Niemcy w Warszawie po raz pierwszy. Nowsze opracowania na temat niemieckiej okupacji 1915–1918

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1 (464)) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Maciej Górny
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Proper Place ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Great War

The article describes the newer works devoted to the occupation of Polish lands, especially of Warsaw during World War I. Recently, this subject, so far neglected, has drown the attention of numerous scientists, both from Poland and from abroad. Their point of view is different not only from the older perspectives, but also from the perspectives of slightly newer works on the other occupied areas and emphasizing the connection between the experience of the Great War and genocide during World War II. In the most precious fragments, the new historiography gives a very wide image of social life, in which the proper place is taken by previously marginalised social groups. Differently from the older works, the policy of the occupants on the Polish lands is not treated only as a unilateral dictate, but rather as a dynamic process of negotiation, in which the strength and position of each of the (many) sides has been changed. And, this change is accompanied by the new arrangements concerning almost all aspects of the German policy and the conditions of living during World War I.

From the Great War to White Christmas

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Magee
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Great War

Irving Berlin’s all-soldier World War I revue, Yip Yip Yaphank, made a unique impact on Broadway in 1918 and in Berlin’s work for decades to come. The show forged a compelling and comic connection between theatrical conventions and military protocols, using elements from minstrelsy, the Ziegfeld Follies, and Berlin’s distinctive songs. Featuring such Berlin standards as “Sterling Silver Moon” (later revised as “Mandy”) and “Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning,” it was revised for World War II as This Is the Army, and scenes from it reappear, transformed, in Berlin’s films Alexander’s Ragtime Band and White Christmas.

Everyday Peace on the Battlefield

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-160
Author(s):  
Roger Mac Ginty
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
World War ◽  
National Mood ◽  
Hard Cases

This chapter examines informal truces and acts of humanity and reciprocity during violent conflict. It is interested in the ‘hard cases’ of all-out warfare and draws on World War I and World War II personal diaries and memoirs. The chapter demonstrates that in some circumstances, everyday peace—or at least everyday tolerance and civility—has been possible during warfare. It contains multiple examples of ‘ordinary’ combatants showing humanity, compassion, and generosity to their supposed opponents. These cases are particularly interesting from the point of view of this book as they often occurred ‘under the radar’ or outside the surveillance of the state and others. Indeed, in many cases, they were expressly forbidden by military organisations and were contrary to the prevailing national mood of antagonism towards the enemy. They show individual and group initiative, as well as resistance to a national or wider group.

The Émigré Walt Whitman: Songs of Mourning, 1943–1948

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
Lawrence Kramer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Judith Butler ◽  
Paul Hindemith ◽  
Collective Trauma ◽  
World War ◽  
Boer War ◽  
Musical Settings ◽  
The Us

Musical settings of Walt Whitman’s poetry were ‘beyond the nation’ from the very beginning. The first of them was composed in 1880 by an Alsatian immigrant to the US, Frédéric Louis Ritter, and until around 1930 the majority of Whitman settings came from German and British composers. The majority of those settings, in turn, dealt with war and its aftermath in mourning. Whitman’s poetry of the American Civil War provided a template for grappling musically with later conflicts, from the Boer War to World War I to World War II. The years 1942 and 1948 saw major war-themed settings from four German and German-émigré composers: Kurt Weill and Paul Hindemith in America, and Hans Werner Henze and Karl Amadeus Hartmann in Germany. A common thread among these pieces, exemplified most explicitly in Weill’s setting of ‘Come Up from the Fields, Father’, is the question of whether and how the act of transposed mourning can make the collective trauma of war ‘livable’ – in a sense of the term derived from T. W. Adorno and Judith Butler, for whom ‘livability’ is measured by the power of publicly avowed mourning to integrate trauma into the symbolic systems on which social life depends.

Territorial disputes between Poland and Czechoslovakia 1938–1945

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (38) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Michał Błachut
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
World War ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
Final Agreement ◽  
The Relationship

The historical point of view is important to fully understand foreign affairs. For Polish-Czech relations the crucial period in this respect is 1918–1945. The matter of the conflict were borderlands, with the most important one – Zaolzie, that is, historical lands of the Duchy of Cieszyn beyond Olza River. Originally, the land belonged to the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, then to the Kingdom of Bohemia and Austrian Habsburg dynasty. After World War I, local communities took control of the land. Czechoslovakian military intervention and a conflict with Bolsheviks caused both parties to agree to the division of Zaolzie through arbitration of powers in 28 July 1920. Until 1938, key parts of Zaolzie belonged to Czechoslovakia. In that year, Poland decided to annex territories lost according to the arbitration. After World War II tension between Poland and Czechoslovakia heightened again. Czechoslovakia made territorial claims on parts of Silesia belonging to Germany. Poland once more tried to reclaim Zaolzie, but military invasion was stopped by Stalin. Negotiations failed, but the escalation of the conflict was stopped. Two years later the relationship between the parties was eventually normalized, the final agreement was signed in 1958 and it is still in place today.

The life and afterlife of French WWI songs: National identity then and now

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-158
Author(s):  
Beverly J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Face ◽  
No Man's Land ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Popular Ballads

Wartime music provides clear testimonial to the importance of melody and text in times of conflict. In the case of the Great War, which introduced the world to weapons of nightmarish capability, carefree popular ballads often stood shoulder to shoulder with sombre lyrics that called attention to the tragedy unfolding in the trenches. The first part of this article surveys the themes of French songs of the WWI era itself, such as ‘Ah! C’est la guerre’, ‘La Madelon’ and ‘La Chanson de Craonne’. The second concentrates on ‘La Madelon’, which underwent numerous transformations in response to events during the interwar years and World War II. The final section explores why the Great War took hold as a focus of French popular music in the late 1950s and continues to assert its presence to this day. A surprising number of contemporary artists have recorded World War I-themed songs, such as ‘La Guerre de 14–18’, ‘Jaurès’, ‘Verdun’, ‘Le No Man’s Land’, ‘Tranchée 1914’ and ‘La Chanson de Craonne’. What cultural phenomena might account for this in addition to the urge to memorialise? Examination of the internal and external forces that continue to fuel the ‘Grand débat sur l’identité nationale’ makes clear why songs of the Great War appeal to a citizenry determined to preserve the values of ‘Frenchness’ in the face of evolving demographics and increasing ‘Europeanisation’.

scholarly journals The Anti-Racist Overtones of a Feminist Historical Novel Tetralogy from the 1940s

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
Judit Kádár
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Historical Novels ◽  
World War ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
White Middle Class ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Female Authorship ◽  
Almost All

Although the most popular Hungarian historical novels were written in the nineteenth century by the famous romantic writer, Mór Jókai, a revival of the genre occurred in the period following the First World War. Most of the authors, each influenced by a different worldview, were scouring the symbolic space of history for an explanation as to why Hungary had lost the war. “Our knowledge of the past, our cultural heritage is also a symbolic space that is the site of struggle for the self-representation of social groups, a space that is shaped according to the degrees to which certain groups have access to it” – states Györgyi Horváth in her work on the constitutive role of the historical narrative; this, of course, is also true of authors in the Post World War I Era. They represented their own social groups, which happened to be white, middle class, Hungarian men. Although the period between the two World Wars saw the rise of female authorship, and dozens of historical novels were published by women each year, almost all women writers conceived their novels from a dominant masculine perspective. In this paper, I examine one of the few exceptions, a tetralogy of historical novels by Lola Kosáryné Réz, written from the perspective of oppressed women, and I discuss her stance on the relationship between different ethnicities in discourses of war and responsibility.

scholarly journals Dyplomata. Żołnierz. Literat. Hrabia Franciszek Xawery Pusłowski w świetle dokumentów komunistycznego aparatu represji

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-92
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Machniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Vice President ◽  
District Court ◽  
World War ◽  
Society Of Friends ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Post War

Count Franciszek Xawery Pusłowski was born in France on June 16, 1875. He studied law, philosophy and art history. He was fluent in six languages. During World War I, he was arrested in Russia. As a result of efforts made by influential friends in 1918, he was released from captivity after the personal decision of Feliks Dzerzhinsky, the head of the Cheka. After the end of World War I, he participated in the Versailles peace conference. Until 1923, he served in the diplomatic corps. He was an opponent of Józef Piłsudski and his political camp. After being released from military and diplomatic service, he was active as a writer, publicist and social activist. He also led an intense social life. During World War II, he lived in Krakow. After the war, in 1945-1950, he was the vice-president of the Society of Friends of Fine Arts. He also worked as a sworn translator at the District Court in Krakow and as a lecturer at the AGH University of Science and Technology, the Jagiellonian University and the Krakow University of Technology. Despite the politically uncertain times, Pusłowski ran his salon in Kraków after 1945, where Kraków artists, journalists, sportsmen, soldiers and his students from Kraków universities used to visit. Count Pusłowski was famous for the fact that, thanks to his relatives living abroad, he had at his home excellent coffee and curiosities, rare for the post-war years, such as figs and pineapples. He remained under the interest of the communist security authorities, inter alia, due to international contacts and the art collection.

scholarly journals "Militarism is a Movement of Retrogression": the Feminist Pacifism of Jane Addams, Mabel St Clair Stobart and Rose Macaulay in World War I.

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-248
Author(s):  
Jaime Francisco Jiménez Fernández
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
Jane Addams ◽  
Western Perspective ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Rose Macaulay

The telling of the Great War (1914-1918), mainly through the point of view of combatants, is one of the best scenarios exemplifying how women have been obviated and censored throughout history. Moreover, the engagement of pacifist women in the conflict has been doubly belittled due to a misinterpretation of the term ‘pacifism’. Consequently, this paper aims at re-examining the origins and values of pacifism from a western perspective and giving visibility to pacifists Jane Addams, Mabel St Clair Stobart and Rose Macaulay and their efforts during the event.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Collaboration in Ukraine and West Europe during World War Two: Comparative Analysis of English and German Historiography

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Xix Century

The problem of collaboration in Nazi-occupied Ukraine and Western Europe by Germany and its allies is discusses in this article. It is emphasized that almost 75 years after the end of World War II, discussions on this issue have not stopped yet, which intensified after Western historians proved the futility of the efforts of a number of politicians to present a number of nations as exclusively victims of the invaders. Some examples of such attempts made by Charles de Gaulle in France are cited in the article. Analysis of English- and German-language historiographical sources of the late XX – early XXI centuries testifies that the authors deviate from the «black and white» opposition of the «collaboration-resistance» ligament and prove that there were a lot of «gray zones» in it. We are also talking about those varieties of the occupation regime that inevitably predetermined the scale and forms of collaboration and its impact on the society. The history of the appearance of the interpretation of the «collaboration» concept starting with the XIX century and its political and emotional interpretation during World War II is considered. It is proved that in almost all European countries including Ukraine the number of active collaborators that is individuals who collaborated with the occupiers on an ideological basis remained small. The vast majority of citizens adapted to the situation choosing the model of behavior that corresponded to their moral and ethical qualities. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the motives of collaboration, the spectrum of which was very diverse. In addition it is very difficult to establish the true reasons for cooperation with the occupiers because the collaborators understood well the attitude towards them in the society and therefore disguised themselves. The conclusion of the authors of monographs and articles is unequivocal: the occupation regime in Ukraine and in the countries of Western Europe differed significantly in character especially in terms of cruelty and cynicism. It has been established that helpfulness or passive helpfulness was characteristic for most Western Europeans. Neither resistance nor active cooperation with the occupiers was equally undesirable for them. It is noted that the attempts to selectively read the past still do not stop which is unacceptable from the point of view of the true memory of World War II. The conclusion that the collaboration is more beneficial for the occupiers cannot be an excuse for hiding the facts of cooperation with the occupiers of the local population.

The ABMC Story Goes On, 1960–Present

2018 ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Conner
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Mind ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Places Of Memory ◽  
National Mall ◽  
The Many

This chapter looks at the work the ABMC has been doing since World War II ended. The chairmanships of Generals Jacob Devers and Mark Clark are explored in some detail. Maintenance of the memorials is a mission of remembrance that the ABMC is strongly upholding. Some additional sites have been created since 1960, and “interpretive centers” continue to be added to the World War I and II memorials. Presidential visits to some of the cemeteries since the Carter years have expanded public awareness of these places of memory. The commission directed the construction of the WWII Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., that was dedicated in 2004. This chapter concludes with an assessment of the enduring importance of the work of the ABMC. The WWI veterans have all passed away, and WWII veterans are becoming fewer. The ABMC’s efforts to maintain the beautiful memorials, monuments, and cemeteries keep the many stories, examples learned, and sacrifices continually fresh in the public mind.

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