scholarly journals Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities of Crocus alatavicus from Kazakhstan

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariya SATYBALDIYEVA ◽  
Valentina MURSALIYEVA ◽  
Izbassar RAKHIMBAYEV ◽  
Bolatkhan ZAYADAN ◽  
Ramazan MAMMADOV
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Strains

Phytochemical analysis of C. alatavicus revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, amino acids and carbohydrates. The flavonoid, amino acids and carotenoid contents were higher in aerial part (1.50%, 7.49% and 9.78mg%, respectively) than in bulb (0.43%, 3.88% and 0.91 mg%, respectively). Total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant (TAA), 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of water, methanol, ethanol and dichloromethane extracts from aerial part and bulb were tested. TPC ranged from 13.63 to 72.29 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract. The maximum TAA were observed in ethanol (61.34%) and methanol extracts (46.13%) from aerial part with a high TPC (72.29 and 62.37 mgGAE/g extract, respectively). Ethanol extracts from aerial part and bulb had good scavenger of DPPH radicals (65.5% and 54.08%, respectively) with an IC50 387 and 447 µg/ml. Ethanol extract from aerial part was most effective against gram-positive bacterial strains S. aureus, B. subtilis and B. cereus. Biological activities of the extracts were correlated with the TPC. It can be deduced that ethanol and methnol extracts of C. alatavicus contains useful potent bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

scholarly journals Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Various Propolis Samples Collected from an African and an Asian Region and Their Impact on Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4589
Author(s):  
Soumaya Touzani ◽  
Hamada Imtara ◽  
Shankar Katekhaye ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Hayat Ouassou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Photodiode Array Detection

The biological activities of propolis samples are the result of many bioactive compounds present in the propolis. The aim of the present study was to determine the various chemical compounds of some selected propolis samples collected from Palestine and Morocco by the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Photodiode Array Detection (HPLC-PDA) method, as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of this bee product. The chemical analysis of propolis samples by HPLC-PDA shows the cinnamic acid content in the Palestinian sample is higher compared to that in Moroccan propolis. The results of antioxidant activity demonstrated an important free radical scavenging activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and reducing power assays) with EC50 values ranging between 0.02 ± 0.001 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Additionally, all tested propolis samples possessed a moderate antibacterial activity against bacterial strains. Notably, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) values ranged from 0.31 to 2.50 mg/mL for Gram-negative bacterial strains and from 0.09 to 0.125 mg/mL for Gram-positive bacterial strains. The S2 sample from Morocco and the S4 sample from Palestine had the highest content of polyphenol level. Thus, the strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties were apparently due to the high total phenolic and flavone/flavonol contents in the samples. As a conclusion, the activities of propolis samples collected from both countries are similar, while the cinnamic acid in the Palestinian samples was more than that of the Moroccan samples.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of fruit extracts of Berberis species from Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Sarala Dhungel ◽  
Giri Prasad Joshi ◽  
Deepak Raj Pant
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fruit Extracts

  The Himalayan region is rich in flowering plants diversity, including medicinal and wild edible plants. These plants possess variety of therapeutically important compounds, like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in different parts. Presence of significant amount of these compounds makes a species valuable to be used as super foods or medicines. Furthermore, plant extracts especially those of fruits are basically attributed with natural antioxidants, either in form of vitamins or color-inducing pigments, which have become the target to replace the synthetic antioxidants. In this regard, fruits of Berberis species, one of the popular wild edible fruits of Nepal, are noted for their antioxidant property since time immemorial. The present study was done with an attempt to quantify the antioxidant potential and antibacterial activities of the fruit extracts of four taxa of Berberis (B. angulosa var. angulosa, B. angulosa var. fasciculata, B. aristata and B. asiatica) from Nepal and to correlate the antioxidant potential with various phytochemicals present in the extracts. Methanolic fruit extracts were used to spectrophotometrically quantify total phenolic and flavonoid contents. DPPH free radical scavenging assay and antibacterial assay were carried out in in-vitro condition. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed high polyphenol content (52.60 ± 3.73 and 58.07 ± 1.44 mg GAE/g) and better antioxidant property (35.29 ± 3.01 and 29.15 ± 2.01 μg/ml) respectively in B. angulosa var. angulosa and B. angulosa var. fasciculata than in the fruit extracts of B. aristata and B. asiatica. In contrast, fruit extracts of B. asiatica showed the highest total flavonoid content (27.52 ± 0.56 mg QE/g) than did by the extracts of other taxa studied. The fruit extract of B. aristata and B. angulosa var. fasciculata at very high concentration (200 mg/ml) showed maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against tested bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In contrast, B. asiatica did not show any ZOI for both of the tested bacterial strains. As fruits are better sources of antioxidant with greater accumulation of flavonoids and phenolics, wild fruits should be equally spaced for their better efficiency as cultivated ones.Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2016) 10: 6–11

scholarly journals Assessment of the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham & Schltdl. leaf extracts

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1079
Author(s):  
Taiwo Oluwafunmilola Abifarin ◽  
Gloria Aderonke Otunola ◽  
Anthony Jide Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Phytochemical Contents

Background: Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. and Schltdl (Apiaceae) is widely used traditionally for the treatment of a wide range of diseases in Southern and Eastern Africa. Although previous studies have reported the biological activities of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of H. arborescens leaves, there is no scientific information on the phytochemical contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of acetone, ethanol, aqueous and blanched extracts. This study is therefore aimed to investigate and compare the phytochemical contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of acetone, ethanol, aqueous and blanched extracts of H. arborescens leaves. Methods: Phytochemical analysis for the total phenolic, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin, alkaloid and saponin contents of all the fractions were determined by spectroscopic methods, while the free radical scavenging potential of the extracts were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity assays. Micro dilution method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of H. arborescens leaf extracts against Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results: Total phenol content of the extracts ranged between 15.10 mg GAE/g- 42.50 mg GAE/g, proanthocyanidin was 459-8402.1 mg QE/g, and flavonoid content of 109.24-235.79 mg QE/g. In addition, alkaloids (5.59%) and saponins (23.33%) were present in significant amounts. Based on the IC50 values, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (0.013 mg/mL) with highest inhibition against DPPH and ABTS radicals (0.06 and 0.049 mg/mL respectively). Considerable antibacterial activities were observed in the acetone, ethanol and blanched extracts with MIC values ranging from 1.563-12.5 mg/mL; however, the aqueous extract was inactive against all the bacteria strains. Conclusion: The study suggests that H. arborescens leaves could be a valuable source of bioactive compounds. Although the blanching process significantly decreased polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the extracts, it increased the antibacterial compounds.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Biological Activities of Egyptian Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Aqueous Extract: In Vitro Study

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2626
Author(s):  
Wael Sobhy Darwish ◽  
Abada El Sayed Khadr ◽  
Maher Abd El Naby Kamel ◽  
Mabrouk A. Abd Eldaim ◽  
Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Ceratonia Siliqua

Ceratonia siliqua (Carob) is an evergreen Mediterranean tree, and carob pods are potentially nutritive and have medicinal value. The present study was carried out to estimate the possible biological activities of phytochemical-characterized carob pod aqueous extract (CPAE). The phytochemical contents of CPAE were determined by using colorimetric methods and HPLC. In addition, the free radical scavenging properties and anti-diabetic, anti-hemolytic, and antimicrobial activities were estimated by using standardized in vitro protocols. The phytochemical analysis revealed that CPAE was rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, where it contained a significant amount of gallic acid, catechin, and protocatechuic acid. Furthermore, CPAE exhibited strong antioxidant activity where it prevented the formation of 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide free radicals. Additionally, it had a potent inhibitory effect against digestive enzymes (amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase). Moreover, CPAE exhibited anti-Staph aureus, anti-Escherichia coli, anti-Candida albicans, and anti-herpes simplex type I virus (HSV-I). Finally, CPAE protected the erythrocyte membrane from hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis. Altogether, CPAE could be regarded as an interesting source of biologically active antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial preparation for a potential application in pharmaceutical and food supplement fields.

scholarly journals Biological activities of spike moss Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring. collected from Co Thach, Binh Thuan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Tran Ngoc Bao Do ◽  
Tien Thi My Le ◽  
Hiep Minh Dinh ◽  
Phuong Ngo Diem Quach
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Reducing Ability ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Selaginella Tamariscina

In Vietnam, Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring. has been used as a traditional medicine for osteoarthritis, haemorrhage, hepatitis, burn, … However, Selaginella tamariscina is less studied than in other countries. Therefore, this research focuses on study some bioactivities (such as antioxidative, antibacterial activities, and inhibition of albumin denaturation) and preliminary phytochemical screening of six extracts (ethanol extracts of root, leaf, whole plant, petroleum extracts of root, leaf, whole plant) of S. tamariscina collect from Co Thach, Binh Thuan Province. The preliminary phytochemical screening results show that Selaginella tamariscina extracts have most of secondary metabolite groups such as phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and lactone. The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of root is higher than that of other extracts. Moreover, the ethanol extract of root also has the highest reducing ability and free radical scavenging activity, with EC50 = 1.590 ± 0.091mg/ml. In the anti-denaturation of albumin test, the petroleum ether extract of whole plant has the lowest IC50 at 99 ± 5μg/ml.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Constituency Profiling and Antimicrobial Activity Screening of Seaweeds Extracts Collected from the Bay of Bengal Sea Coasts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
Md. Abdus Shukur Imran ◽  
Farhana Rumzum Bhuiyan ◽  
Sheikh Rashel Ahmed ◽  
Parsha Shanzana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Enteromorpha Intestinalis ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Hypnea Musciformis ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Seaweed Extracts

AbstractSeaweeds are able to produce a great variety of secondary metabolites that are characterized by a broad spectrum of biological activities. Two seaweeds species, namelyHypnea musciformisandEnteromorpha intestinalis werestudied to evaluate the phytochemical constituency and antimicrobial activities. First of all, crude extracts of both sea weeds were prepared by two different extraction methods (soaking and water bath) using different solvents. Phytochemicals profiling results revealed the presence of bioactive compounds (flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, saponin and phenols) in both seaweed extracts. Quantification results for ethanolic extracts ofH. musciformis and E. intestinalisestimated 51 mg and 43 mg tannins in per gram of dried samples and flavonoids contents were found 67 mg and 57 mg/g mg QE/g respectively. Total phenolic contents were determined in terms of gallic acid equivalent (GAE).H. musciformisexhibited higher amount of phenolics (59 ± 0.0002 mg GAE/g) thanE. intestinalisextracts (41 ± 0.0002 mg GAE/g). In antimicrobial activity test, ethanol extractsof H. musciformisandE. intestinaliswere found 10 mm of inhibition diameter against all of the bacterial strains. Besides, methanol extracts ofE. intestinaliswere more susceptible toStaphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonaswhich was close to the inhibition diameter (>15 mm) of the mainstream antibiotic; Gentamicin. Moreover,Klebsiella sp. was found more susceptible to ethanol and methanol extracts of Hypnea musciformisas it showed inhibition zone greater than 15 mm. Both Seaweed extracts possessed higher amount of phytochemicals and showed promising antimicrobial activities when compared with the standards.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Moringa oleifera Leaves and Pods Extracts in Pork Meatballs During Cold Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patcharee Prasajak ◽  
Phanida Renumarn ◽  
Wichien Sriwichai ◽  
Pakkawat Detchewa
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner

Effects of M. oleifera leaves and pods extracts on physicochemical properties, free radical scavenging properties, antimicrobial activities and sensory attributes of pork meatballs were evaluated during cold storage at 4°C for 15 days. The preparation of pork meatballs was divided into eight treatments as control, 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 0.2% leaves and pods aqueous extract, 0.4% leaves and pods aqueous extract, 0.8% leaves and pods aqueous extract. Aqueous leaves extract showed highest level of total phenolic (67.18 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid contents (5.60 mg CE/g extract) compared to those observed in aqueous pods extract as 55.17 mg GAE/g extract and 3.54 mg CE/g extract, respectively. The leaves extract had strongest antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals with IC50 49.85 μg/ml while the pods extract exhibited IC50 99.31 μg/ml. According to pork meatballs analysis, meatballs samples with addition of aqueous leaves extract exerted higher antioxidant activities in a concentration-dependent manner that were performed by higher DPPH scavenging activity and lower TBARs values in comparison with aqueous pods extract. Conversely, M.oleifera pods extract showed highest antibacterial activity against all testedfoodborne bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus (TISTR 1466),Bacillus cereus (TISTR 678), Escherichia coli (TISTR 780), Salmonellatyphimurium (ATCC 13311) with lowest MIC (1.56 mg/ml) and MBC (3.13 mg/ml)in agreement with the decrease of total microbial counts as compared to controland BHT samples. The meatballs with pods extract possessed higher sensoryattributes scores than those added with the leaves extract. In conclusion, 0.8%pods extracts effectively retarded lipid oxidation as well as decreased microbialgrowth in pork meatballs during cold storage. However, it was point out thatinferior sensory scores were affected by increasing additional the extract in themeatballs. Therefore, the use of Moringa extracts should be carefully applied inthe meatballs for avoidance of lowering consumer acceptance.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chloroformic and methanolic extracts of 6 important medicinal plants collected from North of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Ghahari ◽  
Zahra Hadadi ◽  
Ghorban Ali Nematzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Abstract Background: as possible sources of natural bioactive molecules, the plant essential oils and extracts have been used globally in new antimicrobial compounds, food preservatives, and alternatives to treat infectious disease.Methods: In this research, the antimicrobial activities of chloroformic and methanolic extracts of Sophora flavescens, Rhaponticum repens, Alhagi maurorum, Melia azedarach, Peganum harmala, and Juncus conglomeratus were evaluated against 8 bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis, R. toxicus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, P. syringae, X. campestris, P. viridiflava) and 3 fungi (Pyricularia oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea), through disc diffusion method. Furthermore, the essential oils of plants with the highest antibacterial activity were analyzed utilizing GC/MS. Moreover, the tested plants were exposed to screening for possible antioxidant effect utilizing DPPH test, guaiacol peroxidas, and catalase enzymes. Besides, the amount of total phenol and flavonoid of these plants was measured. Results: Among the tested plants, methanolic and chloroformic extracts of P. harmala fruits showed the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. Besides, the investigation of free radical scavenging effects of the tested plants indicated the highest DPPH, protein, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase in P. harmala, M. azedarach, J. conglomeratus fruits, and J. conglomeratus fruits, respectively. In addition, the phytochemical analysis demonstrated the greatest amounts of total phenolic and flavonoid compositions in J. conglomeratus and P. harmala, respectively.Conclusion: The results indicated that these plants could act as a promising antimicrobial agent, due to their short killing time.

scholarly journals Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia virgata mericarps

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
Kara Guzel ◽  
Mahmut Ulger ◽  
Ahmet Kahraman
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Phenolic And Flavonoid ◽  
Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities

The phytochemical contents of Salvia virgata mericarps and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of its ethanol extract were studied for the first time. S. virgata mericarps were collected in the province of Trabzon, Turkey. Chemical analyses were performed using chromatographic methods. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant potential were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu, Al(NO3)3, and DPPH radical scavenging activity methods, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the microdilution method for all the tested bacterial and fungal strains, with the exception of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for which the resazurin microtiter plate method was applied. The mericarps were rich in glutamic acid (3934 mg/100 g), potassium (12578.8 ?g/g), calcium (12092.0 ?g/g), and dietary fibers (35.565 g/100 g). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 2.50 ?g GAE/mg extract and 0.34 ?g QE/mg extract, respectively. The most effective DPPH free radical scavenging activity determined for the highest applied concentration was 92.44%. The ethanol extract obtained from the mericarps was found to be as effective as the reference drug ampicillin (MIC value = 125 ?g/mL) against the nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. In conclusion, S. virgata mericarps provide good nutritional value with low amounts of carbohydrates and high dietary fibers, amino acids, minerals and total phenolic and flavonoid contents and medicinal properties.

Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chloroformic and methanolic extracts of 6 important medicinal plants collected from Northern of Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Ghahari ◽  
Zahra Hadadi ◽  
Ghorban Ali Nematzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Abstract Background: The plant essential oils and extracts are possible sources of natural bioactive molecules and have been selected globally for new antimicrobial compounds, food preservatives, and alternatives to treat infectious disease.Methods: In this research, antimicrobial activities of chloroformic and methanolic extracts of Sophora flavescens, Rhaponticum repens, Alhagi maurorum, Melia azedarach, Peganum harmala, and Juncus conglomeratus were evaluated against 8 bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis, R. toxicus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, P. syringae, X. campestris, P. viridiflava) and 3 fungi (Pyricularia oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea) through disc diffusion method. Furthermore, the essential oil of plants with the highest antibacterial activity was analyzed utilizing GC/MS. Moreover, tested plants were exposed to screening for possible antioxidant effect utilizing DPPH test, guaiacol peroxidas, and catalase enzymes. Besides, the amount of total phenol and flavonoid of these plants was measured. Results: Among tested plants, methanolic and chloroformic extracts of P. harmala fruits showed the highest antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. Also, the investigation of free radical scavenging effects of the tested plants indicated the highest DPPH, protein, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase in P. harmala, M. azedarach, J. conglomeratus fruits, and J. conglomeratus fruits, respectively. In addition, the phytochemical analysis demonstrated the greatest amounts of total phenolic, and flavonoid compositions in J. conglomeratus and P. harmala. Conclusion: The results indicated that these plants can act as a promising antimicrobial agent due to its short killing time.

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