scholarly journals Endeavours to intensity agricultural production in Austrian Galicia during World War II

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Mirosław Kłusek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
World War ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
German Reich ◽  
Negative Factors

The most negative factors having affected the effectiveness of agricultural production in Austrian Galicia were both the unprofitable agrarian structure and the structure of use of arable land, and also the lack of modernisation of the agricultural production process. This situation contributed to the emergence of the extensive nature of the agricultural production and its low efficiency. After the German Reich had captured Western Galicia in 1939, and Eastern Galicia in 1941, the maximum intensification of agricultural production of this region was set as a primary goal. This was planned to be achieved by the mechanisation of the production process and improvement of the agricultural industry, followed by the growth of fertilisation and chemical treatment of crops, land improvement and the restructuring of arable land. In addition to this, farmers’ education and the consolidation of agricultural holdings were schemed along with the dissemination of high yielding varieties of grains and root crops, horned cattle and pig husbandry. The aim of the German actions listed above was to supply the Wehrmacht with food, and in a broader perspective to prepare the land for German colonization following the ultimate German victory.

scholarly journals Zniszczenia i straty wojenne poniesione przez rolnictwo województwa krakowskiego w wyniku II wojny światowej

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-76
Author(s):  
Anna Janicka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
World War ◽  
Front Line ◽  
War Zone ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

During World War II, the entire Polish territory twice became a war zone, bearing heavy consequences. Equal or even greater losses were caused by the hostile occupation. When calculating on a per-capita basis, the destruction rate in Poland was the highest in the world. The politics of plunder contributed to the excessive exploitation of domestic resources, social income and national heritage. The situation of agriculture in the Krakow Province after World War II was very difficult, especially in the front-line areas. The damage caused by the German occupier was of a wide-ranging nature. Plant and animal production, farms suffered. By building pillboxes, training grounds, trenches and bunkers, large areas of arable land and sown crops were destroyed. The fields were mined, weed strewn, and impoverished. The soil lay fallow. There were neither draft or slaughter animals. Breeding animals were transported away. Houses, outbuildings, agricultural machinery and tools were destroyed . Devastation of the forest stands was a serious problem. Most damage and destruction was caused by Soviet troops destroying, looting, plundering and requisitioning various items. Captured cattle driven off and herd grazing with bread grain led to a reduction in the supply of feedstuff and food for the local population. With the help of grenades, the state of stock in rivers and standing water was devastated. All these affected the disastrous material situation of the rural population and caused a drastic decline in agricultural production. The Krakow Province faced a difficult task of reconstruction of agriculture from war damage.

The Great Auto Theft

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-161
Author(s):  
Christian Klösch
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
Online Database ◽  
World War ◽  
Auto Theft ◽  
National Socialists ◽  
German Reich

In March 1938 the National Socialists seized power in Austria. One of their first measures against the Jewish population was to confiscate their vehicles. In Vienna alone, a fifth of all cars were stolen from their legal owners, the greatest auto theft in Austrian history. Many benefited from the confiscations: the local population, the Nazi Party, the state and the army. Car confiscation was the first step to the ban on mobility for Jews in the German Reich. Some vehicles that survived World War II were given back to the families of the original owners. The research uses a new online database on Nazi vehicle seizures.

Austrians into German Soldiers: The Integrative Impact of Wehrmacht Service on Austrian Soldiers during World War II

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 160-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Grischany
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
World War ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Army Service ◽  
German Reich

In March 1983, germany annexed the Republic of Austria, incorporating it into the Greater German Reich. Thereafter, about 1.2 million Austrians eligible for military service were draft ed into the German armed forces: the Wehrmacht. Although we know where largely Austrian contingents fought in World War II, little is known about what, if anything, set them apart from their Reich German comrades. Nor do we know much about their attitudes, their “mindset,” or their subjective experience of military service and war.1 Because we know so little about the attitudes of Austrian soldiers in the Wehrmacht, and since army service—in contrast to membership in the SS or NSDAP—was largely mandatory, it is still possible to argue that Austrians were unwilling soldiers, sacrificed in a war that was not theirs, and that discrimination by foreign rulers fostered an Austrian national consciousness.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Right

The eighth session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held in Rome from November 4 through 25, 1955 under the chairmanship of the Right Honorable K. J. Holyoake (New Zealand). The Conference had accepted the proposals submitted by the FAO Council on the organization of the eighth session, and consequently established various commissions to deal with agenda items pertaining to program trends and policy questions in food and agriculture, constitutional and legal questions, and administrative and financial questions. During its discussion of the world food and agricultural situation, the Conference noted that world per capita agricultural production, which had decreased by ten to fifteen percent at the end of World War II, had regained its pre-war level in spite of an increase of nearly 25 percent in population. However, agricultural production had increased more rapidly in advanced countries than in economically under-developed ones, so that per capita production in Asia and Latin America was still below pre-war levels, while surpluses had built up in the more advanced countries. The Conference felt that this situation was due to a failure to expand effective demand for farm products as rapidly as technical developments made it possible to expand production. Although the Conference noted that surplus agricultural commodities had increased more slowly in 1954–1955 than in the two preceding years, it felt that this had been due at least as much to poor crops in some countries as to increased consumption or to a planned reduction of output.

scholarly journals Scientific achievements of All-union Research Institute of Bast Crops employees in the field of hemp (1944 -1991)

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Svitlana Bazyl
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Scientific Institution ◽  
Primary Processing ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Scientific Achievements

The article, which is based on the archival documents of the Departmental Archive of the Institute of Bast Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, examines the research activities of the Institute in 1944 - 1991 of the twentieth century in the field of hemp. It was during this period that the newly established scientific institution was able to fully resume its work after World War II and achieve success in the field of breeding, cultivation, processing and harvesting of hemp. During this period, new high-yielding varieties of hemp were bred that did not contain narcotic compounds, the mechanized process of growing and processing industrial and seed crops, as well as the process of primary processing of stems.

scholarly journals Structural reforms in agricultural production and foreign food trade: the Ukrainian experience 1950-1960's

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (52) ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
Karolina Gorditsa
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
Advanced Development

The article is devoted to the problem of revealing peculiarities of mutual influence and interdependence of changes in the economic structure of Ukraine and its participation in international economic relations at different stages of historical development. The purpose of the study is to summarize the historical and economic generalization of the experience of structural transformation in domestic agriculture from 1950 to 1960 in the context of foreign trade in food. It was revealed that the political need to resume bread exports after World War II was an important reason for the beginning of the reform of Soviet crisis-hit agriculture. The main directions of reforms are identified, such as the increase of public investments in the development of agrarian industry, reduction of taxes on producers, increase in state procurement prices for agricultural products, expansion of the acreage through the development of virgin lands, sharp increase in corn output, and advanced development of animal husbandry. It was found that the reduction of administrative pressure on producers, their increased material incentives and improvement of technical support of the enterprises caused a temporary economic recovery in the agrarian sector. It is proved that the curtailment of this policy due to the lack of domestic sources of financing and the predominance of extensive forms of management led to a slowdown in the development of agriculture, an increase in its crisis phenomena and the formation of dependence on food imports. Proposals are made on possible directions of using elements of historical experience gained in contemporary economic policy of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Economic and Political Reconstruction and Development of FRG in the Period after World War II

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
Mariusz Janik
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Special Role ◽  
World War ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Production

In the first post-war years, the policy of the Western occupying powers towards Germany was aimed at preventing the economic revival of their former formidable competitor. As a result of these efforts, West Germany rebuilt its economy to the pre-war level later than Great Britain or France. The undoubted shift in the economic development of West Germany began in mid-1948. The impetus for the rapid growth of industrial production was the monetary reform carried out by the Western occupying powers, as well as the inflow of funds under the Marshall Plan. The monetary reform carried out in June 1948 favoured the strengthening of the financial market and was an incentive to invest. The influx of capital under the Marshall Plan had a similar impact on the West Germany’s economy during this period. The western zones of Germany played a special role in this plan. The United States, striving to strengthen its position in these zones as much as possible and use them as a strategic base (aimed, inter alia, against the communist bloc), provided West Germany with a sum of loans and subsidies significantly exceeding the amount of aid provided to other Western European countries. An extremely serious burden for the Western occupation zones was the influx of refugees from neighbouring areas (a total of about 10 million people) and the need to maintain the occupation troops, which directly led to a huge deficit in food resources. Agricultural production fell and ranged only from 66% to 75% of the pre-war production level.

Choosing to Collaborate: Yi Kwang-su and the Moral Subject in Colonial Korea

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Whittier Treat
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Test Case ◽  
World War ◽  
Colonial Korea ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
First Order ◽  
German Reich

Today historians hesitate to judge collaborators with the Axis powers in World War II, citing the impossibility of putting oneself in the often untenable position collaborators found themselves. Nonetheless, contemporary moral philosophy continues to ponder the ethical choice of complicity versus resistance. Yi Kwang-su (1892–1950?), Korea's most distinguished modern novelist as well as one of its more notorious pro-Japanese partisans during the colonial period, offers a compelling test case for how we might attempt to not only understand, but also morally adjudicate, his support of Japan's occupation of his country. With the ongoing debate over collaboration with the German Reich in mind, I contend that the case of colonial Korea presents us with important first-order ethical issues to resolve.

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