Growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of thyme  (Thymus vulgaris L.) to the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal  fungi under cadmium stress conditions

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants used in various pharmaceutical, osmotic, health, and food industries. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis is viewed as one of the several methods to improve growth under heavy metals stress. To investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) and AMF bio-fertilizers on the growth and morpho-physiological characteristics of thyme, a greenhouse experiment was performed in three replications. Experimental treatments included Cd at three levels 0, 75, and 150 mg/kg of soil and AMF at three levels without inoculation, inoculation with Funneliformis etunicatum, and Funneliformis mosseae. Cadmium stressed plant showed reduced plant height, number of leaves, stem fresh and dry weight, and root fresh and dry weight while AMF inoculation enhanced the increased means of these traits considerably. Inoculation with F. mosseae also ameliorated the Cd stress (150 mg/kg) induced reduction in plant height, number of leaves, and stem and root dry weight by 13.41%, 8.42%, 30.3%, and 22.2%, respectively. Cadmium stress reduced membrane stability index while AMF inoculation enhanced membrane stability index considerably. An increase in soluble carbohydrate and proline content was observed due to Cd stress and AMF inoculation caused a further increase in these two metabolite contents ensuring better growth under Cd stressed conditions. Results indicated that F. mosseae had a higher efficiency in increasing morphological traits and improving physiological characteristics than F. etunicatum. Overall, AMF inoculation, especially F. mosseae significant ameliorative potential for Cd toxicity in thyme plants.

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Penekanan Perkembangan Penyakit Bercak Ungu pada Bawang Merah oleh Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula

Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia ◽

10.14692/jfi.12.5.159 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 159

Author(s):

Marlina Puspita Sari ◽

Bambang Hadisutrisno ◽

Suryanti Suryanti

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Plant Height ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Fungicide Treatment ◽

Alternaria Sp ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Amf Inoculation

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is known to improve the growth of shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) and strengthen the resistance of plants toward disease infection. This research aimed to find out the roles of AMF in suppressing the development of purple blotch disease caused by Alternaria sp. on shallot in Caturtunggal, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Inoculation of AMF either on fertilization of N, P, K or without fertilization treatment resulted on higher plant height and number of leaves compared to those without AMF inoculation. The plant inoculated with AMF had lower purple blotch disease intensity and disease progression than control and fungicide treatment. The result showed that AMF, in addition to act as the bio-fertilizer, is a potential to be a biocontrol agent.

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Studies on the effect of mycorrhization of potato roots on the hatching activity of potato root leachate towards the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854107782024758 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 719-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Patrick Haydock ◽

Peter Jones ◽

Ken Devine ◽

Thomas Deliopoulos

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Globodera Pallida ◽

Cyst Nematodes ◽

Potato Root ◽

Potato Plants ◽

Species Specific ◽

Amf Inoculation

AbstractSuccessful mycorrhization of potato plants cv. Golden Wonder was achieved with three commercial preparations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF): Vaminoc (mixed-isolate inoculum) and two of its components, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae. Potato cyst nematode hatching assays were conducted on the potato root leachate (PRL) produced by inoculated and non-inoculated potato plants to examine the effect of AMF inoculation on the hatching response of the two PCN species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. The overall hatch response of G. rostochiensis to the potato root leachate was greater than G. pallida. Root leachates from Vaminoc- and G. mosseae-inoculated plants were found to stimulate the hatch of G. pallida in the first 3 weeks after shoot emergence. Fractionation of root leachates with standardised carbon content by Sephadex G-10 chromatography revealed multiple AMF effects on hatching factor (HF) production. Root leachates from Vaminoc-inoculated plants contained markedly more G. pallida-active HF than all other treatments; by contrast, PRL from the three AMF treatments exhibited little variation in the quantity of G. rostochiensis-active HF produced. Several HF were PCN species-specific or species-selective, with those resolved from the G. intraradices and G. mosseae PRL profiles exhibiting an apparent preference for G. rostochiensis rather than G. pallida. Mycorrhization also significantly increased the root dry weight of plants.

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Revegetation of Critical Land with Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis) under Various Ameliorants Application

Journal of Tropical Soils ◽

10.5400/jts.2021.v26i1.19-28 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Slamet Budi Yuwono ◽

Alawiyah Alawiyah ◽

Melya Riniarti ◽

Dermiyati Dermiyati

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Dry Weight ◽

P Uptake ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Aquilaria Malaccensis ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Limestone Soil ◽

Amf Inoculation

Rehabilitation of post-mining limestone soils is often a challenge due to a lack of nutrients and poor soil humus. The research aims to study the effect of various ameliorants on soil chemical properties, growth, and P uptake of gaharu plant (Aquilaria malaccensis) in post-mining limestone soil for revegetation of critical land. The research was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The treatments were P0 (Control, without ameliorant); P1 (Humic Acid, HA, 4 kg ha-1 ); P2 (Phosphate Rocks, PR, 350 kg ha-1 ); P3 (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, AMF, 500 spores plant-1 ); P4 (HA+AMF); P5 (PR+AMF); and P6 (HA+PR+AMF). Data were analyzed using ANOVA at 95% confidence level and continued with the LSD test. The use of various types of ameliorants (HA, RP, and AMF) significantly increased root length, root volume, wet and dry weight of roots, shoot wet and dry weight, and P uptake of gaharu tree. The best ameliorant in increasing gaharu tree growth was AMF (P3) treatment, and AMF combined with HA (P4) treatment. Thus, for revegetation of critical land, especially post-mining limestone land, using gaharu tree requires HA and AMF inoculation.

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Respon Pertumbuhan Tanaman Iler (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth) pada Kondisi Cekaman Kekeringan terhadap Inokulasi Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskular (FMA)

Journal of Tropical Silviculture ◽

10.29244/j-siltrop.12.1.17-22 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

Eva Proditus Sianturi ◽

Budiman Budiman ◽

Moh. Ega Elman Miska

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Root Infection ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Amf Inoculation ◽

Number Of Branches

Iler plant (Coleus artopurporeus L benth) is a plant that was originally cultivated as an ornamental plant and then developed as a medicinal plant because it contains flavonoids and anthocyanins. Drought stress is a major environmental problem that causes various changes in plant morphological, metabolic and physiological functions. Utilization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is an effort to support the growth and development of iler plants in drought stress conditions. This study aims to determine the effect of AMF inoculation on the growth of iler plants under drought stress conditions, determine the optimal level of drought stress for ilher plant growth, and determine the best interaction between AMF inoculation and the level of drought stress on the growth of iler plants. The design used in this study was a completely randomized factorial 2-factor design. The first factor is AMF inoculation consisting of 2 levels, namely, without administration of AMF inoculum and AMF inoculum administration. The second factor is drought stress consists of 3 levels namely, 100% field capacity, 90% drought stress, and 45% drought stress. The results showed the effectiveness of the AMF inoculum test was able to increase the growth of iler plants based on parameters plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, root length, root volume, root dry weight, number of spores and root infection. The optimal level of drought stress for iler plant growth is 90% drought stress, it is based on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, root length, number of spores and root infection. There is the best interaction between AMF inoculation and 90% drought stress level on the growth of iler plants. These interactions can increase plant height, leaf area, number of spores and root infection. Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA), drought stress, iler plants

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Respon Pertumbuhan Semai Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King) pada Pot Organik dan Diinokulasi Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA)

Journal of Tropical Silviculture ◽

10.29244/j-siltrop.11.2.45-50 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 45-50

Author(s):

Sri Wilarso Budi ◽

Faradila Mei Jayani

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Raw Material ◽

Single Treatment ◽

Swietenia Macrophylla ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Amf Inoculation

A forest trees seedling production nowadays had used a polybag that caused the roots grow in a circle and the polybag are not easily degraded by the environment. It can be replaced with the use of container based on organic material that is environmentally friendly. The purposes of this study were to analyze the effect of treatment of raw material of organic pot and to analyze the inoculation of AMF to the growth of mahogany seedling as well. This study used the completely randomized design with two factor. The interaction of organic pot composition and the addition of AMF were significantly affected in terms of height and total dry weight of mahogany seedling. A single treatment of organic pot composition gave a significant effect on the increase of mahogany seedling diameter. A single treatment with AMF addition was significantly affected on the increase of both diameter and % mycorrhizal colonization at the root of mahogany seedling. The best treatment that has the greatest response of mahogany seedlings growth was the organic pot composition of newspaper:compost with a ratio of 3:2 along with the addition of AMF. Keywords: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), inoculation, Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King), Organic Pot, seedling

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Eﬀect of phospho-compost and phosphate laundered sludge combined or not with endomycorrhizal inoculum on the growth and yield of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions

Acta Biologica Szegediensis ◽

10.14232/abs.2020.2.221-232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 221-232

Author(s):

Soumaya EL Gabardi ◽

Najoua Mouden ◽

Mohamed Chliyeh ◽

Karima Selmaoui ◽

Amina Ouazzani Touhami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Flower Plant ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

G 34 ◽

Positive Effect

The study aims to evaluate the eﬀect of endomycorrhizal inoculum (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), phospho-compost and phosphate sludge in single (M, PC, PS) or dual combinations (PC+M, PS+M, PS+PC) compared to agricultural and Mamora soils (A and S) on the growth, ﬂowering, and yield of tomato plants. Among the studied treatments, the substrates containing 5% of phospho-compost combined with endomycorrhizal inoculum (PC+M) gave the most positive eﬀect followed by phospho-compost (PC) and endomycorrhizal inoculum (M). In response to PC+M substrate, tomato plant height, the number of leaves and ﬂowers attained 90 cm, 30, and 25, respectively. In substrates PC and M, tomato plants showed a height of 85 and 75 cm, leaves number of 30 and 19 leave/plant and number of ﬂowers of 21, and 19 ﬂower/plant. An optimal yield with (12 fruits/plant) was recorded in tomato plants grown on the substrate amended with bio-inoculant (AMF) and phospho-compost at a rate of 5%. In terms of qualitative parameters, the highest fresh and dry weight of aerial plant parts and root system were recorded in tomato plants grown in culture substrate incorporating 10 g of endomycorrhizal inoculum and 5% of phospho-compost reaching respectively103.4 g, 34 g 90.1 g, 28.9 g as compared to 87, 51, 23 and 24.1 g noted by tomato plants on the substrate with phospho-compost (5%) (PC). The highest mycorrhization parameters (frequency (F), intensity of mycorrhization (M), average arbuscular content (A), average vesicular content (V), average intraradicular spore content (S)) were found in the roots of tomato plants growing on substrates amended with 5% phospho-compost plus 10 g of endomycorrhizal inoculum, with percentages of 100% F, 61% M, 40.67% A, 18.36% V, and 56.9% S.

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PRODUCTION OF AUSTRALIAN CEDAR SEEDLINGS INOCULATED WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTAINERS

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/0100-67622016000200009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 269-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Élida Ribeiro do Carmo ◽

Cristiane Figueira da Silva ◽

Marta Simone Mendonça Freitas ◽

Késsia Barrêto Lima ◽

Marco Antonio Martins

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Different Types ◽

Weight One ◽

Total Plant ◽

Amf Inoculation

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the growth and the levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in Australian cedar seedlings which had been inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different types of containers. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and the experimental design was that of randomized complete blocks (RCB), with a 4 x 4 factorial design consisting of four inoculation treatments with AMF (Rhizophagus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, a mixed inoculation (R. clarum + G. margarita) and the control (with no AMF inoculation); four types of containers (plastic bags measuring 250 cm3, tubes of 55 and 130 cm3 and pressed blocks 440 cm3. plant-1), with four repetitions. The height, the diameter of the stem base, the aerial part dry weight (APDW), the dry weight of the root (DWR) and the total plant dry weight (DW) were measured, along with the Dickson quality index, the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and the levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the aerial part dry weight. One hundred and thirty eight days (138) days after sowing, the greatest growth and/or the highest levels of P, K and Ca could be observed in the aerial part dry weight of the Australian cedar seedlings which had been planted in the pressed block container and inoculated with a mixture of the two AMF species (G. margarita + R. clarum) or with just R. clarum. Thus it can be seen that AMF can make a significant contribution to the production of Australian cedar seedlings.

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Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on early development of persimmon seedlings

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.2478/fhort-2018-0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 39-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gabriela Silva Machineski ◽

César Augusto Gotardo Victola ◽

Carolina Honda ◽

Oswaldo Machineski ◽

Maria de Fátima Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Sterile Soil ◽

Vegetative Development ◽

Leaf Surface Area ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Amf Inoculation

Abstract The present study evaluated the effects of five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on vegetative development parameters and nutrient uptake of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments involving AMF inoculation (non-inoculated; Dentiscutata heterogama, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus clarus, Acaulospora scrobiculata and A. morrowiae), in sterile soil (Oxisol – Dystrophic Red Latosol) under greenhouse conditions. Persimmon seeds were germinated in sterile sand and the seedlings were transplanted to the sterile soil and received AMF inocula. After 360 days, the following vegetative parameters were analyzed: plant height, number of leaves, leaf surface area, stem diameter, shoot and root dry mass, percentage of root colonization and nutrient accumulation in shoot and root biomass. We observed different responses to the AMF species tested. Seedling height and leaf surface area were promoted by inoculation with D. heterogama and A. morrowiae, and these species also promoted a higher percentage of root colonization. Plants inoculated with D. heterogama and C. etunicatum presented a greater number of leaves, but only D. heterogama promoted significant increases in stem diameter. Shoot dry mass was improved by inoculation with D. heterogama, A. morrowiae and C. etunicatum, while the first two species and R. clarus increased root dry mass. Nutrient accumulation in shoot and root biomass was stimulated by AMF inoculation, especially by D. heterogama and A. morrowiae. Therefore, the effects on early vegetative development were more pronounced in the persimmon seedlings inoculated with D. heterogama.

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Citric acid and AMF Inoculation Combination Assisted phytoextraction of vanadium (V) by Medicago Sativa in V Mining Contaminated Soil

10.21203/rs.3.rs-162211/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lang Qiu ◽

Wenlong Gao ◽

Zhigang Wang ◽

Baoqin Li ◽

Weimin Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Medicago Sativa ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Amf Inoculation

Abstract The use of citric acid (CA) chelator to facilitate metal bioavailability is a promising approach for phytoextraction of heavy metal contaminants. However, the role of CA chelator associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on phytoextraction of vanadium (V) has not been studied. Therefore, in this study, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of CA chelator and AMF inoculation on plant growth and V phytoextraction in the V mining contaminated soil by Medicago sativa Linn. (M. sativa). The experiment was performed via CA (at 0, 5 and 10 mM kg− 1 soil levels) application alone or in combination with AMF inoculation. Plant biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization, P and V accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity in plant, and soil chemical speciation of V were evaluated. Results depicted (1) a marked decline in plant biomass and root mycorrhizal colonization in 5- and 10-mM CA treatments which were accompanied by a significant increased V accumulation in M. sativa tissues. The effects could be attributed to the enhancement of bioavailable V by mainly transferring from the reducible to acid-soluble V fraction. (2) The presence of CA significantly enhanced P acquisition while the ratio of P/V concentration in plant shoots and roots decreased, owing to the increased V translocation from soil to plant. (3) In both CA treated soil, AMF symbiosis significantly improved dry weight (31.4–73.3%) and P content (37.3-122.5%) in shoot and root of M. sativa, and showed markedly contribution in reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) content (12.8–16.2%) and higher antioxidants (SOD, POD and CAT) activities in the leaves, suggesting their combination could promote growth performance and stimulate antioxidant response alleviating V stress induced by CA chelator. (4) Taken together, 10 mM kg− 1 CA application and AMF inoculation combination exhibited higher amount of extracted V both in the shoot and root. Thus, citric acid-AMF-plant symbiosis provides a novel remediation strategy for in situ V phytoextraction by M. sativa in the contaminated soil.

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The enhancement by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Cd remediation ability and bioenergy quality-related factors of five switchgrass cultivars in Cd-contaminated soil

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4425 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e4425 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Hong Sun ◽

Yixiao Xie ◽

Yulong Zheng ◽

Yanli Lin ◽

Fuyu Yang

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Principal Component ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

Amf Inoculation

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, P and Cd concentrations and bioenergy quality-related factors of five cultivars of switchgrass, including three lowland cultivars (Alamo (Ala), Kanlow (Kan), Performer (Per)) and two highland cultivars (Blackwell (Bw), Summer (Sum)), with 0, 1 and 10 mg/kg Cd addition levels. The results showed that AMF inoculation notably increased the biomass and P concentrations of all the cultivars. The Cd concentrations in the roots were higher than those in the shoots of all cultivars irrespective of inoculation, but the AMF had different effects on Cd accumulation in highland and lowland cultivars. AMF inoculation decreased the shoot and root concentrations in Ala and Kan, increased the shoot and root concentrations of Cd in Bw and Sum, and increased shoot Cd concentrations and decreased root Cd concentrations in Per. The highest Cd concentrations were detected in the roots of Bw and in the shoots of Sum with AMF symbiosis. Bw contained the highest total extracted Cd which was primarily in the roots. Ala had the second highest extracted Cd in the shoots, reaching 32% with 1 mg/kg of added Cd, whereas Sum had the lowest extracted Cd. AMF symbiosis had varied effects on bioenergy quality-related factors: for example, AMF decreased the ash lignin content in Ala and the C/N in Sum, increased the nitrogen, gross calorie values, and maintained the hemicellulose and cellulose contents in all cultivars with all tested concentrations of Cd. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that AMF inoculation could enhance, weaken or transform (positive-negative, PC1-PC2) the correlations of these factors with the principle components under Cd stress. Therefore, AMF symbiosis enhanced the growth of different cultivars of switchgrass, increased/decreased Cd accumulation, promoted Cd extraction, and regulated the bioenergy quality-related factors in Cd-polluted areas. Bw is a suitable cultivar for phytostabilization due to high root Cd stabilization, whereas Ala is an appropriate cultivar for phytoremediation of less polluted areas because of its high Cd extraction and excellent bioenergy quality.

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