scholarly journals Deterioro Cognitivo Leve y Enfermedad de Alzheimer: Revisión de conceptos

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-82
Author(s):  
IPC USMA
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Visuospatial Abilities ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Sistemas Sanitarios

La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es una enfermedad neurológica degenerativa que afecta a más de 46 millones de personas alrededor del mundo. Representa el tipo de demencia más común en los adultos mayores y cursa con una alteración grave en la memoria y en la funcionalidad de la persona. La EA impacta al individuo, a su familia y/o cuidador y a la sociedad, generando grandes cargas para los sistemas sanitarios, sociales y económicos. La detección temprana de la EA se ha vuelto el foco de estudio en el área del envejecimiento en los últimos años. Diagnosticar la EA en etapas prodrómicas, cuando hay cambios cerebrales subyacentes a EA pero aún no se ha desarrollado la demencia pudiera incidir en mejorías en la intervención y en retrasar la aparición de los síntomas demenciales. Por ende es crucial estudiar el deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL), fase que precede a EA. Delimitar sus manifestaciones, criterios diagnósticos y su relación con EA es fundamental para identificar a aquellos sujetos que tienen mayor riesgo de progresar a EA. El estudio de las alteraciones cognitivas y biomarcadores de DCL y EA es la base para realizar diagnósticos diferenciales oportunos. La evaluación neuropsicológica es fundamental para determinar perfiles cognitivos y evaluar la progresión de la enfermedad. Una memoria episódica deficiente es la primera manifestación en DCL amnésico. Si la persona progresa a EA, este déficit se vuelve más severo inhabilitando la recuperación de la información. Otras funciones como la atención, el lenguaje, las capacidades visuoespaciales, razonamiento, y la flexibilidad mental pueden también estar afectadas en DCL, deteriorándose progresivamente en EA hasta deteriorar severamente la autonomía de la persona. El estudio de los biomarcadores en líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), estudios con neuroimagen y biomarcadores en sangre ha permitido establecer los procesos patológicos subyacentes en DCL y EA y junto con la evaluación neuropsicológica constituyen el enfoque más eficaz para el diagnóstico precoz.   Abstract Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) is a neurological degenerative condition that affects over 46 million people around the world. It is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and is characterized by a major memory impairment affecting a person’s ability to perform everyday activities. AD impacts the person, their family/caregiver and society causing a great burden on health, social and economic systems. In recent years, early detection of AD has become the main focus in aging research. Diagnosing AD in its prodromal stage, where brain pathology is present but dementia still has not appeared, is key to improving intervention mechanisms and to delay the expression of symptoms.As a result, it is crucial to study Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), the symptomatic pre-dementia phase. Defining MCI´s clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and its relation with AD is critical to the development of methods that aid in identifying individuals who are at risk of developing dementia. The study of cognitive impairment and biomarkers allows early and differential diagnosis of AD.  Neuropsychological evaluation is essential to determine different cognitive profiles and to assess the progression of MCI to AD. Impairment in episodic memory, the first neuropsychological symptom of amnestic MCI, deteriorates severely if the person develops AD, affecting long term memory. Other cognitive functions such as attention, language, visuospatial abilities, reasoning and mental flexibility can be affected in MCI and deteriorate even further in AD interfering with the person´s independence and functional integrity.Likewise, the study of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), neuroimaging and blood biomarkers has permitted the identification of neuropathological signs of the disease. Together with neuropsychological assessment, biomarkers constitute the most effective diagnostic approach for early detection of AD.

scholarly journals Neuropsychiatric Score for Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment of Elderly Populations in The Community

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gea Pandhita ◽  
Prasila Darwin ◽  
Bety Lakhsmi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Low Education

Abstract Background: The increase in the elderly population in a developing country like Indonesia will increase people with cognitive impairment. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is the most common cognitive impairment among the elderly. However, some health workers are not satisfied with the current tools for detecting MCI in the community.Objective: This study intends to develop a novel, easy, and accurate method for early detection of MCI of the elderly population in the community in Indonesia.Methods: This study analyzed the database of 110 elderly population in East Jakarta, Indonesia. We explored several brief neuropsychiatric battery and developed a neuropsychiatric score to detect MCI.Results: The abnormal verbal semantic fluency test (p = 0.000), the existence of subjective memory complaints (p = 0.007), and low education level (p = 0.049) were found to be good predictors to detect MCI. The neuropsychiatric score, a combination of those variables, with a cut-off point of 2, has good accuracy to detect MCI (Sensitivity = 91.20%; Specificity = 78.9%).Conclusion: The neuropsychiatric score is a novel, easy, and accurate method for early detection of MCI of the elderly population in the community in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Awareness of Medical Workers with Early Diagnosis of Cognitive Disorders at the Primary Health Care Level in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (E) ◽  
pp. 595-600
Author(s):  
Assel Tukinova ◽  
Gulnar M. Shalgumbayeva ◽  
Zhanna A. Mussabekova ◽  
Roza A. Abzalova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Region Of Residence ◽  
The Republic

   BACKGROUND: Early detection of cognitive impairments (CIs) has been identified as one of the most important factors for the treatment of the disease. The World Alzheimer report 2011 states that the earlier a diagnosis is known, the better patients can be treated medically, patients and their family members can adapt to the development and learn to deal with the disease. Early diagnosis also leads to higher cost-effectivity, which will further improve, when treatments and social care interventions become more effective in future. It is the first-contact doctor who becomes the main figure in identifying the patient’s cognitive disorders. AIM: This study aimed to research the awareness of medical workers with early diagnosis of cognitive disorders at the PHC level in Kazakhstan. METHODS: It was a cross-sectional study. A survey of primary healthcare workers was conducted to study the early diagnosis of CI in the elderly in the period from December 2019 to March 2020. The questionnaire was developed independently according to international finding and experiences and passed the validation process. The questionnaire included questions such as age, gender, nationality, education, specialty, work experience, conduct early diagnosis of CI or not, what methods respondents know, time available for admission for early diagnosis, desire to learn early diagnosis methods, and the region of residence. RESULTS: The total number of respondents was 823. To the question, “Do you check older patients for early cognitive impairment?” 335 (40.7%) answered “no.” To the question “Do you have time to use methods for the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment in the elderly during admission?” “no” – 354 (43%). To the question “Would you like to learn methods for the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment in the elderly?” The answer was “yes” 759 (92.2%) of respondents. This study reveals that the presence of time during admission, the region of residence, and the desire to study affect whether elder people check for early CI or not, in turn, specialty, education, gender, nationality, age, and work experience do not affect. We have identified a relationship of age, region of residence with the availability of time during admission to use methods for early diagnosis of CI, while it was absent with work experience. The region of residence, the availability of time during admission, and education influenced the respondents’ desire to learn early diagnosis methods, while age and work experience did not. CONCLUSION: The problem of early diagnosis of CI in the elderly at the PHC level is relevant and not fully understood. Early detection of CI at the PHC level is a key element in the fight against such a serious condition as dementia.

scholarly journals 66. ASSOCIATION HYPERTENSION AND RISK FACTORS OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN THE ELDERLY WITHOUT DIABETES: ATMA JAYA ACTIVE AGING RESEARCH STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. e17-e18
Author(s):  
Yuda Turana ◽  
Linda Suryakusuma ◽  
Jimmy F Barus ◽  
Andre ◽  
Ika Suswanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Research Study ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Active Aging ◽  
Aging Research

scholarly journals Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia and Alzheimer’s Using Qeeg

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norsiah Fauzan ◽  
Nur Hurunain Amran
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
State Examination

This article reports the biomarkers of the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) among the elderly group aged around 60 -75 years old by analyzing the EEG signals recorded by using the quantitative electroencephalograph (qEEG). There is growing evidence that EEG analysis in resting state condition are useful in early detection of neural signatures of Alzheimer’s and dementia. EEG findings and analysis shows potential of discriminating MCI, Alzheimer’s and dementia. In this research, the purpose is to 1) develop the indexes for each of the EEG bands and sub-bands such as delta (1.5 – 3.5 Hz), theta (3.3 – 7.5 Hz), alpha ( 8 – 12 Hz), beta 1 (15 – 18 Hz) and beta 2 (22 – 30 Hz); 2) provide reference for early diagnosis; 3) extract and analyze the brainwave pattern of MCI and cognitively healthy group. This study involved 19 channel resting state EEG from a total of 30 subjects, 18 diagnosed as having MCI and 12 cognitively healthy elderly with criteria for inclusion if the mini mental state examination (MMSE) score is more than or equal to 28, based on the age and educational level. Development of qEEG index started by decomposition of EEG by performing Fourier analysis, averaging and normalizing the value from the 19 channels to obtain the z-score. Findings showed promise of utility in early detection of Alzheimer’s. Notably, 1) Increases in delta/ theta posterior temporal and prefrontal area i.e., H(6.64) vs. MCI(26.29); beta temporal region, 2) Decreases in alpha at sensory motor region i.e., H(0.27) vs. MCI(0.23).

scholarly journals Involutive curable cognitive disorders in elderly people

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Fatenkov OV ◽  
Simerzin VV ◽  
Krasovskaya MA ◽  
Sytdykov IKh
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Moderate Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Over Time

The review article describes the characteristics of curable involutive cognitive impairment in the elderly. It is noted that mild cognitive impairment is predominantly neurodynamic in nature, but over time it can transform into a syndrome of moderate cognitive impairment, which, sometimes, is a precursor of dementia. Special attention is given to the clinical manifestations of mild and moderate cognitive impairment, diagnostic criteria, the course of the disease, and its medical and social impact.

scholarly journals Cognition in a multiple system atrophy series of cases from Argentina

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 773-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Gatto ◽  
Ignacio Demey ◽  
Ana Sanguinetti ◽  
Virginia Parisi ◽  
José Luis Etcheverry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Multiple System Atrophy ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Visuospatial Abilities

Cognitive dysfunction may occur in 17-40% of patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). It has been suggested a milder cognitive impairment in cerebellar (MSA-C) than in parkinsonian variant (MSA-P). However, differences in cognitive profiles remain under discussion. Objective To evaluate cognitive features in a series of patients with “probable MSA” from Argentina. Method After informed consent was obtained, an extensive cognitive tests battery was administered. Nine patients (6 MSA-P and 3 MSA-C) composed the sample. Results Depression was detected in 43% of patients. Seven patients showed at least one cognitive domain impairment. Temporospatial orientation, visuospatial abilities, executive and attentional functions, episodic memory and language were compromised in MSA-P, while MSA-C dysfunction was restricted to attentional and executive domains. Conclusion Despite the small sample size, our findings could suggest a more widespread cognitive impairment in MSA-P than MSA-C.

Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia and Alzheimer’s Using Qeeg

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Norsiah Fauzan ◽  
Nur Hurunain Amran
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
State Examination

This article reports the biomarkers of the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) among the elderly group aged around 60 -75 years old by analyzing the EEG signals recorded by using the quantitative electroencephalograph (qEEG). There is growing evidence that EEG analysis in resting state condition are useful in early detection of neural signatures of Alzheimer’s and dementia. EEG findings and analysis shows potential of discriminating MCI, Alzheimer’s and dementia. In this research, the purpose is to 1) develop the indexes for each of the EEG bands and sub-bands such as delta (1.5 – 3.5 Hz), theta (3.3 – 7.5 Hz), alpha ( 8 – 12 Hz), beta 1 (15 – 18 Hz) and beta 2 (22 – 30 Hz); 2) provide reference for early diagnosis; 3) extract and analyze the brainwave pattern of MCI and cognitively healthy group. This study involved 19 channel resting state EEG from a total of 30 subjects, 18 diagnosed as having MCI and 12 cognitively healthy elderly with criteria for inclusion if the mini mental state examination (MMSE) score is more than or equal to 28, based on the age and educational level. Development of qEEG index started by decomposition of EEG by performing Fourier analysis, averaging and normalizing the value from the 19 channels to obtain the z-score. Findings showed promise of utility in early detection of Alzheimer’s. Notably, 1) Increases in delta/ theta posterior temporal and prefrontal area i.e., H(6.64) vs. MCI(26.29); beta temporal region, 2) Decreases in alpha at sensory motor region i.e., H(0.27) vs. MCI(0.23).

Essential tremor not just a tremor (review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (223) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Guzel Shiderova ◽  
◽  
Altynay Karimova ◽  
Gulnaz Kaishibayeva ◽  
Gulmira Amrayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Essential Tremor ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms

Essential tremor is one of the most common movement disorders. The nature of this disease is not fully understood. It was believed that this pathology manifests itself only by tremor, and symptoms such as depression, anxiety and apathy in patients with essential tremor can only be regarded as a reaction to the presence of tremor. Cognitive impairment is a concomitant pathology that can occur in the elderly, which accounts for a more frequent onset of the disease. But is it really so Purpose of the study. To study the literature data to identify the presence in patients with essential tremor of such signs that can be attributed to the group of "non-motor" symptoms. Material and methods. In order to study the literature data, a search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed databases. During the search, all articles published since 2000 were examined and the following terms were used in combination with "essential tremor": "non-motor symptoms", "anxiety", "depression", "apathy", "cognitive impairment", "sleep disorders", "hearing impairment", "hyposmia". The main search terms were studies based on the study of patients with essential tremor: meta-analyzes, original studies, retrospective and cohort studies. Results and discussion. It can be unambiguously argued that symptoms such as anxiety, depression, apathy and cognitive, hearing and smell dysfunctions are characterised to the patients with essential tremor. The first three manifestations were attributed to the response to the presence of tremor. And cognitive functions, hearing and smell dysfunctions was considered a concomitant pathology, which occurs quite often in old age, which accounts for a more frequent onset of the disease. But in reality, everything is not so simple. The literature data, which began to appear over the past 20 years, make it clear that the previously mentioned clinical manifestations may well be regarded as "non-motor" symptoms of essential tremor. Conclusion. Nowadays neurologists are increasingly faced with the problem of differential diagnosis of essential tremor. Despite the fact that everything was very simple and clear on the diagnosis of this disease, in recent years more and more data have appeared in favor of the fact that essential tremor is a heterogeneous disease that manifests not only by tremor. But this is also a disease, which, due to its heterogeneity of pathophysiology, can give great variability in the clinical picture. Keywords: essential tremor, nonmotor symptoms, anxiety, depression, cognitive impairnment, dementia.

Profiles of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in the Elderly

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herminia Peraita ◽  
José Chacón ◽  
Carmen Díaz-Mardomingo ◽  
Rosario Martínez-Arias
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessments ◽  
The Stability

AbstractWe applied latent class analysis (LCA) to a set of neuropsychological data with the aim of corroborating the three cognitive profiles of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) described in the literature, namely: healthy, amnestic, non-amnestic, and multidomain. The ultimate purpose of the LCA was to try to find the underlying classification of MCI and related pathologies by means of the participants’ response patterns, rather than on more classical psychometric criteria, such as the standard deviation of the mean. We computed 547 neuropsychological assessments derived from 223 participants who were assessed annually for three consecutive years. The battery included tests of memory, language, executive function, and praxis. The results obtained by means of LCA, with a four-group solution and using the 40th percentile as the criterion, confirm prior classifications obtained with more questionable psychometric criteria, while providing longitudinal data on the course of MCI and the stability of group assignment over time.

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