scholarly journals D.I. Ivanovsky ― A Pioneer Discover of Viruses, As A New Form of Biological Life

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Zhirnov ◽  
G. P. Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Viral Form ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Scientific Award

125 years ago, in 1992, a Russian scientist Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky published first research data disclosing a unique form of filterable biological microlife. Further scientific progress in this discovery resulted in a new discipline of human knowledge, called «the Kingdom of viruses».A fundamental understanding of viral form of biological life was established not at once and was gradually formed under the accumulation of scientific facts. Only at the beginning of 50 years of the twentieth century, a basic understanding of viral Kingdom had been formed and 1992 year was recognized as the year of the birth of Virology. Virology, which started developing by the research of D.I. Ivanovsky, gave remarkable progress and prominent results: more than 20 scientists got Nobble Prize for the outstanding works in virology. There are all arguments and grounds to nominate the international scientific award in virology named of D.I. Ivanovsky.

Ultrasonic Testing in 25 Minutes

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Blum ◽  
Thomas Gryba¨ck
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Nondestructive Testing ◽  
Ultrasonic Testing ◽  
Basic Theory ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Nondestructive Testing Methods

Nondestructive Testing (AKA NDT, NDI, NDE) is an integral part of any power generation program. Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is one NDT method used to determine the integrity of materials and components. Managers, engineers, quality control personnel and others often require a fundamental understanding of the nondestructive testing methods used in their operations. This paper introduces basic theory, advantages and disadvantages, typical equipment and applications of ultrasonic testing. It is designed to give the reader a basic understanding of ultrasonic testing.

Methodologies for studying human knowledge

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Differential Learning ◽  
Language Research ◽  
The Status ◽  
Task Variation ◽  
Instructional Experience ◽  
The Mind

AbstractThe appropriate methodology for psychological research depends on whether one is studying mental algorithms or their implementation. Mental algorithms are abstract specifications of the steps taken by procedures that run in the mind. Implementational issues concern the speed and reliability of these procedures. The algorithmic level can be explored only by studying across-task variation. This contrasts with psychology's dominant methodology of looking for within-task generalities, which is appropriate only for studying implementational issues.The implementation-algorithm distinction is related to a number of other “levels” considered in cognitive science. Its realization in Anderson's ACT theory of cognition is discussed. Research at the algorithmic level is more promising because it is hard to make further fundamental scientific progress at the implementational level with the methodologies available. Protocol data, which are appropriate only for algorithm-level theories, provide a richer source than data at the implementational level. Research at the algorithmic level will also yield more insight into fundamental properties of human knowledge because it is the level at which significant learning transitions are defined.The best way to study the algorithmic level is to look for differential learning outcomes in pedagogical experiments that manipulate instructional experience. This provides control and prediction in realistically complex learning situations. The intelligent tutoring paradigm provides a particularly fruitful way to implement such experiments.The implications of this analysis for the issue of modularity of mind, the status of language, research on human/computer interaction, and connectionist models are also examined.

The revolutions postponed

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Alexander Ruser ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
New Evidence

Philosophers of Science have developed sophisti-cated models for explaining how scientific revolu-tions are brought about and more generally how scientists deal with facts that contradict pre-existing assumptions and theoretical concepts. Likewise historians of science and sociologists of knowledge have produced comprehensive studies on how scientific breakthroughs have sparked social revolution and how social factors fostered or hampered scientific developments. However, scientific revolutions and scientific “progress” always seem to be at the center of at-tention. The equally important question of why sometimes new evidence and contradicting evi-dence fail to trigger a scientific revolution has been largely neglected though. Improving our understanding of “called off” or “postponed” rev-olutions not only contributes to analyses of suc-cessful scientific revolutions. Understanding how defenders of the status quo manage to suppress new information and ignore scientific facts is cru-cial to understanding scientific and political con-troversy. This contribution therefore seeks to out-line a conceptual model for probing into the “black box” of scientific revoltions. In addition it will outline a potential framework for analyzing the survival of neoclassic economic theory after the global financial crisis.

scholarly journals Flexibility in Metal–Organic Frameworks: A Basic Understanding

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Aljammal ◽  
Christia Jabbour ◽  
Somboon Chaemchuen ◽  
Tatjána Juzsakova ◽  
Francis Verpoort
Keyword(s):  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Structural Flexibility ◽  
Logical Basis ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
External Stimuli

Much has been written about the fundamental aspects of the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Still, details concerning the MOFs with structural flexibility are not comprehensively understood. However, a dramatic increase in research activities concerning rigid MOFs over the years has brought deeper levels of understanding for their properties and applications. Nonetheless, robustness and flexibility of such smart frameworks are intriguing for different research areas such as catalysis, adsorption, etc. This manuscript overviews the different aspects of framework flexibility. The review has touched lightly on several ideas and proposals, which have been demonstrated within the selected examples to provide a logical basis to obtain a fundamental understanding of their synthesis and behavior to external stimuli.

scholarly journals The speed of information propagation in the scientific network distorts biomedical research

PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12764
Author(s):  
Raul Rodriguez-Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Fact ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Do So

Delays in the propagation of scientific discoveries across scientific communities have been an oft-maligned feature of scientific research for introducing a bias towards knowledge that is produced within a scientist’s closest community. The vastness of the scientific literature has been commonly blamed for this phenomenon, despite recent improvements in information retrieval and text mining. Its actual negative impact on scientific progress, however, has never been quantified. This analysis attempts to do so by exploring its effects on biomedical discovery, particularly in the discovery of relations between diseases, genes and chemical compounds. Results indicate that the probability that two scientific facts will enable the discovery of a new fact depends on how far apart these two facts were originally within the scientific landscape. In particular, the probability decreases exponentially with the citation distance. Thus, the direction of scientific progress is distorted based on the location in which each scientific fact is published, representing a path-dependent bias in which originally closely-located discoveries drive the sequence of future discoveries. To counter this bias, scientists should open the scope of their scientific work with modern information retrieval and extraction approaches.

scholarly journals Information silos distort biomedical research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Rodriguez-Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Scientific Fact ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Do So

Information silos have been an oft-maligned feature of scientific research for introducing a bias towards knowledge that is produced within a scientist's own community. The vastness of the scientific literature has been commonly blamed for this phenomenon, despite recent improvements in information retrieval and text mining. Its actual negative impact on scientific progress, however, has never been quantified. This analysis attempts to do so by exploring its effects on biomedical discovery, particularly in the discovery of relations between diseases, genes and chemical compounds. Results indicate that the probability that two scientific facts will enable the discovery of a new fact depends on how far apart these two facts were published within the scientific landscape. In particular, the probability decreases exponentially with the citation distance. Thus, the direction of scientific progress is distorted based on the location in which each scientific fact is published, representing a path-dependent bias in which originally closely-located discoveries drive the sequence of future discoveries. To counter this bias, scientists should open the scope of their scientific work with modern computational approaches.

How to Develop Critical Thinking about Inter-Group Relations in the Geometry Classroom

1949 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Paul E. Cantonwine
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Group Relations ◽  
Reasonable Explanation ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Intelligent Action

Science has made tremendous progress in the last century. It has been able to eliminate many if not all of our old superstitions about nature. It has replaced man's fear of his unknown, natural environment with a knowledge and confidence in his ability to make a reasonable explanation of the happening of nature. This remarkable progress in science and the understanding of natural happenings has happened largely because man has allowed his intellect and reasoning ability to have precedence over his emotions and fears. He has been able to view the scientific facts objectively thus displacing emotional action due to superstition by intelligent action and empirical experimentation based on sound logical reasoning.

Institutions: Everywhere But Not Everything

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ocasio ◽  
Shelby L. Gai
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Organization Theory ◽  
Life Crisis ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Organizational Institutionalism ◽  
Institutional Variation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Remarkable Progress

Recent critiques by Alvesson, Hallett, and Spicer have characterized neo-institutional theory (NIT) specifically as confronting a mid-life crisis and institutional theory (IT) more generally as uninhibited. While offering valid points, these critiques lack a fundamental understanding of how organizational institutionalism (OI) has become distinct from NIT. In contrast to NIT’s master hypothesis of isomorphism and focus on structural determinism, OI has made remarkable progress in explaining institutional variation and change. Notably, like organization theory more generally, OI is not a coherent theory, but rather a big tent community with its own set of internal differences, and at times confusing concepts. Rather than abandoning the concept of institutions, we suggest continued progress in OI requires greater clarification. Institutions are everywhere, but not everything, so it is important for researchers to specify which institutions are being studied, distinguish between institutions and culture, and ascertain the relationship between institutions and organizations.

scholarly journals The effects of communicating uncertainty on public trust in facts and numbers

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (14) ◽  
pp. 7672-7683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marthe van der Bles ◽  
Sander van der Linden ◽  
Alexandra L. J. Freeman ◽  
David J. Spiegelhalter
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Facts

Uncertainty is inherent to our knowledge about the state of the world yet often not communicated alongside scientific facts and numbers. In the “posttruth” era where facts are increasingly contested, a common assumption is that communicating uncertainty will reduce public trust. However, a lack of systematic research makes it difficult to evaluate such claims. We conducted five experiments—including one preregistered replication with a national sample and one field experiment on theBBC Newswebsite (totaln= 5,780)—to examine whether communicating epistemic uncertainty about facts across different topics (e.g., global warming, immigration), formats (verbal vs. numeric), and magnitudes (high vs. low) influences public trust. Results show that whereas people do perceive greater uncertainty when it is communicated, we observed only a small decrease in trust in numbers and trustworthiness of the source, and mostly for verbal uncertainty communication. These results could help reassure all communicators of facts and science that they can be more open and transparent about the limits of human knowledge.

scholarly journals The effects of communicating uncertainty on public trust in facts and numbers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marthe van der Bles ◽  
Sander van der Linden ◽  
Alexandra Lee Jessica Freeman ◽  
David Spiegelhalter
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Total N ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
News Website ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Facts

Uncertainty is inherent to our knowledge about the state of the world, yet often not communicated alongside scientific facts and numbers. In the “post-truth” era where facts are increasingly contested, a common assumption is that communicating uncertainty will reduce public trust. Yet, a lack of systematic research makes it difficult to evaluate such claims. We conducted five experiments—including one preregistered replication with a national sample and one field experiment on the BBC News website — (total N = 5633) to examine whether communicating epistemic uncertainty about facts across different topics (e.g. global warming, immigration), formats (verbal vs. numeric), and magnitudes (high vs low) influences public trust. Results show that whereas people do perceive greater uncertainty when it is communicated, we observed only a small decrease in trust in numbers and trustworthiness of the source, and mostly for verbal uncertainty communication. These results could help reassure all communicators of facts and science that they can be more open and transparent about the limits of human knowledge.

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