scholarly journals Polish April Constitution of 1935 and Constitution of the Fifth Republic of France of 1958. Apparent Affinity

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-362
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Ujazdowski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Republic ◽  
Apparent Affinity

An Unexpected Journey

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Bedock
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Fifth Republic ◽  
Electoral Calendar

Whereas the shortening of the presidential term was a long-debated, largely consensual, institutional topic in the story of the French Fifth Republic, the matter of the reordering of the electoral calendar was a circumstantial result of the dissolution and proved very divisive. The chapter shows how, paradoxically, two reforms that followed logically from one another in the minds of reformers, and emerged around the same time, followed hugely distinctive logics in terms of emergence and adoption, were separated sequentially, and were supported by different coalitions each time. This is the case because the reforms were perceived as having different natures: a consensual reform for the five-year term, a divisive reform for the reordering of the calendar. Whereas the quinquennat was debated and adopted through a supermajoritarian process involving deliberation among the vast majority of the political elites, the reordering of the calendar followed a purely majoritarian logic.

Interaction of Photosystem II Herbicides with Bicarbonate and Formate in Their Effects on Photosynthetic Electron Flow

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 374-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. S. van Rensen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Hill Reaction ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Apparent Affinity ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Flow ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Hill

The reactivation of the Hill reaction in CO2-depleted broken chloroplasts by various concentrations of bicarbonate was measured in the absence and in the presence of photosystem II herbicides. It appears that these herbicides decrease the apparent affinity of the thylakoid membrane for bicarbonate. Different characteristics of bicarbonate binding were observed in chloroplasts of triazine-resistant Amaranthus hybridus compared to the triazine-sensitive biotype. It is concluded that photosystem II herbicides, bicarbonate and formate interact with each other in their binding to the Qв-protein and their interference with photosynthetic electron transport.

Kinetics of bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+ co-transport in erythrocytes of essential hypertensive patients

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Delva ◽  
Mario De Gasperi ◽  
Maurizio Degan ◽  
Grazia Covi ◽  
Alessandro Lechi
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Cation Transport ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Apparent Affinity ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. Outward bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+ co-transport was studied in the erythrocytes of 51 subjects, 24 normotensive subjects and 27 hypertensive patients, matched for sex and age. 2. Three kinetic parameters of this cation transport system were considered: velocity of efflux at saturating internal sodium (Nai) concentrations (Vmax.), apparent affinity for sodium (K50%) and index of co-operativity among Nai sites (Hill's n). 3. We correlated these values with clinical and laboratory data determined routinely in hypertension. 4. There were no significant differences between normotensive and hypertensive subjects for the values considered and we did not find any significant correlations between co-transport and clinical data.

Two opposite effects of ATP on the apparent sensitivity of the cGMP-gated channel of the carp retinal cone

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Ichi Watanabe ◽  
Jing Shen
Keyword(s):  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Apparent Affinity ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Cyclic Monophosphate ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Gated Channel ◽  
Retinal Cone ◽  
A Current

AbstractEffects of ATP on the activity of cGMP-gated channels from carp cone photoreceptors were studied. In 29% of the patches examined (N = 45), ATP (1 mM) enhanced a current evoked by cGMP (20 μM, up to about 100%), in 33%, ATP suppressed it by up to about 90%, and in the remaining 38%, ATP had no effect. ATP showed similar effects on a current evoked by 8-bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (2 μM, enhancing in 42% of the patches, suppressing in 25%, no effect in 33%, N = 12), suggesting that the effects were not through modulation of the phosphodiesterase. Both of the effects, enhancement and suppression, were produced by a change in apparent affinity for cGMP, since (1) the maximum current evoked by cGMP of the saturating concentration (≥1 mM) was not affected, and (2) the A1/2 value decreased by approximately 45% (N = 2) or increased by approximately 25% (N = 2). A lower pH (approximately 6) facilitated the enhancing effect. ATP-γ-S (1 mM) showed a suppressing effect in 80% of the patches and no effect in 20% of the patches (N = 10). However, ATP-γ-S did not show an enhancing effect. Thus, ATP had two opposite effects through different mechanisms on the apparent sensitivity of the channel to cGMP; increasing and decreasing.

scholarly journals Regulation of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity by IgG Intrinsic and Apparent Affinity for Target Antigen

2007 ◽  
Vol 179 (5) ◽  
pp. 2815-2823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Tang ◽  
Jianlong Lou ◽  
R. Katherine Alpaugh ◽  
Matthew K. Robinson ◽  
James D. Marks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Antigen ◽  
Cellular Cytotoxicity ◽  
Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity ◽  
Apparent Affinity

scholarly journals G-Quadruplexes and Their Ligands: Biophysical Methods to Unravel G-Quadruplex/Ligand Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 769
Author(s):  
Tiago Santos ◽  
Gilmar F. Salgado ◽  
Eurico J. Cabrita ◽  
Carla Cruz
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
Titration Calorimetry ◽  
Apparent Affinity ◽  
G Quadruplex ◽  
Ligand Interactions ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Fluorescent Intercalator Displacement

Progress in the design of G-quadruplex (G4) binding ligands relies on the availability of approaches that assess the binding mode and nature of the interactions between G4 forming sequences and their putative ligands. The experimental approaches used to characterize G4/ligand interactions can be categorized into structure-based methods (circular dichroism (CD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography), affinity and apparent affinity-based methods (surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and mass spectrometry (MS)), and high-throughput methods (fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-melting, G4-fluorescent intercalator displacement assay (G4-FID), affinity chromatography and microarrays. Each method has unique advantages and drawbacks, which makes it essential to select the ideal strategies for the biological question being addressed. The structural- and affinity and apparent affinity-based methods are in several cases complex and/or time-consuming and can be combined with fast and cheap high-throughput approaches to improve the design and development of new potential G4 ligands. In recent years, the joint use of these techniques permitted the discovery of a huge number of G4 ligands investigated for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Overall, this review article highlights in detail the most commonly used approaches to characterize the G4/ligand interactions, as well as the applications and types of information that can be obtained from the use of each technique.

scholarly journals The two C-terminal tyrosines stabilize occluded Na/K pump conformations containing Na or K ions

2010 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascia Vedovato ◽  
David C. Gadsby
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutations ◽  
Pump Current ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Apparent Affinity ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Na Ions ◽  
Almost All

Interactions of the three transported Na ions with the Na/K pump remain incompletely understood. Na/K pump crystal structures show that the extended C terminus of the Na,K–adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) α subunit directly contacts transmembrane helices. Deletion of the last five residues (KETYY in almost all Na/K pumps) markedly lowered the apparent affinity for Na activation of pump phosphorylation from ATP, a reflection of cytoplasmic Na affinity for forming the occluded E1P(Na3) conformation. ATPase assays further suggested that C-terminal truncations also interfere with low affinity Na interactions, which are attributable to extracellular effects. Because extracellular Na ions traverse part of the membrane’s electric field to reach their binding sites in the Na/K pump, their movements generate currents that can be monitored with high resolution. We report here electrical measurements to examine how Na/K pump interactions with extracellular Na ions are influenced by C-terminal truncations. We deleted the last two (YY) or five (KESYY) residues in Xenopus laevis α1 Na/K pumps made ouabain resistant by either of two kinds of point mutations and measured their currents as 10-mM ouabain–sensitive currents in Xenopus oocytes after silencing endogenous Xenopus Na/K pumps with 1 µM ouabain. We found the low affinity inhibitory influence of extracellular Na on outward Na/K pump current at negative voltages to be impaired in all of the C-terminally truncated pumps. Correspondingly, voltage jump–induced transient charge movements that reflect pump interactions with extracellular Na ions were strongly shifted to more negative potentials; this signals a several-fold reduction of the apparent affinity for extracellular Na in the truncated pumps. Parallel lowering of Na affinity on both sides of the membrane argues that the C-terminal contacts provide important stabilization of the occluded E1P(Na3) conformation, regardless of the route of Na ion entry into the binding pocket. Gating measurements of palytoxin-opened Na/K pump channels additionally imply that the C-terminal contacts also help stabilize pump conformations with occluded K ions.

Modern French Policy on the African Continent: Transformations of a Françafrique Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 002190962110462
Author(s):  
Nikolay A Medushevskiy ◽  
Alisa R Shishkina
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
African Continent ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Fifth Republic ◽  
The Impact

This article focuses on the policy of France’s Fifth Republic on the African continent, primarily in the area of historical French influence formed during the colonial period. We analyze the conditions, prerequisites, and mechanisms for the development of cooperation between France and the African states, with reference to the implementation of France’s national interests. In this study, we aim to identify and generalize the models and methods of pursuing French national interests on the African continent, including in connection with the development of individual African states, as well as the impact of globalization.

Clochards, Commercials, Cohabitation, Continuity, and Change, a Summary of Colloquia Held at the Institute of French Studies, New York University, Autumn 1986

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (x) ◽  
pp. 341-352
Author(s):  
Melissa Clegg
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Professor Emeritus ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
New York University ◽  
Fifth Republic ◽  
French Studies ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Napoleon Iii ◽  
The University

Since the founding of the Fifth Republic Paris has been rebuilt to an extent only the reconstructions of the Second Empire under Napoleon III could match. The story of its rebuilding—told by David Pinkney, Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Washington—could serve as a fable with a moral about the whole of French cultural and political life for the last twenty-five years. De Gaulle began the transformation of Paris by deregulating the building industry. The threats of that policy to the historical character of the city eventually provoked, under Giscard d’Estaing and Mitterrand, a return to the centrist practices of a state accustomed to regulation.

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