scholarly journals Examining the Role of Professional Associations in Policy Diffusion: The Case of Intermediate Appellate Courts

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 135-151
Author(s):  
Kyle Scott
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
The State ◽  
Appellate Court ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Appellate Courts ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
Organized Interests ◽  
Exploratory Investigation

While research exists that explains how institutions impact judicial decision-making at the state level, less is known about what affects the creation and reform of institutions at the state level. This paper provides an exploratory investigation into why states choose to create Intermediate Appellate Courts (IAC). This paper finds that organized legal interests have a significant impact on policy adoption and the explanation that IACs are created to relieve the workload of the state’s highest appellate court finds no support. The findings refute some previously held assumptions about state judicial reform and in doing so provide insight for policy scholars interested in the role organized interests play in institutional reform.

scholarly journals Political Ideology and the Outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

At the state level within the United States, did political ideology predict the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19)? Throughout March 2020, the United States became the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, recording the most cases of any country worldwide. The current research found that, at the state level within the United States, more conservative political ideology predicted delayed implementation of stay-at-home orders and more rapid spread of COVID-19. Effects were significant across two distinct operationalizations of political ideology and held over and above relevant covariates, suggesting a potentially unique role of political ideology in the United States’ COVID-19 outbreak. Considering political ideological factors may offer valuable insights into epidemiological processes surrounding COVID-19.

Toward a New Gendered Partisanship

2018 ◽  
pp. 150-190
Author(s):  
Erin Heidt-Forsythe
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
State Level ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
The State ◽  
Egg Donation ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Female Legislators ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This chapter explores and analyzes the role of partisan women in leadership and in setting agendas around the politics of egg donation at the state level. Given the ways that reproductive health, medicine, and family have been strongly associated with leadership and representation by female legislators in U.S. politics, this chapter explains and analyzes the diverse and complex roles of women in politics on egg donation politics and policymaking. This chapter provides the first comprehensive study of egg donation politics at the state level over time (1995–2010), and it connects the divergent policy strategies around egg donation in reproduction and research to the diverse and varied roles of partisan women in state politics.

Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe. By Alec Stone Sweet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 232p. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 524-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Baun
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Models ◽  
The State ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Constitutional Politics ◽  
Organized Interests ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Western Democracies ◽  
Oxford University Press

It is evident to any serious observer that the practice of governance in Western democracies is increasingly divergent from traditional theoretical and conceptual models. In West- ern Europe, traditional models of parliamentary democracy no longer accurately describe reality. The neocorporatist literature of the 1970s and 1980s pointed out the key role of organized interests and their (often formally recognized) privileged relationship with the state, creating arrangements that bypassed or subverted usual parliamentary processes.

Representation in U.S. Legislatures: The Acquisition and Analysis of U.S. State Legislative Roll-Call Data

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hayes Clark ◽  
Tracy Osborn ◽  
Jonathan Winburn ◽  
Gerald C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Legislative Behavior ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
Comprehensive Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
State Legislative

Roll-call data have become a staple of contemporary scholarship on legislative behavior. Recent methodological innovations in the analysis of roll-call data have produced a number of important theoretical insights, such as understanding the structure of congressional decisionmaking and the role of parties and ideology in Congress. Many of the methodological innovations and theoretical questions sparked by congressional scholarship have been difficult to test at the state level because of the lack of comprehensive data on various forms of state legislative behavior, including roll-call voting. The Representation in America's Legislatures project rectifies that problem through collection of comprehensive state legislative roll-call votes across all 99 state legislative chambers for the 1999–2000 and 2003–04 legislative sessions. In this article, we describe the data available through this project as well as our data acquisition procedures, including Stata and Perl programming and OCR of paper documents, with suggestions about how to use these methods to collect a wide range of state-level data.

Swineherds and Hogs on Ice: Leadership Impacts for State Chief Judges

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2198901
Author(s):  
Thomas Gray ◽  
Banks Miller
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Random Chance ◽  
Chief Justice ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Better Than

Chief judges stand as visible leaders of their courts. Analyses of the Supreme Court focus on the role of the chief justice as an institution-builder seeking out public-facing consensus to protect Court legitimacy. Studying the powers of chief judges and political leadership in general is difficult. Analyzing all 50 states over 16 years we find no evidence that the identity of chief judges explains consensus behavior any better than random chance. This is true even among the subset of chief judges with additional institutional powers like opinion assignment. We show that court structures explain consensus, while leader features do not. Being chief judge correlates with an elevated likelihood of being in the majority, particularly in cases decided by one vote. These results add to our understanding of leadership on courts and imply that the office of chief judge at the state level is more symbolic than uniquely powerful.

scholarly journals The role of legal ideology and legal doctrine in shaping national legal culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Makarenko L.
Keyword(s):  
Legal Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Legal Ideology ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
Sound Theory ◽  
Science And Education

The article reveals the role of legal ideology and legal doctrine in shaping national legal culture. Stated about the absence in our society of well-established legal ideology and the necessity of its formation and implementation. Especially important is the latter, given the practice of continuous implementation in Ukraine of the constitutional and other «reforms» that only aggravate the situation of legal culture. It is noted that for the formation of legal culture in Ukraine, it is necessary to develop scientifically sound legal doctrine, which should be carried out appropriate legal policy of the state. However in Ukraine, the state and legal reform are implemented without a clear doctrinal approach, as indicated by a critical assessment of the judicial reform. On this basis we believe that the key to the domestic legal doctrine should be the issues of judicial reform and the development of legal science and education. Quality legal education is impossible without the legal science, which needs to develop scientifically sound theory of legal culture. Keywords: legal culture and national legal culture, legal doctrine, legal ideology, corruption.

scholarly journals Mentoring as an individual form of preparing orphans for independent living in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iuliia Udovenko ◽  
Tetiana Melnychuk ◽  
Julia Gorbaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Mentoring Program ◽  
Individual Form ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One

AbstractObjective: The purpose of the study is to analyze and define the content, specifics, and procedures of social and psychological work with citizens who have expressed a desire to become mentors for orphans.Introduction: In Ukraine, there are more than 750 foundations of institutional care and upbringing of children, in which approximately 106,000 children live. Only 8% among them have the status of orphans and children deprived of parental care; the other 92% have parents, but due to some difficult life circumstances of parents or presence of special needs or disability in children, they cannot live or be brought up in the family. It means that 92% of children without the status of orphans or children deprived of parental care cannot be adopted or placed for living and upbringing to other forms of family placement (guardianship/care, foster family, family-type orphanage). Along with this, out of 8% of orphan children and children deprived of parental care, there are no opportunities to be accommodated in any family forms of upbringing the following children: teenagers and youngsters, brothers and sisters from families with many children, and children with disabilities. In such children, close emotional relationships with meaningful, constant adults, which is a vital necessity for their psycho-emotional development and well-being, have been lost or were not formed at all. Accordingly, the introduction of mentoring for orphans and children deprived of parental care who live in relevant institutions is motivated by the necessity to satisfy the need of every child in emotional support, assistance and protection by a significant, authoritative person, and friend.Methods: The study uses an experience which was gained during the realization of the project as the author-developer of the methodology of socio-psychological work with citizens and children concerning preparations for mentoring and training for both coordinators and mentors of the Mentoring Program in cooperation with specialists of the “One Hope” non-governmental organization; in the role of educator for the preparation of coordinators for the Mentoring Program implementation, as well as in the role of expert during the implementation of Mentoring Program by the community organization “One Hope” during the 2009-2016 period [1]. Also, authors participated in developing of the mentors preparing program over orphans and children deprived of parental care in order to receive approval at the state level.Results: Mentoring for orphans and children deprived of parental care residing in institutions has been implemented in Ukraine since 2009 by the “One Hope” (“Odna Nadia”) public organization in cooperation with the Kyiv City Children’s Service and the Kyiv City Center of Social Services for Families, Children and Young People. The project “One Hope” was launched in the city of Kyiv and the Kyiv region during 2009-2016. Since 2016, mentoring as an individual form of support and assistance for a child living in a residential institution has been introduced in Ukraine at the state level.Conclusions: If an orphan child or a child deprived of parental care is unable to live and being brought up in a family, then the mentor’s role in the life of this child is of paramount importance. This is due to the fact that such a form of individual support through mentoring will facilitate the preparation of every orphan child for independent living in the future.

scholarly journals Understanding Human Dignity

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Shared Meaning ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
Original Essays ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of human dignity has become central to political philosophy and legal discourse on human rights, but it remains enigmatic. Understanding Human Dignity is a book of original essays by a multi-disciplinary group of historians, legal academics, judges, political scientists, theologians, and philosophers, which aims to debate a broad range of current approaches to how to understand the concept. Some of the main issues considered include fundamental theoretical questions: Is there a minimum core to the meaning of human dignity? Is a person’s human dignity to be assessed subjectively from his or her point of view, or ‘objectively’? Can human dignity be understood in purely secular terms? Can there be a shared meaning of human dignity where there is religious and ideological pluralism? What ontological claims are implied by appeals to human dignity? Other questions are more directed at the implications of dignity for relations between individuals, and between individuals and the state: What are the implications of human dignity for the ways in which we should behave towards each other? What are its implications for the ways in which the state should treat those who fall under its authority? An important set of questions posed considers specifically the relationship between human dignity, human rights, and other values: Is human dignity more appropriately seen as attaching to some human rights rather than others? What is the relationship between human dignity and other values and principles connected with rights, such as autonomy, freedom, equality, social solidarity, and identity? What is the weight and status of human dignity? Does human dignity have a status superior to that of other values? Is it absolute, or can it be balanced against other values? Does human dignity essentially serve community or individual goals? Can it also serve moralistic and paternalistic goals? Is human dignity necessarily an emancipatory idea? Is it rights-supporting or rights-constraining? Also considered is how, if at all, the concept of human dignity helps us to deal with claims made in relation to several issues that are among the most divisive current political and social questions. Does dignity apply only to sentient humans, or can it apply to animals, dead humans, and human foetuses? What is the relation between the idea of dignity and what appears to be voluntary self-degradation (for example, in some instances of prostitution and pornography)? How far, if at all, can a person waive his or her human dignity? Does human dignity determine the boundaries of religious pluralism? A further set of questions considered are more institutional, or related to the relationship between disciplines: How appropriate is the use of the concept of human dignity for judicial decision-making? What is the role of courts and legal authorities in developing and elaborating the concept of human dignity? What role, if any, should human dignity play in adjudicating conflicts of human rights, philosophical and legal?

Constitutional Design of Electoral Governance in Federal States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Michael Pal
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Design ◽  
Constitutional Politics ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Division Of Powers ◽  
Multiple Orders ◽  
Unitary Model

Abstract This article explores the constitutional politics of electoral governance in federations by focusing on the role of election commissions, drawing mainly on examples from Asia. All democracies face the challenge of insulating electoral governance from interference and capture. Compared to unitary states, federations confront the additional dilemma of how to disperse authority over electoral governance across multiple orders of government. Federal democracies must decide whether electoral governance should be a matter for the center or the states. I argue that the basic choice is between what I will call the ‘unitary model’ and the ‘division of powers model.’ The main institution of electoral governance is the electoral management body or ‘EMB.’ In the unitary model, a central EMB administers both national and state-level elections. In the ‘division of powers model’, both a central and state-level EMBs exist, with the state commissions administering elections in the component units of the federation. In federal democracies generally, but especially in Asia, the allure of the unitary model has been strong. The article draws on the example of the Constituent Assembly in India to illustrate what is at stake in how federal constitutions allocate authority over electoral governance.

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