scholarly journals The Conflicts Among Religious Orders of Christianity in China During the 17th and 18th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Anh Truong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Far East ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Christianity In China ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mendicant Orders

Introduction. The article studies the conflicts between the Spanish Mendicant Orders (Dominican Order, Franciscan Order, etc.) as well as the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris with Portuguese Society of Jesus, which took place during the 17th and 18th centuries in China. Methods and materials. To study this issue, the author used the original historical materials recorded by Western missionaries working in China during the 17th and 18th centuries and research works by Chinese and international scholars related to the Chinese Rites Controversy as well as the process of introduction and development of Christianity in this country during the 17th and 18th centuries. The author combines two main research methods of History Science (historical and logical methods) with other research methods (systemic approach, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.) to complete the study of this issue. Analysis. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the struggle for faith of the peoples in the Far East, especially China, became the desirable goal of religious orders of Christianity. Therefore, during this period, Western missionaries belonging to various religious orders of Christianity, such as the Society of Jesus, Mendicant Orders, Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, etc., gradually entered this country. In the course of evangelization, the struggle for influence as well as the right to manage missionary affairs in China at that time created conflicts among Christian religious orders. It is manifested in the form of a debate about Chinese rituals. In fact, these conflicts not only caused great losses to the missionary career of contemporary Christian religious orders taking place in China but also made the relationship between China’s ruling authorities and The Holy See became very tense. Results. Based on the study of the conflicts among religious orders of Christianity in China during the 17th and 18th centuries, the article clarifies characteristics, the root and direct causes leading to this phenomenon, making a certain contribution to the study of the relationship among religious orders in the process of introduction and development of Christianity in China in particular and the history of East-West cultural exchange in this country in general in the 17th and 18th centuries.

scholarly journals Conflicts among religious orders of Christianity: А study of Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-378
Author(s):  
Anh Thuan Truong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Franciscan Order

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the presence as well as activities of religious orders of Christianity in Vietnam, predominantly the Society of Jesus, Mendicant Orders (Franciscan Order, Dominican Order, etc.), and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris, to establish or maintain and strengthen the interests of some Western countries’ (Portugal, Spain, France) missionary work in this country led to conflicts and disputes over the missionary area as well as the right to manage missionary activities among religious orders of Christianity. From 1665 to 1773, the Vietnamese Catholic Church witnessed protracted disputes and conflicts between Jesuits sponsored by the Portuguese and the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris backed by France. While contradictions between them remained unresolved, from the first half of the 18th century onwards, conflicts and disputes between the Spanish Franciscan Order and the missionaries of the Society of Foreign Missions of Paris continued to arise. This influenced the development of Christianity in Vietnam during this period. Based on original historical sources and academic achievements of Vietnamese scholars as well as international, this article applies two main research methods of the history of science (historical and logical methods) with other research methods (systemic, analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc.) to closely examine the “panorama” of the conflicts between the religious orders of Christianity that took place in Vietnam during the 17th and 18th centuries. The article analyzes the underlying and direct cause of this phenomenon, making certain contributions to the study of the relationship among religious orders in the process of introduction and development of Christianity in Vietnam, as well as the history of East-West cultural exchange in the country during this period.

Neography and Word of the Year

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
T. N. Butseva ◽  
Yu. S. Ridetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Russian Language

The article deals with the relationship between the terms «word of the year» and «neologism of the year», and the examples are the words, annually nominating as «word of the year», and neologisms of the last few years. The main research methods are statistical, comparative, and lexicographic description. Usually nomination «Word of the year» presents words, long-existing in the Russian language, borrowings, as well as author’s occasionalisms. The cultural and social aspects prevail in this campaign, while linguistic aspects are not involved. It seems that the verbal image of the year is a more complex and mosaic phenomenon. It can be reconstructed with the help of representative linguistic data scrupulously collected by lexicographers.

The Jesuit College, Manchester, 1875

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver P. Rafferty
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Religious Order ◽  
Religious Congregation ◽  
Jesuit College ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

In an Apostolic Constitution, dated 8 May 1881, Pope Leo XIII sought to regulate the relationship between diocesan bishops and religious orders. In the words of Herbert Vaughan the Papal pronouncement ‘sums up and ends a recent controversy on matters of discipline affecting the working of the Church in Great Britain’. Romanos Pontifices represented a personal triumph for Vaughan. He had assiduously campaigned at Rome to have the freedom of religious orders restricted, and their operations subject to the supervision of the local bishop. The Pope’s document directs that members of religious orders may not open a house in any diocese without the explicit permission of the bishop. Nor, in future, would it be possible for a religious congregation to convert existing institutions to other use without the consent of the episcopal authorities. The ruling of the document was an adjudication affecting all religious orders, and demanded complete obedience to all its details. The only religious order mentioned by name was the Society of Jesus. It, too, was to be subject to this ordinance in spite of its claims to be exempt from such interference in the running of its affairs.

Analysis of the Basic Overview and Characteristics of Research Methods of the Relationship between Rainfall and Landslide

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 733-736
Author(s):  
Ting Chen ◽  
Sheng Guo Cheng ◽  
Fei Pan
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Surface Moisture ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
Data Statistics ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Analysis Of Variation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

The landslide research has continued for more than 100 years, in order to analyze the relationship between rainfall and landslide, the research methods of the relationship between landslide and two main characteristics of rainfall (rainfall and the rainfall process) which affect the stability of the landslide are summarized and analyzed the basic situation and characteristics of the main research methods. Several current problems about research methods of rainfall landslide were put forward:1) complex conditions apply problem;2) the Response rule of landslide surface moisture;3) the variation of surface the water content in different parts;4) The development and change law of landslide thrust force under the action of rainfall need further inquiry;5) lack of factor analysis of variation characteristics and influence of rainfall conditions the development law of landslide displacement and the displacement of landslide in different parts;6) lack of analysis and research interactions between multiple physical effects. Then suggestions and outlooks were given in response to these issues: the data statistics and numerical calculation as the foundation, combined with the response of landslide physical model experiment of multi physical quantity for a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between rainfall and landslide.

scholarly journals Metacognition researches in Turkey, Japan and Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 535
Author(s):  
Ayşe Elitok Kesici ◽  
Derya Güvercin ◽  
Hızır Küçükakça
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Comparative Education ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Relationship

<p class="gmail-pa3">In this study, fundamental researches on “metacognition” in Turkey, Japan and Singapore between the years of 2010 and 2020 were examined and conclusions were made in terms of comparative education. For this purpose, the data of the research was collected by document scanning method and the data were analyzed using the document review technique, which is one of the qualitative research method techniques. Years of studies, countries, objectives, research methods, sample working group, data analysis methods and results; it has been examined according to comparative education approaches and data collection techniques. As a result, quantitative research methods are seen to be frequently used in researches on metacognition in these three countries. It has been determined that experimental studies are the main research patterns of the metacognition studies conducted in three countries. Metacognitive awareness scales are the most used data collection tools in all three countries. Considered in general; the research made about metacognition in Singapore Turkey and Japan shows that the studies investigating the relationship between students' problem-solving skills and metacognition are in majority. Researches examining the relationship between metacognition and foreign language teaching are also widely discussed.</p>

scholarly journals Polish Jesuits and Their Dreams about Missions in China, According to the Litterae indipetae

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-420
Author(s):  
Monika Miazek-Męczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
Middle Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
The Far East

From the very beginning, Polish Jesuits were aware of the fact that the general of the Society of Jesus required them to focus on completely different missionary areas than the Far East. Nevertheless, in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu one can find more than two hundred so-called indipetae (shortened version of Litterae ad Indiam petentes)—letters sent by Polish Jesuits to their general asking for foreign missions, especially in China. They were written by 114 Jesuit fathers and brothers but ultimately only four (Andrzej Rudomina, Michał Boym, Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki, Jan Bąkowski) ever preached the word of God in the Middle Kingdom. By analyzing the content of Polish indipetae letters, this paper underlines the most important sources of missionary vocations among Polish Jesuits, through comparison with similar letters from the fathers and brothers of other Jesuit provinces.

scholarly journals Features of relationship between spatial-time distribution of seismicity, the level of geodynamic potential of the earth's crust blocks and fault-block tectonics of the Eastern Caucasus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.А. Магомедов
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Station ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Fault Block ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
The Relationship

Возросший интерес к сейсмоактивному региону Восточного Кавказа включая самую сейсмоактивную в европейской части России область диктуется тем, что в сферу повышенных сейсмических воздействий попадают крупные энергетические объекты Сулакского каскада ГЭС, а также строящееся множество малых ГЭС, основные транспортные коммуникации, высоковольтные линии электропередач, нефте-газопроводы федерального и республиканского значений, аэро- и морской порты и крупные, разросшиеся города и поселки региона. Отсутствие исследований по проблеме оценки геодинамической и геотектонической ситуации с привлечением материала по истории геологического развития системы может привести к нежелательным экологическим последствиям. По своим разрушительным действиям, количеству жертв, материальному ущербу и деструктивному воздействию на среду обитания человека, землетрясения занимают одно из первых мест среди других видов природных катастроф. Эти грозные явления природы опасны, прежде всего, потому, что происходят там, где человек живет и работает. Исторически так сложилось, что людям было удобно и экономически выгодно селиться именно там, где время от времени возникают землетрясения. Восточный Кавказ в этом плане не является исключением. Современные геодинамически активные зоны региона в условиях позднеальпийского тектогенеза характеризуется иными геодинамическими условиями по сравнению с герцинской и киммерийской. Альпийский этап тектогенеза характеризуется значительным максимумом своей активизации, с которым связаны современные геодинамические процессы и повышенная современная сейсмическая активность региона. Цель исследования. Установление особенностей связи между пространственно-временным распределением сейсмичности, уровнем геодинами­ческого потенциала блоков земной коры и разломно-блоковой тектоникой региона. Методы исследования. Основными методами исследования являются палеосейсмогеологический, структурно-тектонический с учетом геодинамического потенциала блоков региона и анализ пространственно-временного распределения сейсмичности за инструментальный период наблюдений. Результаты исследования. Установлены особенности связи между пространственно-временным распределением сейсмичности, уровнем геодинами­ческого потенциала блоков земной коры и разломно-блоковой тектоникой региона заключающиеся в том, что области с повышенной современной сейсмической активностью хорошо коррелируются с геодинамическими зонами, имеющими критический геодинамический потенциал и историческую активность. Составлены соответствующие сейсмотектонические схемы. Выявлены три субширотные зоны повышенной тектонической активности в Предгорной и Горной частях региона, контролируемые известными субкавказскими разломами. Составлена предварительная схема зон ВОЗ региона The increased interest in seismically active region of the Eastern Caucasus, including the most seismically active in the European part of Russia, the region is dictated by the fact that elevated seismic effects get a large energy facilities Sulak cascade, and also built many small hydroelectric power station, the main transport lines, high voltage power lines, oil pipelines Federal and Republican values, aerial and sea ports, and a large, sprawling cities and towns of the region. The lack of research on the problem of assessing the geodynamic and geotectonic situation with the involvement of material on the history of the geological development of the system can lead to undesirable environmental consequences. The purpose of the study. To establish the relationship between the spatial-temporal distribution of seismicity, the level of geodynamic potential of the crustal blocks and the fault-block tectonics of the region. Research methods. The main research methods are paleoseismogeological, structural-tectonic, taking into account the geodynamic potential of the blocks of the region, and the analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of seismicity over the instrumental period of observations. The results of the study. The features of the relationship between the spatial-temporal distribution of seismicity, the level of geodynamic potential of crustal blocks and the fault-block tectonics of the region are established, which consist in the fact that areas with increased modern seismic activity are well correlated with geodynamic zones with critical geodynamic potential and historical activity. The corresponding seismotectonic schemes are drawn up. Three sublatitudinal zones of increased tectonic activity in the Foothill and Mountainous parts of the region, controlled by known Subcaucasian faults, have been identified. A preliminary map of the WHO zones in the region has been drawn up

scholarly journals Media Education and the New Evangelization. Part One: Media Components and Challenges

Verbum Vitae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-425
Author(s):  
Mirosław Chmielewski
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Media Literacy ◽  
Media Education ◽  
Main Research ◽  
New Evangelization ◽  
The Media ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

This article represents the first instalment of a two-part study on the relationship between media education and the new evangelization. The author puts forward a claim that pursuing the new evangelization in the Church demands the media education of the evangelizers and their cooperation with leaders in media education. Proving this thesis advances via three stages: (1) Outlining selected components of the media context of the new evangelization, in light of selected theses from the Church Magisterium; (2) Discussing selected challenges for both media education and the new evangelization; and (3) Presenting selected postulates and educational proposals for media literacy formation and the new evangelization. This last part outlines five media components of the new evangelization, along with three main challenges for both media and the new evangelization, stemming from their interrelationship. The main research methods used in this article are: the Magisterial method, sub ratione Dei, and comparative synthesis.

Artistic-professional strategies in the music sector. The case of the jazz scene in Barcelona

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Marta Casals Balaguer
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Artistic Identity ◽  
Professional Musicians ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation

This article aims to analyse the strategies that jazz musicians in Barcelona adopt to develop their artistic careers. It focuses on studying three main areas that influ-ence the construction of their artistic-professional strategies: a) the administrative dimension, characterized mainly by management and promotion tasks; b) the artistic-creative dimension, which includes the construction of artistic identity and the creation of works of art; and c) the social dimension within the collective, which groups together strategies related to the dynamics of cooperation and col-laboration between the circle of musicians. The applied methodology came from a qualitative perspective, and the main research methods were semi-structured inter-views conducted with active professional musicians in Barcelona and from partic-ipant observation.

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