scholarly journals Cognition in a multiple system atrophy series of cases from Argentina

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 773-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Gatto ◽  
Ignacio Demey ◽  
Ana Sanguinetti ◽  
Virginia Parisi ◽  
José Luis Etcheverry ◽  
...  

Cognitive dysfunction may occur in 17-40% of patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). It has been suggested a milder cognitive impairment in cerebellar (MSA-C) than in parkinsonian variant (MSA-P). However, differences in cognitive profiles remain under discussion. Objective To evaluate cognitive features in a series of patients with “probable MSA” from Argentina. Method After informed consent was obtained, an extensive cognitive tests battery was administered. Nine patients (6 MSA-P and 3 MSA-C) composed the sample. Results Depression was detected in 43% of patients. Seven patients showed at least one cognitive domain impairment. Temporospatial orientation, visuospatial abilities, executive and attentional functions, episodic memory and language were compromised in MSA-P, while MSA-C dysfunction was restricted to attentional and executive domains. Conclusion Despite the small sample size, our findings could suggest a more widespread cognitive impairment in MSA-P than MSA-C.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Sambati ◽  
Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura ◽  
Giulia Giannini ◽  
Ilaria Cani ◽  
Federica Provini ◽  
...  

Introduction: Cognitive decline is not a characteristic feature of multiple system atrophy (MSA), but recent evidence suggests cognitive impairment as an integral part of the disease. We aim to describe the cognitive profile and its progression in a cohort of patients with MSA.Methods: We retrospectively selected patients referred to our department with a clinical diagnosis of MSA who were evaluated at least once a year during the course of the disease and underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation.Results: At the first evaluation (T0), 37 out of 60 patients (62%) were cognitively impaired, mainly (76%) in attention and executive functioning. Thirteen patients were impaired in one cognitive domain and 24 in more than one cognitive domain. Six out of the 24 had dementia. Twenty patients underwent a follow-up evaluation (T1) after a mean of 16.6 ± 9.3 months from the first evaluation (T0). Eight out of 20 patients were cognitively normal at both T0 and T1. Seven out of 12 patients presented with stable cognitive impairment at T1, while cognitive decline progressed in five patients. Patients with progression in cognitive decline performed significantly worse at T0 than cognitively stable patients. Education was significantly different between patients with and without cognitive impairment. No other differences in demographic and clinical variables and autonomic or sleep disturbances were found. Patients with dementia were older at disease onset and at T0 and had lower education and disease duration at T0 compared to those in other groups.Conclusions: In patients with MSA, we observed three different cognitive profiles: normal cognition, stable selective attention-executive deficits, and progressive cognitive deficits evolving to dementia. The detection of cognitive impairment in patients with suspected MSA suggests the need for comprehensive and longitudinal neuropsychological evaluation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Power ◽  
John Nolan ◽  
Alfonso Prado-Cabrero ◽  
Robert Coen ◽  
Warren Roche ◽  
...  

Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FAs), carotenoids, and vitamin E are important constituents of a healthy diet. While they are present in brain tissue, studies have shown that these key nutrients are depleted in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in comparison to cognitively healthy individuals. Therefore, it is likely that these individuals will benefit from targeted nutritional intervention, given that poor nutrition is one of the many modifiable risk factors for MCI. Evidence to date suggests that these nutritional compounds can work independently to optimize the neurocognitive environment, primarily due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To date, however, no interventional studies have examined the potential synergistic effects of a combination of ω-3FAs, carotenoids and vitamin E on the cognitive function of patients with MCI. Individuals with clinically confirmed MCI consumed an ω-3FA plus carotenoid plus vitamin E formulation or placebo for 12 months. Cognitive performance was determined from tasks that assessed global cognition and episodic memory. Ω-3FAs, carotenoids, and vitamin E were measured in blood. Carotenoid concentrations were also measured in tissue (skin and retina). Individuals consuming the active intervention (n = 6; median [IQR] age 73.5 [69.5–80.5] years; 50% female) exhibited statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05, for all) in tissue carotenoid concentrations, and carotenoid and ω-3FA concentrations in blood. Trends in improvements in episodic memory and global cognition were also observed in this group. In contrast, the placebo group (n = 7; median [IQR] 72 (69.5–75.5) years; 89% female) remained unchanged or worsened for all measurements (p > 0.05). Despite a small sample size, this exploratory study is the first of its kind to identify trends in improved cognitive performance in individuals with MCI following supplementation with ω-3FAs, carotenoids, and vitamin E.


2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Misiak ◽  
Sławomir Jabłoński ◽  
Jerry Lazarek ◽  
Katarzyna Malinowska ◽  
Edyta Santorek-Strumiłło ◽  
...  

AbstractThe cholecystectomy procedure is the most routinely performed intervention in general surgery. The current international gold standard is via the laparoscopic approach. It is a safe, minimally-invasive procedure; however, it is associated with complications in 1% of cases.was to analyze patient feedback, by means of a survey, to determine how much knowledge patients possessed about their disease state and proposed surgical intervention, based primarily on information contained within the informed consent form developed by the Association of Polish Surgeons.This study involved the participation of 51 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, indicated by a diagnosis of gallstones, in the years 2014 and 2015.Despite having signed the informed consent form, there was considerable variation among the responses given to the survey by the 51 patients in this study. Some patients’ responses were tangential to the questions asked; many patients did not respond to any of the sub points.Given that this study is based on a small sample size of patients, it must be presumed that the process by which the patient declares his or her informed consent requires further consideration with respect to the means by which it is obtained. The authors of this study thus recommend that multimedia resources be harnessed as part of the process of obtaining the informed consent of patients prior to surgical intervention.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-82
Author(s):  
IPC USMA

La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es una enfermedad neurológica degenerativa que afecta a más de 46 millones de personas alrededor del mundo. Representa el tipo de demencia más común en los adultos mayores y cursa con una alteración grave en la memoria y en la funcionalidad de la persona. La EA impacta al individuo, a su familia y/o cuidador y a la sociedad, generando grandes cargas para los sistemas sanitarios, sociales y económicos. La detección temprana de la EA se ha vuelto el foco de estudio en el área del envejecimiento en los últimos años. Diagnosticar la EA en etapas prodrómicas, cuando hay cambios cerebrales subyacentes a EA pero aún no se ha desarrollado la demencia pudiera incidir en mejorías en la intervención y en retrasar la aparición de los síntomas demenciales. Por ende es crucial estudiar el deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL), fase que precede a EA. Delimitar sus manifestaciones, criterios diagnósticos y su relación con EA es fundamental para identificar a aquellos sujetos que tienen mayor riesgo de progresar a EA. El estudio de las alteraciones cognitivas y biomarcadores de DCL y EA es la base para realizar diagnósticos diferenciales oportunos. La evaluación neuropsicológica es fundamental para determinar perfiles cognitivos y evaluar la progresión de la enfermedad. Una memoria episódica deficiente es la primera manifestación en DCL amnésico. Si la persona progresa a EA, este déficit se vuelve más severo inhabilitando la recuperación de la información. Otras funciones como la atención, el lenguaje, las capacidades visuoespaciales, razonamiento, y la flexibilidad mental pueden también estar afectadas en DCL, deteriorándose progresivamente en EA hasta deteriorar severamente la autonomía de la persona. El estudio de los biomarcadores en líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), estudios con neuroimagen y biomarcadores en sangre ha permitido establecer los procesos patológicos subyacentes en DCL y EA y junto con la evaluación neuropsicológica constituyen el enfoque más eficaz para el diagnóstico precoz.   Abstract Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) is a neurological degenerative condition that affects over 46 million people around the world. It is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and is characterized by a major memory impairment affecting a person’s ability to perform everyday activities. AD impacts the person, their family/caregiver and society causing a great burden on health, social and economic systems. In recent years, early detection of AD has become the main focus in aging research. Diagnosing AD in its prodromal stage, where brain pathology is present but dementia still has not appeared, is key to improving intervention mechanisms and to delay the expression of symptoms.As a result, it is crucial to study Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), the symptomatic pre-dementia phase. Defining MCI´s clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and its relation with AD is critical to the development of methods that aid in identifying individuals who are at risk of developing dementia. The study of cognitive impairment and biomarkers allows early and differential diagnosis of AD.  Neuropsychological evaluation is essential to determine different cognitive profiles and to assess the progression of MCI to AD. Impairment in episodic memory, the first neuropsychological symptom of amnestic MCI, deteriorates severely if the person develops AD, affecting long term memory. Other cognitive functions such as attention, language, visuospatial abilities, reasoning and mental flexibility can be affected in MCI and deteriorate even further in AD interfering with the person´s independence and functional integrity.Likewise, the study of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), neuroimaging and blood biomarkers has permitted the identification of neuropathological signs of the disease. Together with neuropsychological assessment, biomarkers constitute the most effective diagnostic approach for early detection of AD.


2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (13) ◽  
pp. 2113-2127
Author(s):  
Elsa Caballeria ◽  
Clara Oliveras ◽  
Laura Nuño ◽  
Mercedes Balcells-Oliveró ◽  
Antoni Gual ◽  
...  

AbstractAlcohol-related cognitive impairment (ARCI) is highly prevalent among patients with alcohol dependence. Although it negatively influences treatment outcome, this condition is underdiagnosed and undertreated. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the existing evidence regarding both cognitive and pharmacological interventions for ARCI. We systematically reviewed PubMed, Scopus and Science direct databases up to May 2019 and followed the PRISMA guidelines. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Jadad Scale. Twenty-six studies were eligible for inclusion (14 referring to neuropsychological interventions and 12 to pharmacological treatments). Among neuropsychological interventions, computerised treatments, errorless learning and component method showed positive effects on working memory, memory measures and general cognitive function. On the other hand, thiamine, memantine and methylphenidate improved working memory, long-term memory and general cognitive function. Nevertheless, these studies have several limitations, such as small sample size, lack of replication of the results or low specificity of the interventions. Therefore, no gold-standard intervention can yet be recommended for clinical practice, and further research based on promising strategies (e.g. digital interventions, thiamine) is required.


Author(s):  
Maria Devita ◽  
Fabio Masina ◽  
Daniela Mapelli ◽  
Pasquale Anselmi ◽  
Giuseppe Sergi ◽  
...  

Abstract Backgrounds Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) and cognitive stimulation (CS) are the standard pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these treatments, alone or combined, on the neuropsychological profiles of patients with AD. Methods Forty participants were assigned to three groups receiving either only AChEI (n = 14), AChEI + CS (n = 15), or only CS (n = 11). Cognition was evaluated at baseline and after three months. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate differences among the treatments in terms of changes in the patients’ neuropsychological profiles. Results Results, although preliminary because of the small sample size, suggest that a general improvement was found in patients who received AChEI + CS and those who received only CS compared with those who received only AChEI. Interestingly, individuals who received only CS showed a significant improvement in immediate memory recall than those who received only AChEI. Furthermore, the group receiving AChEI + CS showed an improvement in delayed recall than the other two groups. Discussion The combination of AChEI and CS seems to have the greatest benefit for patients with mild AD. More interestingly, CS alone is more effective than AChEI alone, even in improving memory, considered to be the “lost” cognitive domain in AD.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangfan Xu ◽  
Lingrong Yi ◽  
Yangyang Lin ◽  
Suiying Peng ◽  
Weiming Wang ◽  
...  

Background: Screening for post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is necessary because stroke increases the incidence of and accelerates premorbid cognitive decline. The Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci) screen is a short, reliable and accurate cognitive screening instrument but is not yet validated in PSCI. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of a Chinese version of the Qmci screen (Qmci-CN) compared with the widely-used Chinese versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-CN) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-CN).Methods: We recruited 34 patients who had recovered from a stroke in rehabilitation unit clinics in 2 university hospitals in China: 11 with post-stroke dementia (PSD), 15 with post-stroke cognitive impairment no dementia (PSCIND), and 8 with normal cognition (NC). Classification was made based on clinician assessment supported by a neuropsychological battery, independent of the screening test scores. The Qmci-CN, MoCA-CN, and MMSE-CN screens were administered randomly by a trained rater, blind to the diagnosis.Results: The mean age of the sample was 63 ± 13 years and 61.8% were male. The Qmci-CN had statistically similar diagnostic accuracy in differentiating PSD from NC, an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 compared to 0.99 for the MoCA-CN (p = 0.237) and 0.99 for the MMSE-CN (p = 0.293). The Qmci-CN (AUC 0.91), MoCA-CN (AUC 0.94), and MMSE-CN (AUC 0.79) also had statistically similar accuracy in separating PSD from PSCIND. The MoCA-CN more accurately distinguished between PSCIND and normal cognition than the Qmci-CN (p = 0.015). Compared to the MoCA-CN, the administration times of the Qmci-CN (329s vs. 611s, respectively, p &lt; 0.0001) and MMSE-CN (280 vs. 611s, respectively, p &lt; 0.0001) were significantly shorter.Conclusion: The Qmci-CN is accurate in identifying PSD and separating PSD from PSCIND in patients post-stroke following rehabilitation and is comparable to the widely-used MoCA-CN, albeit with a significantly shorter administration time. The Qmci-CN had relatively poor accuracy in identifying PSCIND from NC and hence may lack accuracy for certain subgroups. However, given the small sample size, the study is under-powered to show superiority of one instrument over another. Further study is needed to confirm these findings in a larger sample size and in other settings (countries and languages).


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bottiroli ◽  
Sara Bernini ◽  
Elena Cavallini ◽  
Elena Sinforiani ◽  
Chiara Zucchella ◽  
...  

Background: Smart Aging is a serious game (SG) platform that generates a 3D virtual reality environment in which users perform a set of screening tasks designed to allow evaluation of global cognition. Each task replicates activities of daily living performed in a familiar environment. The main goal of the present study was to ascertain whether Smart Aging could differentiate between different types and levels of cognitive impairment in patients with neurodegenerative disease.Methods: Ninety-one subjects (mean age = 70.29 ± 7.70 years)—healthy older adults (HCs, n = 23), patients with single-domain amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n = 23), patients with single-domain executive Parkinson's disease MCI (PD-MCI, n = 20), and patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (mild AD, n = 25)—were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent cognitive evaluations performed using both traditional neuropsychological assessment tools, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Overall Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Smart Aging platform. We analyzed global scores on Smart Aging indices (i.e., accuracy, time, distance) as well as the Smart Aging total score, looking for differences between the four groups.Results: The findings revealed significant between-group differences in all the Smart Aging indices: accuracy (p &lt; 0.001), time (p &lt; 0.001), distance (p &lt; 0.001), and total Smart Aging score (p &lt; 0.001). The HCs outperformed the mild AD, aMCI, and PD-MCI patients in terms of accuracy, time, distance, and Smart Aging total score. In addition, the mild AD group was outperformed both by the HCs and by the aMCI and PD-MCI patients on accuracy and distance. No significant differences were found between aMCI and PD-MCI patients. Finally, the Smart Aging scores significantly correlated with the results of the neuropsychological assessments used.Conclusion: These findings, although preliminary due to the small sample size, suggest the validity of Smart Aging as a screening tool for the detection of cognitive impairment in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Ogaki ◽  
Michael G. Heckman ◽  
Shunsuke Koga ◽  
Yuka A. Martens ◽  
Catherine Labbé ◽  
...  

ObjectiveThe triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) p.R47H substitution (rs75932628) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) but has not been well studied in relation to the risk of multiple system atrophy (MSA); the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the TREM2 p.R47H variant and the risk of MSA.MethodsA total of 168 patients with pathologically confirmed MSA, 89 patients with clinically diagnosed MSA, and 1,695 controls were included. TREM2 p.R47H was genotyped and assessed for association with MSA. Positive results in the Taqman genotyping assay were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The primary comparison involved patients with pathologically confirmed MSA and controls due to the definitive MSA diagnosis in the pathologically confirmed series.ResultsWe identified TREM2 p.R47H in 3 patients with pathologically confirmed MSA (1.79%), 1 patient with clinically diagnosed MSA (1.12%), and 7 controls (0.41%). Minimal AD pathology was observed for the pathologically confirmed MSA p.R47H carriers. For the primary comparison of patients with pathologically confirmed MSA and controls, risk of disease was significantly higher for p.R47H carriers (odds ratio [OR]: 4.39, p = 0.033). When supplementing the 168 pathologically confirmed patients with the 89 clinically diagnosed and examining the combined MSA series, the association with TREM2 p.R47H remained significant (OR: 3.81, p = 0.034).ConclusionsOur preliminary results suggest that the TREM2 p.R47H substitution may be a risk factor for MSA, implying a link to neuroinflammatory processes, especially microglial activation. Validation of this finding will be important, given our relatively small sample size; meta-analytic approaches will be needed to better define the role of this variant in MSA.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Sultan ◽  
Uzma Taimuri ◽  
Shatha Abdulrzzaq Basnan ◽  
Waad Khalid Ai-Orabi ◽  
Afaf Awadallah ◽  
...  

Vitamin D is a neurosteroid hormone that regulates neurotransmitters and neurotrophins. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. It increases neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor which further promotes brain health. Moreover, it is also helpful in the prevention of amyloid accumulation and promotes amyloid clearance. Emerging evidence suggests its role in the reduction of Alzheimer’s disease hallmarks such as amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau. Many preclinical studies have supported the hypothesis that vitamin D leads to attentional, behavioral problems and cognitive impairment. Cross-sectional studies have consistently found that vitamin D levels are significantly low in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive impairment compared to healthy adults. Longitudinal studies and meta-analysis have also exhibited an association of low vitamin D with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Despite such evidence, the causal association cannot be sufficiently answered. In contrast to observational studies, findings from interventional studies have produced mixed results on the role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia. The biggest issue of the existing RCTs is their small sample size, lack of consensus over the dose, and age of initiation of vitamin D supplements to prevent cognitive impairment. Therefore, there is a need for large double-blind randomized control trials to assess the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment.


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