the country’s pioneer artists. His watercolor landscapes and depictions of life present visual histories of British Malaya, and his subject matter ranges from tropical scenes to farming imagery to local architecture. A self-taught painter, Mun Sen’s residence in Singapore and subsequent permanent relocation to Penang created his fruitful artistic relationships with artists based in both locations. Notably, Mun Sen went for plein air trips with his peers in Singapore and Penang, which was an art activity not previously practiced by local artists in the area but most suitable for watercolor productions. Artists active in Penang before World War II also held gatherings at Mun Sen’s photographic studio. This group of artists formed the Penang Chinese Art Club (1935) with Mun Sen serving as vice-president. Mun Sen also contributed to the formation of the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, Singapore (1938). As Tan Chong Guan has written, local and foreign patrons collected Mun Sen’s watercolors, including Malcolm MacDonald, the governor-general of British Malaya. Mun Sen was nationally recognized with exhibitions at The National Art Gallery of Malaysia and also the State Museum of Penang, both in 1972.

Niemcy w Warszawie po raz pierwszy. Nowsze opracowania na temat niemieckiej okupacji 1915–1918

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1 (464)) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Maciej Górny
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Great War

The article describes the newer works devoted to the occupation of Polish lands, especially of Warsaw during World War I. Recently, this subject, so far neglected, has drown the attention of numerous scientists, both from Poland and from abroad. Their point of view is different not only from the older perspectives, but also from the perspectives of slightly newer works on the other occupied areas and emphasizing the connection between the experience of the Great War and genocide during World War II. In the most precious fragments, the new historiography gives a very wide image of social life, in which the proper place is taken by previously marginalised social groups. Differently from the older works, the policy of the occupants on the Polish lands is not treated only as a unilateral dictate, but rather as a dynamic process of negotiation, in which the strength and position of each of the (many) sides has been changed. And, this change is accompanied by the new arrangements concerning almost all aspects of the German policy and the conditions of living during World War I.

Lice in War and Peace

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Robert N. Wiedenmann ◽  
J. Ray Fisher
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Human History ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
Post War

This chapter considers human lice, which have been parasites of humans throughout all human history and transmit a deadly bacteria that has killed millions. Analyzing lice genetics tells of divergence of humans from other apes and when humans began to wear clothing. Human body lice live in clothing and infest people only to feed. Lice spread easily among people in crowded situations and transmit bacteria causing diseases, such as typhus. The chapter relates how lice-transmitted typhus caused jail fever in early England, resulting in the deaths of more prisoners than the death penalty. Lice and typhus worsened the Irish Great Famine, as the disease killed thousands of Irish emigrating to the United States on “coffin ships.” Epidemics of typhus were prevalent in wartime, killing troops in both World War I and World War II as well as civilians in Nazi concentration camps and the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II and immediately after. Post-war use of DDT averted typhus epidemics in Europe and Japan.

The Émigré Walt Whitman: Songs of Mourning, 1943–1948

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
Lawrence Kramer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Judith Butler ◽  
Paul Hindemith ◽  
Collective Trauma ◽  
World War ◽  
Boer War ◽  
Musical Settings ◽  
The Us

Musical settings of Walt Whitman’s poetry were ‘beyond the nation’ from the very beginning. The first of them was composed in 1880 by an Alsatian immigrant to the US, Frédéric Louis Ritter, and until around 1930 the majority of Whitman settings came from German and British composers. The majority of those settings, in turn, dealt with war and its aftermath in mourning. Whitman’s poetry of the American Civil War provided a template for grappling musically with later conflicts, from the Boer War to World War I to World War II. The years 1942 and 1948 saw major war-themed settings from four German and German-émigré composers: Kurt Weill and Paul Hindemith in America, and Hans Werner Henze and Karl Amadeus Hartmann in Germany. A common thread among these pieces, exemplified most explicitly in Weill’s setting of ‘Come Up from the Fields, Father’, is the question of whether and how the act of transposed mourning can make the collective trauma of war ‘livable’ – in a sense of the term derived from T. W. Adorno and Judith Butler, for whom ‘livability’ is measured by the power of publicly avowed mourning to integrate trauma into the symbolic systems on which social life depends.

scholarly journals Latin American Popular Art in a Museum: How Things Become Art

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-89
Author(s):  
Olaya Sanfuentes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
World War ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Popular Art ◽  
The People ◽  
Latin American Culture

In 1943 when Universidad de Chile celebrated its centennial all Latin American nations were invited to participate in the commemorative events. One of the most interesting was the Exhibition of American Popular Art at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes(National Museum of Fine Arts) which brought together the objects from participating countries. The Universidad de Chile´s invitation asked countries to send functional objects that were part of the people´s daily lives. The exhibition was very successful, critically acclaimed, and highly attended. But above all, it planted the seed for what was to become the Museo de Artes Populares Americanas(American Popular Art Museum) functioning to this day.In this essay I would like to highlight a series of contexts, actors and institutions behind the phenomena: specific incarnations of Pan Americanism during the Second World War; the Latin American perspective in general and in particular, the Chilean perspective of the university´s role in society; the new value of Latin American arts since the 20thcentury. These contexts and events are useful to shed light on the “social life” of the objects that were part of the exhibition and they also help us to understand a dynamic definition of art which emerged from the recognition of craft in use as worthy of exhibition in a National Fine Arts Museum and then to remain at the permanent collection of a popular art museum.The radical importance of this essay is that it constitutes an example of a thing which represents not just art but also other values. In a midst of the World War II, Latin American Popular Art represented peace. The objects of the exhibition were seen as incarnations of Latin American cultural identity and historiography has gone on to view Latin American culture as a specific contribution to peace effort.

scholarly journals France, Africa, and the First World War

1978 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Andrew ◽  
A. S. Kanya-Forstner
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
World War ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Post War

World War I marked the final phase of French colonial expansion. France's African war aims were determined not by the cabinet but by the leaders of the colonialist movement and by a handful of African enthusiasts in the colonial and foreign ministries. Most of these men harboured the unrealistic aim of acquiring not merely German territory but also other foreign ‘enclaves’ in A.O.F. At the peace conference, however, France's African gains were limited to mandates over the greater part of German West Africa.Before August 1914 no government had given serious thought to the potential contribution of French Africa, either in men or raw materials, to a war in Europe. The enormous losses on the Western Front led to the recruitment of French Africa's first great conscript army. By the end of the War French Africa had sent 450,000 soldiers and 135,000 factory workers to Europe. The crisis of French food supply also led in 1917–18 to the first concerted campaign, mounted jointly by the colonialists and the colonial ministry, for the mise en valeur of the Empire. But France's shipping losses made it impossible to increase her African imports.In the aftermath of victory French Africa appeared genuinely popular in France for the first time. The main reason for that popularity was the naïve belief that the resources of the Empire would free France from dependence on foreign suppliers and speed her post-war recovery. When the resources of the Empire proved even slower to arrive than reparations, the Empire quickly lost its newfound popularity. The War nonetheless left behind it the myth of the Empire as a limitless reservoir of men and raw materials: a myth which, though dormant for most of the inter-war years, was to be revived by the coming of World War II.

Education and Social Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa

1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Foster
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Individual

Few would disagree with the observation that the schools and universities of sub-Saharan Africa are perhaps the most important contemporary mechanisms of stratification and redistribution on the continent. They are not simply reflections of extant patterns of social and economic differentiation, but rather powerful independent forces in the creation of new and emergent groupings based on the variable possession of power, wealth, and prestige. Moreover, in using the word ‘contemporary’ we should not overlook the fact that formal educational systems are not a recent phenomenon in Africa. Schools existed on the western littoral in the eighteenth century, and their development in many parts of Africa, though slow up to the beginning of World War II, was of great significance. However, the African ‘educational explosion’ is largely a post-war phenomenon, and as a result we can no longer regard the school as an alien and intrusive institution perched precariously atop a range of predominantly ‘traditional’ societies. In most parts of Africa, the school is now as familiar a part of the local scene as the corrugated iron roof. Virtually everywhere, a whole generation would think it inconceivable to be without schools and, what is more, though Africa still remains the least formally educated of the continents, almost everyone now has a lively sense of the individual benefits that education can bring. As in other areas of social life, Africans perceive schooling in shrewd, pragmatic, and instrumental terms.

scholarly journals Review: Screening for vulnerability to psychological disorders in the military: an historical survey

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Jones ◽  
K C Hyams ◽  
S Wessely
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Populations ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military

Objectives: To evaluate attempts in the military to screen for vulnerability to psychological disorders from World War I to the present. Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted by hand-searching leading medical and psychological journals relating to World Wars I and II. Recent publications were surveyed electronically and UK archives investigated for British applications. Results: Despite the optimism shown in World War I and the concerted efforts of World War II, followup studies showed that screening programmes did not succeed in reducing the incidence of psychological casualties. Furthermore, they had a counter-productive effect on manpower, often rejecting men who would have made good soldiers. Continued experimentation with screening methods for psychiatric vulnerability failed to yield convincing results during the post-war period. Conclusions: Although well-measured variables, such as intelligence, have been shown to predict success in training and aptitude, no instrument has yet been identified which can accurately assess psychological vulnerability. Previous attempts have failed because of false-positives, false-negatives and reluctance in the target population because of stigma. Early findings suggest that psychological surveillance, if not screening, may yield valuable results when applied to military populations exposed to stress.

scholarly journals W prowincjonalnym mieście na ziemiach zachodnich. O Prokuraturze Sądu Okręgowego w Głogowie z siedzibą w Nowej Soli (1945–1950)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219
Author(s):  
Karol Siemaszko
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
District Court ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Provincial City ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War

In a Provincial City in Western Poland. Concerning the Prosecutor’s Office of the District Court in Głogów with Its Seat in Nowa Sól (1945–1950) After World War II, a number of territories that had belonged to Germany before 1945 were incorpo­rated into those of the Polish state. The change of borders resulted in the need to build structures of the Polish judiciary and prosecutor’s offices in these territories. This article is devoted to describing the functioning of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Regional Court in Głogów with its seat in Nowa Sól. The history of this office is an example of how prosecutors’ offices operated in difficult post-war conditions in the recovered territories, as well as of relations between the prosecutors’ offices and other public authorities such as the Citizens’ Militia or the judiciary.

The memorial’s arc: Between Berlin’s Denkmal and New York City’s 9/11 Memorial

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Young
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Vietnam Veterans ◽  
World War ◽  
Ground Zero ◽  
Vietnam Veterans Memorial ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Post War ◽  
Negative Form

Without direct reference to the Holocaust or its contemporary “counter-monuments,” Michael Arad’s design for the National 9/11 Memorial at Ground Zero is nonetheless inflected by an entire post-war generation’s formal preoccupation with loss, absence, and regeneration. This is also a preoccupation they share with post-Holocaust poets, philosophers, artists, and composers: how to articulate a void without filling it in? How to formalize irreparable loss without seeming to repair it? In this article, I imagine an arc of memorial forms over the last 70 years or so and how, in fact, post-World War I and World War II memorials have evolved along a discernible path, all with visual and conceptual echoes of their predecessors. As Maya Lin’s design for the Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial was informed by earlier World War I and even World War II memorial vernaculars, her design also broke the mold that made Holocaust counter-memorials and other negative-form memorials possible.

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