scholarly journals Remodeling of the Heart of the Premature Child

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
O. P. Kovtun ◽  
P. B. Tsyvian ◽  
T. V. Markova ◽  
T. V. Chumarnaya
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Cardiovascular Remodeling ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality

Epidemiological studies consistently have suggested an association between low birth weight and increased rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adult life. Preterm birth, as one of the leading causes of the low birth weight, is associated with cardiovascular remodeling which consists of changes in heart chambers geometry and contraction-relaxation mode, ventricular hypertrophy, arterial wall structure and density changes. Several types of preterm birth are discussed: prematurity, associated with placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction, preterm leaking of amniotic fluid, and twin pregnancy. DNA methylation process under the influence of epigenetic factors of the intrauterine and early postnatal development is suggested as a one of the main mechanism of cardiovascular remodeling in preterm infants. The other mechanisms of cardiovascular remodeling are discussed in terms of the modern intrauterine programming concept. The early diagnostics and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in preterm born children are discussed. The treatment during prenatal and early postnatal periods as well as prevention of the remodeling causes could diminish and even reverse the development of the negative cardiovascular events and diseases in later life according to the so called concept of one thousand days opportunities window.

scholarly journals Akt signaling as a mediator of cardiac adaptation to low birth weight

2017 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. R81-R94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley C W Wang ◽  
Kimberley J Botting ◽  
Song Zhang ◽  
I Caroline McMillen ◽  
Doug A Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Increased Risk

Intrauterine insults, such as poor nutrition and placental insufficiency, can alter cardiomyocyte development, and this can have significant long-term implications for heart health. Consequently, epidemiological studies have shown that low-birth-weight babies have an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease in adult life. In addition, intrauterine growth restriction can result in increased left ventricular hypertrophy, which is the strongest predictor for poor health outcomes in cardiac patients. The mechanisms responsible for these associations are not clear, but a suboptimal intrauterine environment can program alternative expression of genes such as cardiac IGF-2/H19, IGF-2R and AT1R through either an increase or decrease in DNA methylation or histone acetylation at specific loci. Furthermore, hypoxia and other intrauterine insults can also activate the IGF-1 receptor via IGF-1 and IGF-2, and the AT1 receptor via angiotensin signaling pathways; both of which can result in the phosphorylation of Akt and the activation of a range of downstream pathways. In turn, Akt activation can increase cardiac angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and promote a reversion of metabolism in postnatal life to a fetal phenotype, which involves increased reliance on glucose. Cardiac Akt can also be indirectly regulated by microRNAs and conversely can target microRNAs that will eventually affect other specific cardiac genes and proteins. This review aims to discuss our understanding of this complex network of interactions, which may help explain the link between low birth weight and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adult life.

scholarly journals Metabolomics Reveals Relationship between Plasma Inositols and Birth Weight: Possible Markers for Fetal Programming of Type 2 Diabetes

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Marlene Nissen ◽  
Caroline Nebel ◽  
Niels Oksbjerg ◽  
Hanne Christine Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

Epidemiological studies in man and with experimental animal models have shown that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulting in low birth weight is associated with higher risk of programming welfare diseases in later life. In the pig, severe IUGR occurs naturally and contribute substantially to a large intralitter variation in birth weight and may therefore be a good model for man. In the present paper the natural form of IUGR in pigs was studied close to term by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-)based metabolomics. The NMR-based investigations revealed different metabolic profiles of plasma samples from low-birth weight (LW) and high-birth weight (HW) piglets, respectively, and differences were assigned to levels of glucose and myo-inositol. Further studies by GC-MS revealed that LW piglets had a significant higher concentration of myoinositol and D-chiro-inositol in plasma compared to larger littermates. Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol have been coupled with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in adults, and the present paper therefore suggests that IUGR is related to impaired glucose metabolism during fetal development, which may cause type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

Advanced Maternal Age and Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Omani-Samani ◽  
Saman Maroufizadeh ◽  
Nafise Saedi ◽  
Nasim Shokouhi ◽  
Arezoo Esmailzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
Advanced Maternal Age ◽  
Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Maternal And Neonatal Outcomes

Background: Advanced maternal age is an important predictor for maternal and neonatal outcomes such as maternal mortality, low birth weight, stillbirth, preterm birth, cesarean section and preeclampsia. Objective: To determine the association of advanced maternal age and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in Iranian pregnant women. Methods: In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, 5117 pregnant women from 103 hospitals in Tehran, Iran, were participated in the study in 2015. The required data were gathered from hospitals which equipped to the department of obstetrics and gynecology. Advanced maternal age was considered as an independent variable and unwanted pregnancy, preeclampsia, preterm birth, cesarean section and low birth weight were considered as interested outcomes. Results: In our study, the prevalence of advanced maternal age was 12.08%. Advanced maternal age was significantly associated with higher risk of unwanted pregnancy (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.12-1.73), preterm birth (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.28- 2.39) and cesarean section (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.03-1.74). In our study, there was no significant relationship between advanced maternal age and preeclampsia but this relationship could be clinically important (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 0.99-2.20, P=0.052), and there is no significant relationship between advanced maternal age and low birth weight (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.67-1.74, P=0.736). Conclusion: Advanced maternal age is associated with higher risk of unintended pregnancy, preterm birth and cesarean section but our findings did not support advanced maternal age as a risk factor associated with low birth weight.

scholarly journals Mass incarceration and public health: the association between black jail incarceration and adverse birth outcomes among black women in Louisiana

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Dyer ◽  
Rachel Hardeman ◽  
Dovile Vilda ◽  
Katherine Theall ◽  
Maeve Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Adverse Birth Outcomes

Abstract Background A growing body of evidence is beginning to highlight how mass incarceration shapes inequalities in population health. Non-Hispanic blacks are disproportionately affected by incarceration and criminal law enforcement, an enduring legacy of a racially-biased criminal justice system with broad health implications for black families and communities. Louisiana has consistently maintained one of the highest rates of black incarceration in the nation. Concurrently, large racial disparities in population health persist. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of all births among non-Hispanic black women in Louisiana in 2014 to identify associations between parish-level (county equivalent) prevalence of jail incarceration within the black population and adverse birth outcomes (N = 23,954). We fit a log-Poisson model with generalized estimating equations to approximate the relative risk of preterm birth and low birth weight associated with an interquartile range increase in incarceration, controlling for confounders. In sensitivity analyses, we additionally adjusted for the parish-level index crime prevalence and analyzed regression models wherein white incarceration was used to predict the risk of adverse birth outcomes in order to quantify the degree to which mass incarceration may harm health above and beyond living in a high crime area. Results There was a significant 3% higher risk of preterm birth among black women associated with an interquartile range increase in the parish-level incarceration prevalence of black individuals, independent of other factors. Adjusting for the prevalence of index crimes did not substantively change the results of the models. Conclusion Due to the positive significant associations between the prevalence of black individuals incarcerated in Louisiana jails and estimated risk of preterm birth, mass incarceration may be an underlying cause of the persistent inequities in reproductive health outcomes experienced by black women in Louisiana. Not only are there economic and social impacts stemming from mass incarceration, but there may also be implications for population health and health inequities, including the persistence of racial disparities in preterm birth and low birth weight.

scholarly journals Adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Lisa M Vallely ◽  
Dianne Egli-Gany ◽  
Handan Wand ◽  
William S Pomat ◽  
Caroline S E Homer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Premature Rupture Of Membranes ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Objective To examine associations between Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, premature rupture of membranes, perinatal mortality, low birth weight and ophthalmia neonatorum. Data sources We searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature for studies published between 1948 and 14 January 2020. Methods Studies were included if they reported testing for NG during pregnancy and compared pregnancy, perinatal and/or neonatal outcomes between women with and without NG. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for inclusion and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using established checklists for each study design. Summary ORs with 95% CIs were generated using random effects models for both crude and, where available, adjusted associations. Results We identified 2593 records and included 30 in meta-analyses. Women with NG were more likely to experience preterm birth (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.99, n=18 studies); premature rupture of membranes (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.92, n=9); perinatal mortality (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.46, n=9); low birth weight (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.48, n=8) and ophthalmia neonatorum (OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.36 to 13.04, n=6). Summary adjusted ORs were, for preterm birth 1.90 (95% CI 1.14 to 3.19, n=5) and for low birth weight 1.48 (95% CI 0.79 to 2.77, n=4). In studies with a multivariable analysis, age was the variable most commonly adjusted for. NG was more strongly associated with preterm birth in low-income and middle-income countries (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.40 to 3.48, n=7) than in high-income countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.83, n=11). Conclusions NG is associated with a number of adverse pregnancy and newborn outcomes. Further research should be done to determine the role of NG in different perinatal mortality outcomes because interventions that reduce mortality will have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of disease in low-income and middle-income countries. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016050962.

scholarly journals Pregnancy Outcome during the First COVID 19 Lockdown in Vienna, Austria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3782
Author(s):  
Sylvia Kirchengast ◽  
Beda Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Gestational Length ◽  
Live Births

The COVID 19 pandemic represents a major stress factor for non-infected pregnant women. Although maternal stress during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction, an increasing number of studies yielded no negative effects of COVID 19 lockdowns on pregnancy outcome. The present study focused on pregnancy outcome during the first COVID 19 lockdown phase in Austria. In particular, it was hypothesized that the national lockdown had no negative effects on birth weight, low birth weight rate and preterm birth rate. In a retrospective medical record-based single center study, the outcome of 669 singleton live births in Vienna Austria during the lockdown phase between March and July 2020 was compared with the pregnancy outcome of 277 live births at the same hospital during the pre-lockdown months of January and February 2020 and, in addition, with the outcome of 28,807 live births between 2005 and 2019. The rate of very low gestational age was significantly lower during the lockdown phase than during the pre-lockdown phase. The rate of low gestational age, however, was slightly higher during the lockdown phase. Mean birth weight was significantly higher during the lockdown phase; the rates of low birth weight, very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight were significantly lower during the lockdown phase. In contrast, maternal gestational weight gain was significantly higher during the lockdown phase. The stressful lockdown phase in Austria seems to have no negative affect on gestational length and newborn weight among non-infected mothers.

Premature birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age and chronic non-communicable diseases in adult life: A systematic review with meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 105154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Luiza Santos Soares de Mendonça ◽  
Mateus de Lima Macêna ◽  
Nassib Bezerra Bueno ◽  
Alane Cabral Menezes de Oliveira ◽  
Carolina Santos Mello
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

scholarly journals Investigation of Metronidazole Use during Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 4800-4805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Koss ◽  
Dana C. Baras ◽  
Sandra D. Lane ◽  
Richard Aubry ◽  
Michele Marcus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
New York State ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy

ABSTRACTTo assess whether treatment with metronidazole during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, or major congenital anomalies, we conducted chart reviews and an analysis of electronic data from a cohort of women delivering at an urban New York State hospital. Of 2,829 singleton/mother pairs, 922 (32.6%) mothers were treated with metronidazole for clinical indications, 348 (12.3%) during the first trimester of pregnancy and 553 (19.5%) in the second or third trimester. There were 333 (11.8%) preterm births, 262 (9.3%) infants of low birth weight, and 52 infants (1.8%) with congenital anomalies. In multivariable analysis, no association was found between metronidazole treatment and preterm birth (odds ratio [OR], 1.02 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.32]), low birth weight (OR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.77 to 1.43]), or treatment in the first trimester and congenital anomalies (OR, 0.86 [0.30 to 2.45]). We found no association between metronidazole treatment during the first or later trimesters of pregnancy and preterm birth, low birth weight, or congenital anomalies.

scholarly journals Pregnancy Outcome after Cerclage for Cervical Incompetence at a Private Hospital of Dhaka

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Shafeya Khanam ◽  
Maliha Rashid ◽  
Ayesha Siddika Purobi ◽  
Zebunnessa Parvin ◽  
Sanjoy Kumar Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Cervical Dilatation ◽  
Cervical Insufficiency ◽  
Miscarriage Rate ◽  
Cervical Cerclage ◽  
Cervical Incompetence ◽  
Obstetric Population

Miscarriage, particularly recurrent mid-trimester miscarriage is a distressful condition. This form of miscarriage and preterm birth appear to have some etiologies. An important etiology is cervical incompetence that describes a disorder in which painless cervical dilatation leads to recurrent second trimester pregnancy losses. Every year more than 10 million preterm birth occurs and more than 1 million baby die from this common complication of pregnancy. The incidence of true cervical insufficiency is estimated at less than 1% of the obstetric population. In the index pregnancy, findings indicative of possible cervical insufficiency include cervical funneling, cervical shortening, and overt cervical dilatation. The main objective of the study was to explore the benefit from cervical cerclage in pregnant women with cervical incompetence. This is a retrospective observational study conducted over a period of twelve months. All cases delivered in Central Hospital were assisted by consultant obstetricians, in which 16(61.5%) out of 26 cases were delivered by caesarean section. Miscarriage rate was 11.53%. Out of the caesarean deliveries 2(12.5%) were at term and 14(87.5%) were at preterm. In this study 3(21.42%) babies born at 32nd and 33rd weeks, 6(42.85%) at 34th week and 2(14.28%) were at 35th week. There was no fetal loss. Extreme low birth weight was only one, 7(43.75%) of the babies had normal body weight for the area of study, 8 babies (50%) had low birth weight. The cervical cerclage procedure therefore should be available more widely to benefit those patients with proven or strongly suspected cervical incompetence.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jul 2017;12(2): 78-81

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